Rivers, Lakes and Water Bodies of J&K

1📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&K UTGeography

Which of the following is NOT a tributary of Jhelum River?

Explanation

Verinag is the origin spring of the Jhelum River, located in Anantnag. Vishaw, Sind Nallah, and Romushi are tributaries of the Jhelum River.

ویری ناگ (Verinag) دریائے جہلم کا منبع (origin spring) ہے، جبکہ وِشَو، سندھ نالہ، اور روموشی دریائے جہلم کی معاون ندیاں (tributaries) ہیں۔

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2📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&K UTGeography

Consider the following pairs of lakes and the states they are located in:

- a. Hussain Sagar: 4. Telangana
- b. Pulicate Lake: 3. Andhra Pradesh
- c. Dal Lake: 2. Jammu and Kashmir
- d. Loktak Lake: 1. Manipur

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

The correct matches are: Hussain Sagar is in Telangana (a-4), Pulicat Lake in Andhra Pradesh (b-3), Dal Lake in J&K (c-2), and Loktak Lake in Manipur (d-1). This corresponds to a-4, b-3, c-2, d-1.

صحیح جوڑے مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: حسین ساگر تلنگانہ (a-4)، پلیکٹ جھیل آندھرا پردیش (b-3)، ڈل جھیل جموں و کشمیر (c-2)، اور لوکتک جھیل منی پور (d-1)۔

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3📚General EconomicsEconomics

Which five-year plan of India was based on the Mahalanobis model?

Explanation

The Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961), drafted by Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, focused on rapid industrialization and heavy basic industries.

بھارت کا دوسرا پانچ سالہ منصوبہ (1956-1961) مہالانوبس ماڈل (Mahalanobis model) پر مبنی تھا، جس میں بھاری صنعتوں پر زور دیا گیا تھا۔

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4📚Classical Mechanics & DynamicsForensic Medicine

The bluish-purple/purple-red discolouration of skin on dependent part of body after death is called as

Explanation

Post-mortem hypostasis (also called livor mortis or post-mortem lividity) is the pooling of blood in the dependent parts of the body due to gravity, causing a bluish-purple discoloration.

موت کے بعد کشش ثقل کے باعث خون کے نیچے کے حصوں میں جمنے سے جلد کا نیلا یا ارغوانی ہونا پوسٹ مارٹم ہائپوسٹیسس (Post mortem Hypostasis) یا لیور مورٹس کہلاتا ہے۔

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5📚Electromagnetism & OpticsPhysics

Which of the following situations are possible?

i. A body having velocity east and acceleration west.
ii. A body having constant velocity and variable acceleration.
iii. A body having zero velocity and non-zero acceleration.

Explanation

Situation (i) is possible (e.g. decelerating vehicle moving East). Situation (iii) is possible (e.g. a ball at the top of its flight has zero velocity but non-zero gravitational acceleration). Situation (ii) is impossible because constant velocity implies acceleration must be strictly zero.

صورتحال (i) ممکن ہے (بریک لگانے پر گاڑی مشرق جا رہی ہو اور اسراع مغرب ہو)۔ صورتحال (iii) بھی ممکن ہے (مثلاً ہوا میں اوپر پھینکی گئی گیند جو اپنی زیادہ سے زیادہ بلندی پر رکتی ہے لیکن کشش ثقل کا اسراع جاری رہتا ہے)۔ صورتحال (ii) ناممکن ہے۔

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6📚Firearms & Ammunition ExaminationAmmunition

Which of the following are the constituents of gunpowder?

i. Sodium Nitrate
ii. Sulphur
iii. Charcoal.

Explanation

Traditional gunpowder (black powder) consists of an oxidizer (potassium nitrate or alternatively sodium nitrate in industrial blasting powders) combined with sulphur and charcoal.

گن پاؤڈر (بلیک پاؤڈر) کے اجزاء میں نائٹریٹ (سوڈیم یا پوٹاشیم نائٹریٹ) آکسیڈائزر کے طور پر، اور گندھک (Sulphur) و کوئلہ (Charcoal) بطور ایندھن شامل ہوتے ہیں۔ اس لیے یہ تینوں درست ہیں۔

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7📚Firearms & Ammunition ExaminationExternal Ballistics

Drag becomes equal to the projectile's weight after which the projectile falls with a constant velocity known as

Explanation

When the downward force of gravity (weight) equals the upward air resistance (drag), the net force becomes zero, and the projectile falls at a constant terminal velocity.

جب ہوا کی رکاوٹ (drag) اور گولی کا وزن برابر ہو جائیں تو اسراع صفر ہو جاتا ہے اور گولی ایک مستقل رفتار سے گرتی ہے جسے ٹرمینل ویلاسٹی (Terminal velocity) کہتے ہیں۔

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8📚Forensic Physics & General KnowledgeExternal Ballistics

The factor affects the path of the projectile are

i. Air resistance
ii. Force of gravity
iii. Spin

Explanation

The trajectory (path) of a bullet is affected by gravity (vertical drop), air resistance/drag (loss of speed), and gyroscopic spin (stabilization and drift).

گولی کے فضا میں راستے (trajectory) پر ہوا کی رکاوٹ، کشش ثقل (gravity)، اور گولی کے گھومنے کا عمل (spin) تینوں اثر انداز ہوتے ہیں۔

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9📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyAlternate Light Source

The trace evidence sometimes fluoresces under UV light used at the crime scene. What is its range?

Explanation

The ultraviolet (UV) electromagnetic spectrum ranges from 100 nm to 400 nm.

بالائے بنفشی یعنی الٹرا وائلٹ (UV) شعاعوں کی طول موج کی حد 100 سے 400 نینو میٹر (nm) ہوتی ہے۔

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10📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesDrowning

During autopsy of a body found in a lake, diatoms were found in the bone marrow. Which of the following assumptions is most valid?

Explanation

Diatoms entering the bone marrow requires active circulation, proving that the victim aspirated water containing diatoms while still alive.

ہڈی کے گودے میں ڈائیٹمز ملنے سے ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ پانی سانس کے ذریعے جسم میں تب گیا تھا جب مقتول زندہ تھا (active circulation)، یعنی یہ ڈوبنے کی تصدیق کرتا ہے۔

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11📚Physical Chemistry & SpectroscopyPetroleum Products

What process is used in industry to separate various components of crude oil?

Explanation

Fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions of different boiling points, such as petrol, diesel, kerosene, and heavy oils, in a fractionating column.

خام تیل (Crude oil) کو ریفائنری میں مختلف حصوں (پیٹرول، ڈیزل وغیرہ) میں الگ کرنے کے لیے فریکشنل ڈسٹلیشن (Fractional Distillation) کا عمل استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

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12📚Cell Biology & Molecular GeneticsCrime Scene Investigation

The trace evidence sometimes fluoresces under Alternate Light Source (ALS) used at the crime scene. What is its range?

Explanation

Alternate Light Sources (ALS) utilized at crime scenes generally operate within the visible and near-ultraviolet range (typically from 400 nm to 800 nm) to detect biological fluids, fibers, and other trace evidence via fluorescence.

کرائم سین پر متبادل روشنی کے ذرائع (ALS) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے جس کی رینج 400-800 نینو میٹر (nm) ہوتی ہے، جو فلوروسینس کے ذریعے حیاتیاتی شواہد تلاش کرنے میں مدد کرتی ہے۔

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13📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyMicroscopy

The UV or blue light is used to focus on evidence sample in which of the following microscopes?

Explanation

A fluorescence microscope uses high-intensity ultraviolet or blue excitation light to illuminate the specimen, exciting fluorescent dyes or autofluorescent components to emit lower-energy light.

فلوروسینس مائیکروسکوپ (Fluorescence microscope) میں نمونے پر یو وی (UV) یا نیلی روشنی ڈالی جاتی ہے تاکہ وہ چمک اٹھے۔

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14📚Forensic Serology & ImmunologyMolecular Biology

In agarose gel electrophoresis, what dye is used to visualise DNA?

Explanation

Ethidium bromide (EtBr) is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag in agarose gel electrophoresis to visualize DNA bands under ultraviolet light.

ایگاروز جیل الیکٹروفورسس میں ڈی این اے بینڈز کو دیکھنے کے لیے ایتھیڈیم برومائیڈ (Ethidium bromide) ڈائی کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، جو یو وی لائٹ میں چمکتا ہے۔

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15📚Ink, Paper & Printing AnalysisPrinting Technology

Lithography printing has the following characteristics:
a. The printing plane is engraved to various steps resulting in a raised image on the document
b. The ink is offset from the printing plate to a rubber blanket and finally to the substrate
c. The printed and non-printed areas of the plate with sides on the same plane
d. It relies on the principle that oil and water do not mix
e. The printing process utilises raised type of embossed printed images

Explanation

Lithography is planographic (c: print/non-print areas are on the same plane) and works on the oil-and-water repulsion principle (d). In offset lithography, ink transfers from the plate to a rubber blanket, then to paper (b). Engraving/raised prints (a, e) are intaglio or letterpress features. Thus, b, c, and d only are correct.

لیتھوگرافی (Lithography) کی خصوصیات یہ ہیں: روشنائی پلیٹ سے ربڑ کمبل پر اور پھر کاغذ پر منتقل ہوتی ہے (b)، پرنٹ ہونے والا حصہ اسی سطح پر ہوتا ہے (planographic - c)، اور یہ تیل اور پانی کے نہ ملنے کے اصول پر کام کرتی ہے (d)۔ ابھار والی پرنٹنگ (a, e) اس میں نہیں ہوتی۔ یعنی b, c اور d درست ہیں۔

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16📚Typewritten & Printed DocumentsLaser Types

Match the following:
1. CO₂ lasers composed of -> a. Rare-earth ions
2. N₂ lasers operate in of EMR spectrum -> b. Visible region
3. Ar-ion laser emits light in of EMR spectrum -> c. Molecular gas
4. Glass lasers composed of -> d. Infra-Red region

Explanation

CO2 is a molecular gas laser (1-c). N2 laser operates in ultraviolet but is matched to infrared in paper options (2-d). Ar-ion laser emits visible blue-green light (3-b). Glass lasers are doped with rare-earth ions (4-a). This matches option A.

صحیح ملاپ: کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ لیزر مالیکیولر گیس سے بنتا ہے (1-c)، نائٹروجن لیزر EMR سپیکٹرم کے انفراریڈ (یا UV) زون میں چلتا ہے (2-d)، آرگن آئن لیزر نظر آنے والی روشنی پیدا کرتا ہے (3-b)، اور گلاس لیزر نایاب زمینی آئنوں پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے (4-a)۔

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17📚Typewritten & Printed DocumentsLaser Types

Excimer lasers typically use a combination of:

Explanation

Excimer lasers (excited dimer lasers) use a mixture of a noble gas (such as Argon, Krypton, or Xenon) and a reactive halogen gas (Fluorine or Chlorine) to produce ultraviolet laser light.

ایکسائمر لیزر (Excimer lasers) میں نوبل گیسوں (جیسے آرگن یا کرپٹون) اور ہیلوجن گیسوں (فلورین یا کلورین) کا مرکب استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، جو بالائے بنفشی روشنی خارج کرتے ہیں۔

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18📚Inorganic Chemistry & Coordination CompoundsClandestine Labs

What is not part of the glassware encountered in a raid for clandestine narcotic lab?

Explanation

Round bottom flasks, separating funnels, and beakers are standard laboratory glassware. A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity of liquids, not a piece of laboratory glassware.

گول پیندے والے فلاسک، سیپریٹنگ فنل اور بیکر کیمیائی عمل کے شیشے کے برتن (glassware) ہیں، جبکہ ہائیڈرو میٹر مائع کی کثافت (specific gravity) ناپنے کا آلہ ہے، شیشے کا برتن نہیں۔

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19📚Organic ChemistryRivers of India

The total length of the river Ganga is about

Explanation

The Ganga is the longest river in India with an approximate length of 2,525 km, originating from the Gangotri glacier in the Himalayas.

دریائے گنگا ہندوستان کا سب سے لمبا دریا ہے جس کی کل لمبائی تقریباً 2,525 کلومیٹر ہے، اور یہ ہمالیہ میں گنگوتری گلیشیر سے نکلتا ہے۔

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20📚Organic ChemistryRivers of India

Which one of the following is a north flowing river?

Explanation

The Chambal River originates in the Vindhya Range in Madhya Pradesh and flows north-northeast through Rajasthan before joining the Yamuna River in Uttar Pradesh.

دریائے چمبل مدھیہ پردیش میں وندھیا پہاڑی سلسلے سے نکلتا ہے اور اتر پردیش میں دریائے یمنا میں شامل ہونے سے پہلے راجستھان کے راستے شمال کی طرف بہتا ہے۔

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21📚Organic ChemistryReading Comprehension

Which of the following statements are false according to the passage?
1. There is a 4 percent increase in the production of plastics in 2013, over 2012.
2. The production of plastics in 2012 is approximately 299 million tons.
3. According to the Global Industry Experts, plastic consumption is to reach 297.5 million tons by the end of 2015.

Explanation

The passage states that 'An estimated 299 million tons of plastics were produced in 2013... representing a 4 percent increase over 2012.' This means 299 million tons refers to 2013 production, not 2012. Therefore, Statement 2 is false.

اقتباس کے مطابق، 2013 میں 299 ملین ٹن پلاسٹک تیار کیا گیا تھا (نہ کہ 2012 میں)۔ اس لیے صرف دوسرا بیان (Statement 2) غلط ہے۔

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22📚Physical ChemistryIndian Geography

In which of the following states is the Sambhar lake located?

Explanation

Sambhar Salt Lake is India's largest inland salt lake, situated in Rajasthan, near Jaipur.

سانبھر جھیل (Sambhar Lake) ہندوستان کی سب سے بڑی اندرونی نمکین پانی کی جھیل ہے، جو راجستھان میں واقع ہے۔

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23📚Physical ChemistryJ&K Geography

Which Lake of Jammu and Kashmir has first floating Post Office?

Explanation

India's first floating post office, built inside a houseboat, was inaugurated on Dal Lake in Srinagar in August 2011.

ہندوستان کا پہلا تیرتا ہوا ڈاک خانہ (Floating Post Office) سرینگر کی مشہور ڈل جھیل (Dal Lake) میں واقع ہے۔

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24📚General Knowledge & AwarenessHistory

Arrange the following Indian Newspaper in the chronological order of their establishment years.

1. The Indian Express
2. The Hindu
3. The Economic Times
4. Hindustan Times

Explanation

The chronological order is: The Hindu (1878), Hindustan Times (1924), The Indian Express (1932), and The Economic Times (1961). This corresponds to sequence 2, 4, 1, 3.

صحیح ترتیب ہے: دی ہندو (1878)، ہندوستان ٹائمز (1924)، انڈین ایکسپریس (1932)، اور اکنامک ٹائمز (1961)۔ یہ ترتیب 2، 4، 1، 3 بنتی ہے۔

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25📚Forensic Science & PhotographyHeritage

Which of the following statements about Ajanta Caves is/are correct?

1. Ajanta caves are a series of rock-cut caves on Waghora River near Aurangabad in Maharashtra.
2. These caves are located in the Sahyadri ranges on Eastern Ghats.
3. There are a total 32 caves in Ajanta of which 6 were used as prayer halls while 26 were used as residential caves.
4. Ajanta Caves are crescent shapes in the form of a gigantic horseshoe, with paintings themed around Buddhism.

Explanation

Statements 1 and 4 are correct. Statement 2 is incorrect because the Sahyadri ranges are located in the Western Ghats (not Eastern). Statement 3 is incorrect because there are 29 rock-cut Buddhist caves, not 32.

بیانات 1 اور 4 درست ہیں۔ بیان 2 غلط ہے کیونکہ سہیا دری مغربی گھاٹ میں ہے اور بیان 3 غلط ہے کیونکہ اجنتا میں کل 29 غاریں ہیں۔

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26📚General Knowledge & AwarenessGeography

Match the hydroelectric power projects in Jammu Kashmir with their corresponding location:

- i) Baglihar Power Project: 1) Indus River in Alchi, Leh
- ii) Ratle Hydroelectric Power Project: 2) Chenab River, Ramban
- iii) Uri Hydroelectric Power Project: 3) Chenab River, Kishtwar
- iv) Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Power Project: 4) Jhelum River, Baramula

Explanation

Baglihar is on the Chenab River in Ramban (i-2), Ratle is on the Chenab River in Kishtwar (ii-3), Uri is on the Jhelum River in Baramula (iii-4), and Nimoo Bazgo is on the Indus River in Leh (iv-1).

بگلیہار چناب ندی، رامبن پر ہے (i-2)؛ رتلے چناب ندی، کشتواڑ پر ہے (ii-3)؛ اوڑی جہلم ندی، بارہمولہ پر ہے (iii-4)؛ اور نیمو بازگو دریائے سندھ، لیہہ پر ہے (iv-1)۔

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27📚Reasoning & MathematicsBlood Relations

Mr. Kunal who is the founder of Verma Enterprises, is the son of Mr. Ravi Verma and grandson of Mr. Suraj Verma. The current Managing Director of Verma Enterprises is Ms. Ritu, who is the daughter of Sangeeta. Sangeeta is the daughter of Mr. Suraj Verma's wife. What is the relationship between Mr. Kunal and Ms. Ritu?

Explanation

Suraj Verma and his wife are the grandparents. Ravi Verma (Kunal's father) and Sangeeta (Ritu's mother) are brother and sister (children of Suraj Verma). Therefore, Kunal and Ritu are cousins.

سورج ورما دادا ہیں۔ روی ورما (کونال کے والد) اور سنگیتا (ریتو کی والدہ) بھائی بہن ہیں۔ اس طرح کونال اور ریتو کزن (cousins) ہیں۔

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28📚General Awareness & Current AffairsGeography Terms

The fertile land between two rivers is called

Explanation

The fertile tract of land lying between two converging rivers is known as a 'Doab' (from Persic: do = two, ab = water).

دو دریاؤں کے درمیان واقع زرخیز زمین کو 'دواب' (Doab) کہا جاتا ہے (جیسے پنجاب کا خطہ)۔

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29📚General Awareness & Current AffairsJ&K Geography

Which of the following rivers are allocated to India for exclusive use under the Indus Water Treaty?

Explanation

Under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, the water of the three Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas) is allocated to India for unrestricted use.

1960 کے سندھ طاس معاہدے (Indus Water Treaty) کے تحت مشرقی دریاؤں یعنی راوی، ستلج اور بیاس کے پانی کے استعمال کے حقوق ہندوستان کو تفویض کیے گئے ہیں۔

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30📚General Awareness & Current AffairsJ&K Power Projects

Ratle Hydroelectric Power Corporation is a joint venture between which two entities?

Explanation

Ratle Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited (RHPCL) is a joint venture company incorporated in 2021 between NHPC (51%) and JKSPDC (49%) to implement the 850 MW Ratle Hydroelectric Project on Chenab River.

رتلے ہائیڈرو الیکٹرک پاور کارپوریشن لمیٹڈ (RHPCL) چناب ندی پر واقع ہے اور یہ نیشنل ہائیڈرو الیکٹرک پاور کارپوریشن (NHPC) اور جموں و کشمیر اسٹیٹ پاور ڈیولپمنٹ کارپوریشن (JKSPDC) کا مشترکہ منصوبہ ہے۔

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31📚General Awareness & Current AffairsJ&K Lakes

Which is the 2nd largest fresh-water lake of Asia, situated on the foothills of Haramuk Mountain?

Explanation

Wular Lake, located in the Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir at the foothills of Haramuk Mountain, is one of the largest freshwater lakes in Asia.

ولر جھیل (Wular Lake) ہرمکھ پہاڑی کے دامن میں واقع ہے اور یہ ایشیا کی میٹھے پانی کی بڑی جھیلوں میں شمار ہوتی ہے۔

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32📚Physics, Electronics & TelecomIndus Water Treaty

Which river is primarily allocated to Pakistan under the Indus Water Treaty?

Explanation

Under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, three western rivers—the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab—were primarily allocated to Pakistan, while three eastern rivers—Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej—were allocated to India.

1960 کے سندھ طاس معاہدے کے تحت تین مغربی دریاؤں (سندھ، جہلم اور چناب) کا پانی پاکستان کو اور تین مشرقی دریاؤں (راوی، بیاس اور ستلج) کا پانی بھارت کو تفویض کیا گیا تھا۔

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33📚General Awareness & ScienceDams & Rivers

Match the following Dams to the rivers on which it is situated:

| Dam | River |
| --- | --- |
| 1. Sardar Sarovar | i. Mahanadi |
| 2. Hirakud | ii. Periyar |
| 3. Bhakra Nangal | iii. Narmada |
| 4. Idukki | iv. Sutlej |

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

The correct matching is: Sardar Sarovar - Narmada (1-iii), Hirakud - Mahanadi (2-i), Bhakra Nangal - Sutlej (3-iv), and Idukki - Periyar (4-ii). This matches option A.

درست جوڑ یہ ہیں: سردار سروور - نرمدا (1-iii)، ہیراکڈ - مہاندی (2-i)، بھاکڑہ نانگل - ستلج (3-iv)، اور ادوکی - پیریار (4-ii)۔ یہ ترتیب آپشن A ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

34📚General Awareness & ScienceDams & Rivers

Of the following, which is India's highest dam?

Explanation

Tehri Dam in Uttarakhand is the highest dam in India, standing at a height of 260.5 meters on the Bhagirathi River. Nurek Dam is in Tajikistan.

اتراکھنڈ میں واقع ٹہری ڈیم (Tehri Dam) بھارت کا سب سے اونچا ڈیم ہے، جس کی اونچائی دریائے بھاگیرتھی پر 260.5 میٹر ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

35📚Physics, Electronics & TelecomIndus Water Treaty

In which year, Indus Water Treaty was signed?

Explanation

The Indus Waters Treaty was signed on September 19, 1960, in Karachi by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan.

سندھ طاس معاہدے (Indus Water Treaty) پر 19 ستمبر 1960 کو کراچی میں دستخط کیے گئے تھے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

36📚📚 Social ScienceWorld Geography

The Blue Nile river originates from which of the following lakes?

Explanation

The Blue Nile river originates from Lake Tana in Ethiopia, while the White Nile originates from the Lake Victoria region.

دریائے نیل کی دو اہم شاخوں میں سے نیلِ ازرق (Blue Nile) ایتھوپیا کی جھیل تانا (Lake Tana) سے نکلتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBInformation Technology Department

37📚📚 Social ScienceRivers

Which River is known as "Veetesta" (Vitasta) in Sanskrit?

Explanation

The Jhelum River is referred to as 'Vitasta' (Veetesta) in Sanskrit scriptures and 'Hydaspes' in ancient Greek.

دریائے جہلم کو سنسکرت زبان میں 'وتستا' (Vitasta) اور قدیم یونانی زبان میں 'ہائیڈاسپس' کہا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBInformation Technology Department

38📚🌍 General AwarenessLakes & Waterbodies

Wular Lake is famous as which of the following?

Explanation

Wular Lake, located in the Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir, is the largest natural freshwater lake in India.

جموں و کشمیر کے ضلع بانڈی پورہ میں واقع وولر جھیل (Wular Lake) ہندوستان کی میٹھے پانی کی سب سے بڑی قدرتی جھیل ہے۔

2023JKSSBInformation Technology Department

39📚🔭 SciencePlaces & Administration

Match the following tourist/cultural titles of J&K with their correct districts:

P. Chhota Kashi - Samba
Q. Land of Devika - Udhampur
R. District of Lakes - Ganderbal
S. Land of Springs - Anantnag

Explanation

Chhota Kashi refers to Purmandal (Samba - iii), Land of Devika is Udhampur (i), District of Lakes is Ganderbal (ii), and Land of Springs is Anantnag (iv). This matches option A.

درست جوڑ درج ذیل ہیں: چھوٹا کاشی - سانبہ (iii)، دیویکا کی سرزمیں - ادھم پور (i)، جھیلوں کا ضلع - گاندربل (ii)، چشموں کی سرزمیں - اننت ناگ (iv)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

2023JKSSBInformation Technology Department

40📚📚 Social ScienceAncient Indian History

Which of the following animals was absent in the terracotta art of the Indus Valley Civilization?

Explanation

While humped bulls, elephants, dogs, and cats were depicted in terracotta figurines, cows were not represented in terracotta art of the Indus Valley Civilization.

وادی سندھ کی تہذیب کے مٹی کے فن پارے (Terracotta) میں کوہان والے سانڈ، ہاتھی، کتے اور بلیوں کے نقش ملتے ہیں، لیکن گائے کا کوئی نمونہ نہیں ملا۔

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41📚Building Materials & ConstructionIrrigation Methods

Flood irrigation method of irrigating field, works best on

Explanation

Flood irrigation requires the water to flow under gravity and spread evenly across the field. Hence, it works best on level or gently rolling terrains. Steep terrains would cause rapid runoff, soil erosion, and uneven water distribution.

فلڈ اریگیشن (Flood irrigation) میں پانی کو کشش ثقل کے تحت پورے کھیت میں یکساں پھیلنا ہوتا ہے۔ اس لیے یہ ہموار یا ہلکی ڈھلوان والی زمین (Level or gently rolling terrain) پر بہترین کام کرتا ہے۔ زیادہ ڈھلوان پر پانی تیزی سے بہہ جائے گا اور مٹی کا کٹاؤ ہوگا۔

2023JKSSBJal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

42📚Building Materials & ConstructionCanal Alignment

In plain areas, the irrigation canals are usually aligned along

Explanation

In plain terrains, irrigation canals are aligned along the ridge line (or watershed line). This allows gravity-fed irrigation on both sides of the canal and minimizes the requirement for cross-drainage structures.

ہموار علاقوں میں، آبپاشی کی نہروں کو عام طور پر رج لائن (Ridge lines - واٹر شیڈ لائن) کے ساتھ سیدھ میں لایا جاتا ہے۔ اس سے نہر کے دونوں طرف کشش ثقل کے ذریعے آبپاشی ممکن ہوتی ہے اور کراس ڈرینیج کے کاموں کی ضرورت کم ہوتی ہے۔

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43📚RCC & Structural MechanicsCross Drainage Works

Superpassage is a canal cross-drainage structure in which

Explanation

A Superpassage is a cross-drainage structure in which the natural stream (drainage) flows over the canal. The canal water flows under gravity (with a free surface) underneath the natural stream.

سپر پیسیج (Superpassage) ایک کراس ڈرینیج ڈھانچہ ہے جس میں قدرتی نالا نہر کے اوپر سے گزرتا ہے اور نہر کا پانی نیچے سے آزاد سطح (free surface) کے ساتھ بہتا ہے۔

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44📚RCC & Structural MechanicsCanals

Match the following canal types with their descriptions:
1. Irrigation Canal - a. A canal designed to carry water for agricultural purposes, supplying water to fields.
2. Navigation Canal - d. A canal constructed for the purpose of facilitating transportation of goods and people.
3. Aqueduct - c. A structure that carries a canal over a river, valley, or other obstacle.
4. Feeder Canal - b. A canal that feeds water from a source, like a river, to the main canal.
Choose the correctly matched option:

Explanation

The correct matches are: Irrigation Canal (1-a), Navigation Canal (2-d), Aqueduct (3-c), Feeder Canal (4-b). This corresponds to Option A.

درست مماثلت: آبپاشی نہر (1-a)، جہاز رانی کی نہر (2-d)، ایکواڈکٹ (3-c) اور فیڈر کینال (4-b) ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن A درست جواب ہے۔

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45📚Estimating, Costing & ValuationHighway Engineering

The maximum number of cities and towns are connected by which type of highway?

Explanation

National Highways constitute the primary highway network in India. They connect all major cities, state capitals, industrial hubs, ports, and towns across the country.

ملک کے زیادہ تر بڑے شہروں اور قصبوں کو آپس میں ملانے والی سڑکوں کو نیشنل ہائی ویز (National highways - قومی شاہراہ) کہا جاتا ہے۔ یہ ملک کی بنیادی نقل و حمل کا ڈھانچہ ہیں۔

2023JKSSBJal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

46📚Estimating, Costing & ValuationDams

The uplift pressure on a dam can be controlled by which of the following methods?
i) Constructing cut-off under upstream face
ii) Constructing drainage channels between the dam and its foundation
iii) By pressure grouting in foundation
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Uplift pressure on a gravity dam is controlled by: 1. Upstream cut-off walls (reduces seepage head). 2. Drainage gallery/channels in the foundation (relieves uplift pressure). 3. Foundation pressure grouting (seals joints/fissures in rock foundation). Thus, all three methods are effective.

ڈیم پر پانی کے نیچے سے لگنے والے بوجھ (uplift pressure) کو کنٹرول کرنے کے لیے: اپ اسٹریم پر کٹ آف بنانا، ڈیم اور فاؤنڈیشن کے درمیان ڈرینیج گیلری بنانا اور بنیاد میں پریشر گراؤٹنگ کرنا، یہ تینوں طریقے استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں۔

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47📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActDriver Laws & Licensing

A person is authorized to drive a "transport" vehicle in any category of road at the minimum age of:

Explanation

According to Section 4(2) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, the minimum age required for a person to drive a transport vehicle in any public place is 20 years.

موٹر وہیکل ایکٹ 1988 کی دفعہ 4(2) کے مطابق، کسی بھی عوامی جگہ پر ٹرانسپورٹ گاڑی چلانے کے لیے کم از کم عمر 20 سال ہونی چاہیے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

48📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActRoad Safety & Awareness

The areas on each side of the vehicle are not visible through the mirrors are known as

Explanation

A blind spot is an area around the vehicle that cannot be directly observed by the driver while at the controls, under existing circumstances, using only the mirrors.

بلائنڈ اسپاٹ گاڑی کے ارد گرد کا وہ حصہ ہوتا ہے جو ڈرائیور کو آئینے کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے براہ راست نظر نہیں آتا۔

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49📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActRoad Safety & Speed Control

Reduction of traffic speed can be effective in reducing

Explanation

Lower speeds reduce the probability of crashes because drivers have more time to react, stopping distances are shorter, and vehicle control is easier to maintain.

ٹریفک کی رفتار کو کم کرنا حادثات کی تعداد کو کم کرنے میں انتہائی مؤثر ثابت ہوتا ہے کیونکہ اس سے ڈرائیور کو ردعمل کا زیادہ وقت ملتا ہے۔

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50📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActTraffic Rules & Emergency Vehicles

Free passage should be given to the following types of vehicles

Explanation

Every driver must give free passage to emergency vehicles, such as fire service vehicles and ambulances, by drawing to the side of the road.

ہر ڈرائیور کا فرض ہے کہ وہ فائر بریگیڈ اور ایمبولینس جیسی ہنگامی گاڑیوں کو راستہ دینے کے لیے اپنی گاڑی کو سڑک کے ایک طرف کر لے۔

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51📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActAccident Duties & M.V. Act

What you do when any property of a third party is damaged due to an accident

Explanation

Under Section 134(b) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, the driver of the vehicle must report the accident and any damage caused to third-party property to the nearest police station within 24 hours.

موٹر وہیکل ایکٹ 1988 کی دفعہ 134(ب) کے تحت، حادثے کی صورت میں اگر کسی تیسرے فریق کی املاک کو نقصان پہنچے، تو ڈرائیور کو 24 گھنٹے کے اندر قریبی پولیس اسٹیشن میں رپورٹ کرنی چاہیے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

52📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActDriver Hand Signals

A driver extending his/her right arm and rotating it in an anti-clockwise direction is signaling their intention to:

Explanation

Under Indian road rules, when a driver extends the right arm and rotates it in an anti-clockwise direction, it represents the intention to turn left or change lanes to the left.

ہندوستانی ٹریفک قوانین کے تحت، جب ڈرائیور دایاں بازو باہر نکال کر اسے گھڑی کی مخالف سمت (اینٹی کلاک وائز) گھماتا ہے، تو اس کا مطلب بائیں مڑنے یا بائیں لین تبدیل کرنے کا ارادہ ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

53📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActDriver Hand Signals

A driver extending his/her right arm in a downward direction and moving it up and down is signaling their intention to:

Explanation

Extending the right arm downwards and moving it slowly up and down is the standard hand signal indicating that the driver intends to slow down their vehicle.

دائیں بازو کو نیچے کی طرف پھیلا کر آہستہ آہستہ اوپر نیچے کرنا اس بات کا اشارہ ہے کہ ڈرائیور گاڑی کی رفتار کو کم کرنا چاہتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

54📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActDriver Hand Signals

A driver extending his right arm vertically outside the vehicle is signaling their intention to:

Explanation

Extending the right arm vertically upwards represents the intention to stop the vehicle. Note: Option D was omitted in the original test booklet, but Option C is verified as correct.

دائیں بازو کو عمودی طور پر اوپر اٹھانا گاڑی کو روکنے کے ارادے کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔ نوٹ: اصل سوالنامے میں آپشن D غائب تھا، لیکن آپشن C بالکل درست ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

55📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActDriver Hand Signals

A driver moving his hand in a forward circular motion outside the vehicle is signaling to the vehicle behind:

Explanation

Moving the right arm in a forward circular motion is a gesture to allow the vehicle behind to overtake safely.

دائیں ہاتھ کو گولائی میں آگے کی طرف گھمانا پیچھے سے آنے والی گاڑی کو اوور ٹیک کرنے کی اجازت دینے کا اشارہ ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

56📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActMap Reading & Navigation

Your residence is located at (R) and office is at (O). The location (R) and (O) just opposite, however you cannot go straight way because of a river. You first drive 10 km due north, then cross a bridge 7 km long which is due west, and reach at (O) which is 10 km due south. With respect to office (O) your residence (R) is

Explanation

Let R be at

(0,0)

. Driving

10 \text{ km}

North reaches

(0, 10)

. Moving

7 \text{ km}

West reaches

(-7, 10)

. Moving

10 \text{ km}

South reaches

(-7, 0)

, which is O. Since O is at

(-7,0)

, R

(0,0)

is

7 \text{ km}

due East of O.

فرض کریں رہائش (R) نقطہ (0,0) پر ہے۔ 10 کلومیٹر شمال جانے پر مقام (0,10) ہوگا۔ 7 کلومیٹر مغرب جانے پر (-7,10) ہوگا۔ پھر 10 کلومیٹر جنوب جانے پر آفس (O) مقام (-7,0) پر ہوگا۔ لہذا، آفس کے لحاظ سے رہائش (R) 7 کلومیٹر مشرق میں ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

57📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActRoad Signs

A triangular warning sign showing a person shoveling dirt/sand represents:

Explanation

The triangular cautionary sign depicting a worker with a shovel indicates 'Men at work' ahead, warning drivers to slow down.

بیلچہ ہاتھ میں لیے کام کرنے والے شخص کا تکونی نشان ظاہر کرتا ہے کہ آگے 'مزدور کام کر رہے ہیں' (Men at work)۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

58📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActRoad Signs

A triangular warning sign showing a car with wavy skid marks behind it represents:

Explanation

A triangular cautionary sign showing a car skidding on wavy lines represents a 'Slippery road' ahead, warning the driver to reduce speed.

تکونی نشان میں پھسلتی ہوئی کار کی علامت کا مطلب ہے کہ آگے 'پھسلن والی سڑک' (Slippery road) ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

59📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceRoad Safety & Driving Psychology

Peripheral vision of a driver helps to detect

Explanation

Peripheral vision (side vision) is highly sensitive to light and movement. It helps the driver detect moving objects (like pedestrians or cars coming from sides) in their outer field of view.

ڈرائیور کی سائیڈ ویژن (Peripheral vision) سڑک پر متحرک اشیاء کی حرکت (Movement) کو محسوس کرنے میں مدد کرتی ہے۔

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60📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceRoad Safety & Driving Psychology

"Acute vision" of a driver helps to detect

Explanation

Acute vision (or central foveal vision) is the sharpest focus of the eye. It is used to resolve fine details, such as reading text (legends) on traffic signs.

ڈرائیور کی تیز مرکزی نظر (Acute vision) ٹریفک کے اشاروں پر لکھی ہوئی تحریر اور تفصیلات کو پڑھنے میں مدد کرتی ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

61📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceRoad Safety & Emergencies

If your vehicle has broken down at night, what clothing should be worn for more visible by traffic?

Explanation

In case of a breakdown at night, the driver should wear bright fluorescent or retro-reflective clothing (like a safety vest) to maximize visibility to oncoming traffic.

اگر رات کے وقت گاڑی خراب ہو جائے تو آنے والی ٹریفک کے سامنے اپنی نمائش بڑھانے کے لیے ڈرائیور کو چمکدار فلوروسینٹ کپڑے پہننے چاہئیں۔

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62📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceDriver Health & Awareness

How does the alcohol effect perception-reaction time while driving?

Explanation

Alcohol slows down the central nervous system. As blood alcohol concentration (BAC) increases, the driver's perception-reaction time increases (meaning it takes them longer to react to hazards).

الکحل دماغی ردعمل کو سست کر دیتی ہے۔ خون میں الکحل کی مقدار بڑھنے سے خطرے پر ردعمل دینے کا وقت (reaction time) بڑھ جاتا ہے۔

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63📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceDriver Health & Laws

Smoking while driving is

Explanation

Smoking while driving is a distracting activity (occupies hands and creates smoke/glare) and is classified as a punishable offence under vehicle safety guidelines and public transit laws.

ڈرائیونگ کے دوران سگریٹ نوشی توجہ بھٹکانے والی سرگرمی ہے اور یہ ٹریفک قوانین کے تحت قابلِ سزا جرم ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

64📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceTraffic Enforcement

Which of the following test is commonly used to measure alcohol limit of a driver?

Explanation

A breath analyzer (breathalyzer) is a portable device used by traffic police to estimate blood alcohol content (BAC) from a breath sample.

ڈرائیور کے خون میں الکحل کی مقدار جانچنے کے لیے ٹریفک پولیس کے پاس 'بریتھ اینالائزر' (Breath analyser) آلہ ہوتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

65📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceMotor Vehicle Act & Penalties

As per central motor vehicle act 1988, section 185, "drunk and driving" punishment is applicable when

Explanation

Under Section 185 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, driving or attempting to drive is punishable if the driver has in their blood, alcohol exceeding 30 mg per 100 ml of blood.

موٹر وہیکل ایکٹ 1988 کی دفعہ 185 کے مطابق، اگر خون میں الکحل کی مقدار 30 ملی گرام فی 100 ملی لیٹر خون سے زیادہ ہو، تو سزا لاگو ہوتی ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

66📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceOptics & Lighting

When driving at night in rainy conditions, high beams is

Explanation

Water droplets in the air and on the windscreen scatter the intense high beam light back into the driver's eyes, creating excessive glare and severely limiting vision.

بارش میں ہائی بیم لائٹ استعمال کرنا برا ہے کیونکہ پانی کے قطرے روشنی کو منعکس کرتے ہیں جس سے چکا چوند (glare) بڑھتی ہے اور کچھ نظر نہیں آتا۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

67📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceKinematics & Motion

On a foggy day, two bus drivers spot each other. They are traveling at 20 m/sec and 10 m/sec respectively, towards each other. Both of them apply brakes, which deaccelerate both the buses at a rate of 5 m/s². How far apart will they be, when they have come to stop.

Explanation

Stopping distance

s = \frac{u^2}{2a}

. For Bus 1:

s_1 = \frac{20^2}{2 \times 5} = 40 \text{ m}

. For Bus 2:

s_2 = \frac{10^2}{2 \times 5} = 10 \text{ m}

. Total stopping distance =

s_1 + s_2 = 40 + 10 = 50 \text{ m}

. Thus, they need to be 50 meters apart to avoid a collision.

بس 1 کا فاصلہ: 20² / 10 = 40 میٹر۔ بس 2 کا فاصلہ: 10² / 10 = 10 میٹر۔ دونوں بسوں کے رکنے کا کل فاصلہ = 40 + 10 = 50 میٹر ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

68📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceOptics & Scattering

A high beam in foggy conditions is

Explanation

Using high beams in thick fog is dangerous because the water droplets reflect the bright light directly back into the driver's eyes, creating a blinding glare (dazzle effect) and reducing visibility further.

دھند میں تیز ہیڈلائٹ (High beam) استعمال کرنا خطرناک ہے کیونکہ روشنی دھند سے ٹکرا کر واپس ڈرائیور کی آنکھوں میں چمک پیدا کرتی ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

69📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceNight Driving Rules

When you are driving at night, and approaching another vehicle from behind, must

Explanation

When following another vehicle closely at night, you must switch to low beams (dim headlights) to prevent reflecting blinding light into the front driver's rear-view mirrors.

رات کے وقت جب آپ کسی دوسری گاڑی کے پیچھے چل رہے ہوں تو ہیڈلائٹس کو لو بیم (مدہم) پر کر دیں تاکہ آگے والے ڈرائیور کے شیشے میں چکا چوند نہ ہو۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

70📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceNight Driving Rules

When you are driving at night and wants to overtake a car in the front, you must

Explanation

Before overtaking a vehicle at night, you should flash your headlights (dipping or switching from low to high beam briefly) to alert the driver in front of your presence and intention.

رات کو اوور ٹیک کرنے سے پہلے ہیڈلائٹس کو فلکر یا فلیش (dipper) کرنا چاہیے تاکہ آگے والی گاڑی کا ڈرائیور چوکنا ہو جائے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

71📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceRoad Safety

To see a vehicle in the blind spots, driver should

Explanation

Mirrors cannot capture areas directly to the side and slightly behind the driver's shoulders. The only way to check these blind spots is to turn your head (shoulder check) before changing lanes.

آئینے میں نہ دکھائی دینے والے حصے (بلائنڈ اسپاٹس) کو دیکھنے کے لیے ڈرائیور کو اپنا سر گھما کر (shoulder check) دیکھنا چاہیے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

72📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceRoad Safety

What is the purpose of rear-view mirror of a motor vehicle?

Explanation

The primary safety purpose of a rear-view mirror is to allow the driver to monitor vehicles and traffic conditions approaching from behind.

پیچھے دیکھنے والے آئینے (rear-view mirror) کا مقصد گاڑی کے پیچھے سے آنے والی ٹریفک پر نظر رکھنا ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

73📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlVehicle Insurance

Consider the following statements related with motor insurance, choose the correct option:
Statement-1: The motor insurance does not provide compensations if driver don't have driving licence
Statement-2: Third-party motor insurance cover third person who has been injured in an accident involving owner and his/her car

Explanation

Statement-1 is true because driving without a valid license voids insurance claims. Statement-2 is true because third-party insurance specifically covers the cost of damage or injury to other people (third parties). Both statements are true.

پہلا بیان سچ ہے کیونکہ لائسنس کے بغیر دعویٰ رد ہو جاتا ہے۔ دوسرا بیان بھی سچ ہے کیونکہ تھرڈ پارٹی انشورنس دوسرے فریق کے نقصان کی تلافی کرتی ہے۔ دونوں سچ ہیں۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

74📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlScientific Instruments

Among the following instrument, which instrument you use to measure specific gravity or relative density of petrol

Explanation

A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (relative density) of liquids, including fuels and battery acids.

مائعات بشمول پٹرول کی کثافت یا مخصوص کششِ ثقل (specific gravity) کی پیمائش کے لیے ہائیڈرومیٹر (Hydrometer) استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

75📚🔭 ScienceLimnology

Oxbow lakes are formed due to

Explanation

Oxbow lakes are formed by river activity, specifically through the meandering process where a wide loop is cut off from the main channel of the river, forming a U-shaped lake.

آکسابو جھیلیں (Oxbow Lakes) دریا کے بہاؤ کی سرگرمی (River Activity) کی وجہ سے بنتی ہیں، جہاں دریا کا موڑ کٹ کر ایک علیحدہ جھیل کی شکل اختیار کر لیتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

76📚🔭 ScienceLimnology

Thermocline is the zone of rapid change in

Explanation

The thermocline (also called metalimnion) is a distinct layer in a large body of water (like a lake or ocean) where the temperature changes more rapidly with depth than it does in the layers above or below.

تھرموکلائن (Thermocline) پانی کے ذخیرے (جھیل یا سمندر) میں وہ زون ہے جہاں گہرائی کے ساتھ درجہ حرارت (Temperature) میں بہت تیزی سے تبدیلی واقع ہوتی ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

77📚📚 Social ScienceIndian Geography

The largest peninsular river in India is

Explanation

The Godavari is the largest peninsular river in India, with a length of about 1,465 km. It is also known as the 'Dakshin Ganga'.

دریائے گوداوری (Godavari) جزیرہ نما ہندوستان کا سب سے بڑا دریا ہے، جس کی لمبائی تقریباً 1,465 کلومیٹر ہے، اور اسے 'دکشن گنگا' بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

78📚📚 Social ScienceIndian Geography

Match the following lakes to its state:
a) Vembanad Lake
b) Chilika Lake
c) Dal Lake
d) Kolleru Lake
e) Loktak Lake

And States:
1. Jammu and Kashmir
2. Andhra Pradesh
3. Odisha
4. Manipur
5. Kerala

Match correctly:

Explanation

Correct matches: Vembanad Lake is in Kerala (a:5); Chilika Lake is in Odisha (b:3); Dal Lake is in Jammu and Kashmir (c:1); Kolleru Lake is in Andhra Pradesh (d:2); Loktak Lake is in Manipur (e:4). This matches Option A.

درست جوڑ: ویمباناد جھیل کیرلا میں ہے (a:5)؛ چلکا جھیل اوڈیشہ میں ہے (b:3)؛ ڈل جھیل جموں و کشمیر میں ہے (c:1)؛ کولیرو جھیل آندھرا پردیش میں ہے (d:2)؛ لوکتک جھیل منی پور میں ہے (e:4)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

79📚🔭 ScienceLakes & Waterbodies

Which of the following statements are true?
a. Wular Lake is an example of tectonic lake
b. Dal lake is an example of crater lake
c. Surinsar-Mansar lakes are Ramsar sites
d. Manasbal Lake is a saltwater lake

Explanation

Statements a and c are correct: Wular Lake is a tectonic lake and Surinsar-Mansar are Ramsar sites. Statements b (Dal Lake is a crater lake) and d (Manasbal Lake is a saltwater lake) are false. Option C is marked correct based on the official exam answer key which contained a printing typo (where d was meant to state 'freshwater' lake).

بیانات a اور c درست ہیں: وولر جھیل ٹیکٹونک سرگرمی سے بنی ہے اور سرینسر-مانسر جھیلیں رامسر سائٹس ہیں۔ بیانات b اور d غلط ہیں۔ امتحانی پرچے کی غلطی کی وجہ سے آپشن C (a, c, d) کو درست مانا گیا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

80📚🔭 ScienceAquatic Ecology

Hydrosere Stages of ecological succession in pond/lake are

Explanation

The correct ecological succession sequence in a hydrosere is: 1) Phytoplankton stage, 2) Submerged macrophyte stage, 3) Floating-leaved stage, 4) Reed-swamp stage, 5) Sedge-meadow/marsh stage, 6) Carr (shrub/alder/willow) stage, 7) Woodland stage, and 8) Climax forest stage. This is Option A.

ہائیڈروسیر (پانی میں ماحولیاتی جانشینی) کے مراحل کی درست ترتیب: 1) فائٹوپلانکٹن مرحلہ، 2) ڈوبے ہوئے پودوں کا مرحلہ، 3) تیرتے ہوئے پودوں کا مرحلہ، 4) ریڈ دلدل مرحلہ، 5) دلدلی घास کا مرحلہ، 6) کار (جھاڑی) مرحلہ، 7) جنگلاتی مرحلہ اور 8) کلائمکس فارسٹ مرحلہ۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

81📚🔭 ScienceAquaculture

Which one of the following is NOT an exotic fish?

Explanation

Horabagrus brachysoma (commonly known as the Sun catfish) is native to the rivers of the Western Ghats in India. The other three species are exotic (introduced) to India.

Horabagrus brachysoma (سن کیٹ فش) ہندوستان کے مغربی گھاٹ کے دریاؤں کی مقامی (Native) مچھلی ہے، جبکہ دیگر تینوں درآمد شدہ (Exotic) مچھلیاں ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

82📚📚 Social ScienceIndian Geography

Which of the following is NOT a lagoon?

Explanation

Periyar Lake is a freshwater artificial reservoir created by the construction of the Mullaperiyar Dam on the Periyar River. Vembanad, Chilika, and Pulicat are coastal brackish water lagoons.

پیریاڑ جھیل (Periyar Lake) ایک مصنوعی میٹھے پانی کا ذخیرہ ہے جو ڈیم بنانے سے وجود میں آیا، جبکہ ویمباناد، چلکا اور پلیکٹ ساحلی کھارے پانی کی جھیلیں (Lagoons) ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

83📚🔭 ScienceEnvironment & Ecology

Which of the following statements are true?
a. There are 80 Ramsar sites in India
b. Ex-situ is a method of conservation that involves the conservation of species in its natural habitat
c. Kanwar Lake is the smallest lake in India
d. Manasbal is the deepest lake in India

Explanation

Statements a and d are correct. India reached 80 Ramsar sites in early 2024, and Manasbal is the deepest freshwater lake in India. Statement b is false because ex-situ conservation happens outside the natural habitat. Statement c is false because Renuka Lake is the smallest Ramsar site in India, not Kanwar Lake.

بیانات a اور d درست ہیں۔ 2024 کے اوائل تک ہندوستان میں 80 رامسر سائٹس ہو گئی تھیں، اور مانسبل ہندوستان کی سب سے گہری میٹھے پانی کی جھیل ہے۔ بیان b اور c غلط ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

84📚📚 Social ScienceIndian Geography

How much area does Ganga river system drain in the Himalayan region?

Explanation

The Ganga river system drains a catchment area of approximately 200,000 km2 within the Himalayan mountain region before descending into the plains.

دریائے گنگا کا نظام ہمالیہ کے پہاڑی خطے میں تقریباً 2,00,000 مربع کلومیٹر رقبے کو سیراب/ڈرین کرتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

85📚🔭 ScienceLimnology

Slow flowing lower course of hill stream is

Explanation

The potamon is the slow-flowing lower zone of a river system, characterized by higher temperatures, lower oxygen levels, and sandy/muddy substrates. The rithron is the fast-flowing upper zone.

پہاڑی ندی یا دریا کا نچلا، سست اور چوڑا حصہ پوٹامون (Potamon) کہلاتا ہے، جبکہ بالائی تیز بہاؤ والے حصے کو رتھرون (Rithron) کہتے ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

86📚📚 Social ScienceIndian Geography

Which of the following statements are true?
a. Himalayas extend from the Namga Parbat to Namcha Barwa
b. Himalayas extend over 2400 km
c. Ganga and Brahmaputra are the longest rivers in Himalaya river system
d. Himalayan streams can be divided to 4 zones as per Sehgal (1988)

Explanation

Statements a and b are true. The Himalayas run in an arc of about 2400 km from Nanga Parbat in the west to Namcha Barwa in the east. Statement c is false because the Indus is the longest river. Statement d is false because coldwater streams are divided into 3 zones as per Sehgal (1988) based on temperature and fish composition.

بیانات a اور b درست ہیں۔ ہمالیہ مغرب میں نانگا پربت سے مشرق میں نامچہ باروا تک تقریباً 2400 کلومیٹر طویل قوس میں پھیلا ہوا ہے۔ بیانات c اور d غلط ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

87📚🔭 ScienceFishing Gear

Which of the following gear is used for riverine fish spawn collection?

Explanation

The shooting net (also called 'Beni Jal' or spawn collection net) is a funnel-shaped net specifically designed and positioned in rivers to collect drifting carp spawn and larvae.

دریاؤں میں بہتے ہوئے کارپ مچھلیوں کے انڈے اور لاروا (Spawn) اکٹھا کرنے کے لیے بنیادی طور پر شوٹنگ نیٹ (Shooting Net) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

88📚🔭 ScienceFish Processing

Masmin is a product of

Explanation

Masmin is a traditional smoked and dried tuna product produced extensively as a cottage industry in the Lakshadweep islands of India.

ماسمین (Masmin) ٹونا مچھلی کو ابال کر، دھواں دے کر سکھانے سے تیار کیا جانے والا روایتی ماہی پروڈکٹ ہے جو لکشادیپ (Lakshadweep) میں بڑے پیمانے پر بنتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

89📚🔭 ScienceFish Processing

Match the following with the best combinations:
a. Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA)
b. Sodium benzoate
c. Ethylene glycol
d. Ammonia
e. Sodium hypochlorite

Properties:
1. Antifreeze
2. Refrigerant
3. Cleaning agent
4. Antioxidant
5. Food preservative

Match correctly:

Explanation

Matches: BHA is an antioxidant used in fats/oils (a:4); Sodium benzoate is a food preservative (b:5); Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze (c:1); Ammonia is a common industrial refrigerant (d:2); Sodium hypochlorite is a disinfectant cleaning agent (e:3). This matches Option A.

درست کیمیائی جوڑ: BHA ایک اینٹی آکسیڈینٹ ہے (a:4)؛ سوڈیم بینزویٹ کھانے کو محفوظ رکھنے کا کیمیکل ہے (b:5)؛ ایتھیلین گلائیکول اینٹی فریز کے طور پر استعمال ہوتا ہے (c:1)؛ امونیا ایک ریفریجرینٹ گیس ہے (d:2)؛ اور سوڈیم ہائپوکلورائٹ جراثیم کش صفائی کا ایجنٹ ہے (e:3)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

90📚📚 Social ScienceIndian Geography

Riverine fishery resources has ---- major systems

Explanation

India's riverine fishery resources are divided into 5 major systems: 1) Indus River System, 2) Ganga River System, 3) Brahmaputra River System, 4) East Coast River System, and 5) West Coast River System.

ہندوستان کے دریاؤں کی مچھلیوں کے قدرتی ذخائر کو 5 بڑے دریاؤں کے سسٹمز (Riverine Systems) میں تقسیم کیا گیا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

91📚🔭 ScienceFisheries & Environment

Commercial species of fishes from river Jhelum

Explanation

Cyprinus carpio (common carp) is the major commercial species harvested from the River Jhelum and Dal Lake in Kashmir, having successfully adapted and dominated the valley's coldwater ecosystems since its introduction.

وادی کشمیر میں بہنے والے دریائے جہلم (River Jhelum) سے تجارتی پیمانے پر پکڑی جانے والی سب سے اہم مچھلی کامن کارپ (Cyprinus carpio) ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

92📚🔭 ScienceSport Fishing

Habitat in Tirthan and Jibhi streamsare famous for

Explanation

The Tirthan and Jibhi streams in the Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh are ecologically protected rivers famous for hosting thriving populations of wild Brown Trout (Salmo trutta).

ہماچل پردیش کی تیرتھن اور جبھی ندیاں (Tirthan and Jibhi streams) جنگلی بھوری ٹراؤٹ (Wild brown trout) کے شکار کے لیے مشہور ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

93📚🔭 ScienceSport Fishing

These are major rivers for sport fishing

Explanation

The Kosi, Kali, and Sharda rivers in Uttarakhand/northern India are famous destinations for angling the mighty Golden Mahseer.

ہندوستان میں مہسیر مچھلی کے شکار کے لیے مشہور ندیوں میں کوسی، کالی اور شاردا (Kosi, Kali, Sharda) کے پہاڑی سلسلے شامل ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

94📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KLakes & Water Bodies

Which lake in Kashmir is known as the 'Supreme gem of all Kashmir Lakes' and is the deepest lake in India?

Explanation

Manasbal Lake, located in Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir, is known as the supreme gem of all Kashmir lakes and is considered the deepest lake in India.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

95📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KIndian Geography

Which river is known as the 'Tsangpo' in Tibet before entering India?

Explanation

The Brahmaputra River originates in Tibet, where it is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo, before flowing into India through Arunachal Pradesh.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

96📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KRivers of J&K

The Kishanganga River is a major tributary of which river system?

Explanation

The Kishanganga River (known as the Neelum River in Pakistan-administered Kashmir) is a major tributary of the Jhelum River, joining it near Muzaffarabad.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

97📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KHydroelectric Projects

The Baglihar Hydroelectric Power Project is constructed on which river?

Explanation

The Baglihar Dam is a run-of-the-river power project built on the Chenab River in the Ramban district of Jammu and Kashmir.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

98📚General EnglishRivers of J&K

What is the ancient Vedic Sanskrit name of the Chenab River?

Explanation

The Chenab River was known as Asikni in Vedic Sanskrit literature. (Jhelum is Vitasta, Ravi is Parushni, and Beas is Vipasa).

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

99📚General EnglishIndian History

The famous Indus Valley Civilization site 'Lothal', known for its ancient dockyard, is located in which modern state of India?

Explanation

Lothal was one of the southern-most cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, located in the Bhal region of modern Gujarat state.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

100📚General EnglishHistory of J&K

Who is the author of Rajatarangini, the Sanskrit historical chronicle of the kings of Kashmir?

Explanation

Rajatarangini ('The River of Kings') was written in Sanskrit by the Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century AD.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

101📚General EnglishIndian Geography

The Chilika Lake, the largest brackish water coastal lagoon in India, is located in which state?

Explanation

Chilika Lake is a brackish water lagoon spread over the Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Odisha state on the east coast of India.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

102📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyHeavy Metal Toxicity

The chemical responsible for Minamata disease

Explanation

Minamata disease is a severe neurological toxic syndrome caused by methylmercury (

CH_3Hg^+

) poisoning. It was first identified in 1956 in Minamata Bay, Japan, resulting from the bioaccumulation of industrial mercury dumped into the marine ecosystem.

میناماٹا بیماری پارہ (Mercury / Methylmercury) کے زہریلے پن کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

103📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringPrimary Wastewater Treatment

Which of the following is correct?

Explanation

Statement D is correct: A Primary Sedimentation Tank (PST) is designed to remove settleable organic and inorganic suspended solids from wastewater by gravitational settling (typically achieving 50–70% TSS and 30–40% BOD removal). Note: Trickling filter is aerobic, and grit chambers remove inorganic grit.

پرائمری سیڈیمینٹیشن ٹینک میں نامیاتی اور غیر نامیاتی ٹھوس مادوں کو کشش ثقل کے ذریعے الگ کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

104📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringColloidal Solids & Coagulation

The size of colloidal solids in waste water are in the range of

Explanation

Colloidal solids in wastewater have particle diameters typically ranging from

1\text{ nm}

to

100\text{ nm}

(or

10^{-3}\text{ }\mu\text{m}

to

0.1\text{ }\mu\text{m}

). These particles carry negative electrostatic surface charges and do not settle by gravity without chemical coagulation.

سیوریج میں کولائیڈل ذرات کا سائز 1 نینو میٹر سے 100 نینو میٹر کی حد میں ہوتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

105📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyRiver Self-Purification Zones

A polluted stream undergoes self-purification in four distinct zones:
a. Zone of clear water
b. Zone of Active decomposition
c. Zone of degradation
d. Zone of recovery

Explanation

The downstream sequence of self-purification in a river receiving wastewater effluent is: 1. Zone of degradation (c) → 2. Zone of active decomposition (b) → 3. Zone of recovery (d) → 4. Zone of clear water (a). Hence, the correct order is c, b, d, a.

کسی ندی میں گندے پانی کی خود صفائی کے زونز کی درست ترتیب: خرابی کا زون (c) ← فعال سڑن کا زون (b) ← بحالی کا زون (d) ← صاف پانی کا زون (a)۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

106📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceBIS Standards for Effluents

Identify the guiding standard for industrial effluent from the following:

Explanation

IS 2490 (1974 / 1981) provides the Indian Standard tolerance limits for industrial effluents discharged into inland surface waters.

IS 2490-1974 صنعتی اخراج (Industrial Effluent) کے لیے ہندوستانی معیار ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

107📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEutrophication & Algicides

Consider the following statements;
a. Eutrophication is the algal bloom produced due to excess discharge of plant nutrients into water body
b. Can be added by adding copper sulphate to water.

Explanation

Both statements (a) and (b) are true. Statement (a) defines eutrophication caused by excess nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment. Statement (b) is true because copper sulphate (

CuSO_4

) is widely applied as an effective chemical algicide to control and eradicate unwanted algal blooms in water bodies.

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں: یوٹروفیکیشن غذائی اجزاء کی زیادتی سے الجی کی افزائش ہے، اور کاپر سلفیٹ (

CuSO_4

) الجی کو کنٹرول کرنے کے لیے شامل کیا جاتا ہے۔

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108📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceRiver Basin Authorities & NGRBA

National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) is responsible for ________ duties.

Explanation

The National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA, established in 2009 under the EPA) was vested with both developmental functions (planning, river conservation schemes) and regulatory functions (enforcing water quality standards and pollution control).

قومی گنگا ریور بیسن اتھارٹی (NGRBA) ترقیاتی اور ریگولیٹری دونوں فرائض کی ذمہ دار ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

109📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceAir (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981

Consider the following pairs from the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981:
1. Section 21 | a. Power of State Government to supersede State Board
2. Section 47 | b. Power of State Government to make rules
3. Section 53 | c. Restrictions on use of certain industrial plants
4. Section 54 | d. Power of Central Government to make rules
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

Under the Air Act, 1981: Section 21 deals with restrictions on the use of certain industrial plants (1-c); Section 47 provides the power of the State Government to supersede the State Board (2-a); Section 53 gives power to the Central Government to make rules (3-d); and Section 54 gives power to the State Government to make rules (4-b).

ایئر ایکٹ 1981 کے تحت دفعہ 21 صنعتی پلانٹس پر پابندی، دفعہ 47 بورڈ کو معطل کرنے کا اختیار، دفعہ 53 مرکزی حکومت کے قواعد اور دفعہ 54 ریاستی حکومت کے قواعد سے متعلق ہے۔

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110📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyRadiation Hazards & Health

Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun can increase the risk of:

Explanation

Ultraviolet radiation (specifically UV-B and UV-A) damages the DNA of skin cells, leading to genetic mutations that substantially increase the risk of skin cancers (including malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma) and cataracts.

سورج سے آنے والی الٹرا وائلٹ (UV) تابکاری کی طویل نمائش جلد کے کینسر (Skin cancer) کا خطرہ بڑھاتی ہے۔

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111📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyHeavy Metal Ecotoxicology

Industrial pollutants like mercury and cadmium can accumulate in the food chain and pose a threat to the:

Explanation

Heavy metals like mercury (neurotoxin causing Minamata disease, ataxia, tremors) and cadmium bioaccumulate in tissues and severely damage the central nervous system, brain function, and renal tubules.

پارہ اور کیڈمیم جیسے صنعتی زہریلے مادے فوڈ چین میں جمع ہو کر اعصابی نظام (Nervous system) کے لیے سنگین خطرہ بنتے ہیں۔

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112📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSewage Pumping Equipment

Pneumatic ejectors utilize ________ to pump sewage.

Explanation

Pneumatic ejectors are specialized sewage-lifting devices that use compressed air pressure to displace and discharge wastewater from low-lying collection basements into higher-level gravity sewers without clogging.

نیومیٹک ایجیکٹرز سیوریج کو پمپ کرنے کے لیے ہوا کے دباؤ (Air pressure) کا استعمال کرتے ہیں۔

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113📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringIndustrial Waste Management

The waste generated by the tannery industry is often characterized by:

Explanation

Tannery industrial effluents are characterized by extremely high organic matter loads (BOD/COD), high total dissolved solids, elevated sulfides, and toxic heavy metals like hexavalent/trivalent Chromium used during leather tanning.

چمڑا سازی کی صنعت (Tannery) کے فضلے میں زیادہ نامیاتی مواد اور زہریلے کیمیکلز (کرومیم وغیرہ) ہوتے ہیں۔

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114📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyNutrient Removal & Eutrophication

The efficiency of a wastewater treatment system in removing nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus is crucial to prevent:

Explanation

Nitrogen and phosphorus are limiting plant macronutrients. Removing them during tertiary biological wastewater treatment is essential to prevent rapid eutrophication, dense toxic algal blooms, and oxygen depletion in downstream receiving water bodies.

نائٹروجن اور فاسفورس کو صاف کرنا ندی نالوں میں الجی کے پھیلاؤ اور یوٹروفیکیشن کو روکنے کے لیے ضروری ہے۔

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115📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceWater Act 1974 Consent Provisions

Under the Water Act, 1974, no person can discharge any pollutant into a water body without obtaining:

Explanation

Under Section 25 and 26 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, no industry or person can establish or operate any outlet to discharge trade effluent or sewage without the prior Consent to Establish (CTE) and Consent to Operate (CTO) from the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB).

واٹر ایکٹ 1974 کے تحت ریاستی آلودگی کنٹرول بورڈ (SPCB) کی پیشگی رضامندی (Consent) کے بغیر فضلہ خارج نہیں کیا جا سکتا۔

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116📚📜 Environmental Law & GovernanceAir Act 1981 Powers

The Air Act, 1981, empowers the central and state boards to take measures for:

Explanation

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 empowers environmental boards to declare air pollution control areas, set emission standards, inspect industrial plants, and take all necessary measures for the prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.

ایئر ایکٹ 1981 کا بنیادی مقصد ہوا کی آلودگی کی روک تھام اور اس پر قابو پانا ہے۔

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117📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityUnits of Environmental Measurements

Consider the following pairs:
a. AQI | 1. ppm
b. Discharge | 2. Litre
c. Turbidity | 3. m³/s
d. Conductivity | 4. Unitless
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Air Quality Index (AQI) is a dimensionless unitless scale (a-4); river discharge is measured in volumetric flow rate (

m^3/s

or cumecs) (b-3); and Turbidity on standard silica scale is expressed in ppm (or NTU) (c-1).

AQI ایک بغیر اکائی والا انڈیکس ہے (a-4)، ڈسچارج m³/s میں ماپا جاتا ہے (b-3)، اور ٹربیڈیٹی ppm میں ماپی جاتی ہے (c-1)۔

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118📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringGrit Separation & Wastewater Solids

Consider the following statements:
a. Grit represents the heavier inert matter in wastewater.
b. Chloramine represents the heavier inert matter in wastewater.
c. Ammonia represents the purity of water.
d. Plankton represents the fully treated wastewater.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement (a) is correct: Grit refers to the heavier, non-putrescible inorganic mineral matter (such as sand, gravel, eggshells, and silt) with specific gravity

> 2.0

present in wastewater.

گریٹ (Grit) سیوریج میں موجود ریت اور بھاری غیر نامیاتی ٹھوس مادے کی نمائندگی کرتا ہے۔ (صرف بیان a درست ہے)۔

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119📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyRiver Pollution & DO Sag Curve

Arrange the following zones of river water pollution in the correct sequence of their occurrence after the discharge of effluent.
1. Zone of clear water
2. Zone of pollution
3. Zone of recovery
4. Zone of active decomposition

Explanation

The sequential zones of pollution downstream of an effluent outfall in a self-purifying river are: 2. Zone of pollution (degradation) → 4. Zone of active decomposition → 3. Zone of recovery → 1. Zone of clear water.

ندی میں گندا پانی گرنے کے بعد زونز کا درست سلسلہ: آلودگی کا زون (2) ← فعال سڑن کا زون (4) ← بحالی کا زون (3) ← صاف پانی کا زون (1)۔

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120📚🛡️ Occupational Health & SafetySafety Color Coding

What does the red colour indicate as per the colour code?

Explanation

In industrial safety color coding (OSHA and IS 9457), Red denotes Fire protection/fire-fighting equipment, danger hazards, emergency stop buttons, and prohibition signs.

حفاظتی کلر کوڈ کے مطابق سرخ رنگ آگ سے حفاظت اور فائر فائٹنگ آلات کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔

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121📚🏗️ Environmental EngineeringSecondary Clarifier Phenomena & Filters

Consider the following pairs:
a. Screen | 1. Gravity filter
b. Denitrification | 2. Bacterial density
c. RSF | 3. Threshold number
d. Total Alkalinity | 4. Rising of sludge
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

In biological secondary clarifiers, unintended Denitrification produces nitrogen gas bubbles that attach to sludge flocs, causing the 'Rising of Sludge' phenomenon (b-4). Rapid Sand Filter (RSF) is the standard high-rate granular Gravity Filter (c-1).

ڈی نائٹریفیکیشن کی وجہ سے سلج کے اوپر اٹھنے کا رجحان (Rising of sludge) ہوتا ہے (b-4) اور RSF گریویٹی فلٹر ہے (c-1)۔

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122📚🧪 Chemistry & Water QualityWater Quality Testing Apparatus

Consider the following statements:
a. To measure the colour of water sample Nessler tubes is used.
b. To measure the turbidity of water sample Secchi disk is used.
c. To measure the odour of water sample litmus paper is used.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements (a) and (b) are correct: Nessler tubes are matched on the platinum-cobalt scale to measure true Color, and a Secchi disk is used in limnology/water bodies to measure water clarity and Turbidity. Statement (c) is incorrect because Odour is measured using an Osmoscope / Threshold Odor Number (TON), whereas litmus paper measures pH.

پانی کا رنگ معلوم کرنے کے لیے نیسلر ٹیوبز اور گدلاپن ناپنے کے لیے سیکی ڈسک استعمال ہوتی ہے۔ (بیانات a اور b درست ہیں)۔

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123📚Ecology & Environmental BiologyEutrophication & Water Nutrients

Consider the following statements:
a) Eutrophication causes the water pollution and death of aquatic lives.
b) Phosphorous and Nitrogen causes the eutrophication.
c) Smog causes the eutrophication.
d) Water Hyacinth is the source of water pollution.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements (a) and (b) are correct: Eutrophication is the dense algal bloom caused by excessive runoff of nutrients (Phosphorus and Nitrogen) into water bodies, leading to dissolved oxygen depletion and massive fish kills.

یوٹروفیکیشن نائٹروجن اور فاسفورس کی زیادتی کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے اور آبی حیات کی موت کا سبب بنتی ہے۔ (بیانات a اور b درست ہیں)۔

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124📚Ecology & Environmental BiologyActivated Sludge Process

Which of the following type of wastewater treatment process is used for treating wastewater or industrial wastewater using aeration and biological flocs?

Explanation

The Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is the primary suspended-growth aerobic biological treatment system where wastewater is mixed with a suspension of active microorganisms (biological flocs) in an aeration tank supplied with continuous oxygen.

ایکٹیویٹڈ سلج پروسیس (ASP) میں ہوا اور بیکٹیریا کے گچھوں (Biological flocs) کے ذریعے گندے پانی کا علاج کیا جاتا ہے۔

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125📚Ecology & Environmental BiologyWater Filtration & Treatment Units

Consider the following pairs:
a. Gravity filter — 1. Inorganic material
b. Grit — 2. Slow sand filter
c. Carbohydrate — 3. Pressure filter
d. Viscosity — 4. KVA
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

A Slow sand filter is a classic Gravity Filter operating under atmospheric hydrostatic head (a-2), and Grit is composed of inorganic mineral materials like sand and gravel (b-1).

سلو سینڈ فلٹر گریویٹی فلٹر کی مثال ہے (a-2) اور گریٹ غیر نامیاتی مواد (Inorganic material) پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے (b-1)۔

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126📚Ecology & Environmental BiologyFactories Act 1948

When was the Factories act enacted in India?

Explanation

The Factories Act was enacted by the Parliament of India in 1948 (Act No. 63 of 1948) to regulate health, safety, welfare, working hours, and occupational conditions of industrial workers.

ہندوستان میں فیکٹریز ایکٹ (Factories Act) 1948 میں منظور کیا گیا تھا۔

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127📚Environmental Pollution & ControlTotal Suspended Solids (TSS) Testing

Where Whatman's filter paper is used?

Explanation

Whatman glass microfiber filter paper (such as Grade 934-AH or Whatman 40/42) is used in laboratory gravimetric analysis to filter and determine Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in water samples.

واٹ مین فلٹر پیپر پانی میں ٹوٹل سسپینڈڈ سالڈز (TSS) معلوم کرنے کے لیے لیبارٹری میں استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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128📚Environmental Pollution & ControlPlankton & Aquatic Ecology

What is plankton?

Explanation

Plankton refers to the diverse collection of microscopic drifting organisms inhabiting water bodies, categorized into phytoplankton (microscopic photosynthetic plants/algae) and zooplankton (microscopic animals).

پلینکٹن (Plankton) پانی میں تیرنے والے خوردبینی پودوں (Phytoplankton) اور جانداروں پر مشتمل ہوتے ہیں۔

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129📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringIndustrial Effluent Standards: Sugar Industry

Permissible limit of Total Suspended Solids

(\text{mg/L})

for disposal in surface waters from Sugar industry is:

Explanation

Under CPCB and MoEFCC Environment (Protection) Rules for effluent discharge into inland surface water, the permissible limit for Total Suspended Solids (TSS) from the Sugar industry is

100\text{ mg/L}

.

شوگر انڈسٹری سے ندی نالوں میں خارج کیے جانے والے پانی میں TSS کی قابل قبول حد 100 ملی گرام فی لیٹر ہے۔

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130📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringImhoff Tank Treatment

Imhoff tank is used for:

Explanation

An Imhoff tank is a primary sewage treatment unit designed for gravitational settling/sedimentation of solids in an upper chamber and anaerobic digestion of the settled sludge in a lower chamber.

امہوف ٹینک (Imhoff tank) گندے پانی کے ٹھوس مادوں کو نیچے بٹھانے (Settling and sedimentation) اور ہضم کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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131📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringThermal Stratification in Lakes

The layers formed by thermal stratification in lakes are:

Explanation

Thermal stratification in deep freshwater lakes during summer forms three distinct vertical layers: the warm upper layer (Epilimnion), the transition layer with rapid temperature decline (Thermocline or Metalimnion), and the cold, dense bottom layer (Hypolimnion).

جھیلوں میں درجہ حرارت کی تہوں کی تقسیم: ایپی لمینین (اوپری)، تھرموکلائن (درمیانی)، اور ہائپو لمینین (نچلی تہہ)۔

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132📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringNoise Pollution Standards

What is the permissible limit of day time industrial noise as recommended by WHO?

Explanation

Under India's Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 and WHO industrial guidelines, the permissible ambient noise limit in Industrial areas during daytime (06:00 to 22:00) is

75\text{ dB(A)}~L_{eq}

.

صنعتی علاقوں میں دن کے وقت شور کی قابل قبول حد 75 ڈیسیبل (75 dB) ہے۔

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133📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementLandfill Siting Buffer Distances

According to Solid Waste Management Rules 2016, a landfill site should be how many meters away from a river?

Explanation

Under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, a sanitary landfill site must be located at a minimum buffer distance of 100 meters away from any river or water body.

سالڈ ویسٹ مینجمنٹ رولز 2016 کے مطابق لینڈ فل سائیٹ ندی سے کم از کم 100 میٹر دور ہونی چاہیے۔

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134📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementHealth Effects of Ozone Depletion

Which of the following diseases is majorly caused due to ozone depletion?

Explanation

Ozone layer thinning allows harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation to penetrate to Earth's surface, causing cellular DNA damage that significantly increases the incidence of skin cancers (melanoma and carcinomas) and cataracts.

اوزون کی تہہ کے پتلے ہونے اور UV شعاعوں کے بڑھنے سے جلد کا کینسر (Skin cancer) لاحق ہوتا ہے۔

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135📚Environmental Laws & Disaster ManagementCement Industry Effluent Characteristics

Which waste characteristic is common in the effluent from the cement industry?

Explanation

Cement manufacturing process washwaters contain suspended cement particulate slurry with high pH / low acidity (alkaline nature, high dissolved calcium hydroxide), distinct from high organic BOD effluents.

سیمنٹ انڈسٹری کا فضلہ بنیادی طور پر الکلائن اور معلق ذرات پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے، جس میں نامیاتی BOD نہیں ہوتا۔

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136📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationTannery Effluent Treatment

Which industry typically generates wastewater with high levels of organic pollutants and requires specialized treatment?

Explanation

The Tannery industry generates extremely recalcitrant, complex wastewater containing exceptionally high chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), toxic chromium salts, and sulfides requiring multi-stage chemical and biological treatment.

ٹینری (چمڑا سازی) کی صنعت سے خارج ہونے والے گندے پانی میں بھاری نامیاتی آلودگی اور زہریلے کیمیکلز ہوتے ہیں۔

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137📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationGIS Site Suitability in EIA

How does GIS assist in identifying potential impacts during site selection in EIA for industries?

Explanation

GIS assists environmental site selection by integrating multi-layered spatial data (topography, land-use zoning, hydrology, wildlife corridors, and proximity to protected forests and populated settlements) to identify ecologically sensitive constraints.

GIS زمین کے استعمال اور حساس ماحولیاتی علاقوں کا ڈیٹا ملا کر محفوظ اور موزوں جگہ کے انتخاب میں مدد دیتا ہے۔

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138📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationWater (Amendment) Act 1988

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, was amended in 1988 to include a new chapter specifically dealing with

Explanation

The 1988 Amendment to the Water Act strengthened enforcement powers, specifically introducing Section 33A granting the Board power to give binding directions for closure, prohibition, or regulation of industries.

1988 کی ترمیم کے ذریعے آلودگی کنٹرول بورڈ کو صنعتوں کی فوری بندش اور ہدایات جاری کرنے کے اختیارات دیے گئے۔

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139📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationAir Act: Emission Limits

Under The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, which term refers to the maximum amount of pollutants that a particular source is allowed to emit over a specific period?

Explanation

An 'Emission Limit' (or emission standard) specifies the legal maximum permissible rate, mass, or concentration of pollutants that a specific industrial stack or source is legally allowed to discharge.

ایمیشن لمٹ (Emission limit) کسی صنعتی ذریعے سے خارج ہونے والی آلودگی کی زیادہ سے زیادہ قانونی حد ہوتی ہے۔

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140📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationIndustrial Safety Audits

Safety audits in industrial units primarily focus on

Explanation

Industrial safety audits systematically verify whether workplace facilities, machinery, and procedures comply with statutory occupational health and safety regulations and internal hazard prevention protocols.

حفاظتی آڈٹ کا بنیادی مقصد حفاظتی قوانین اور طریقہ کار کی تعمیل کو یقینی بنانا ہے۔

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141📚Occupational Health, Safety & InstrumentationNatural vs Man-Made Disasters

Which of the following could be considered as a man-made disaster?

Explanation

Industrial, building, or urban fires (caused by arson, electrical short circuits, chemical explosions, or human negligence) are classified as anthropogenic (man-made or technological) disasters. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are natural disasters.

آگ (Fire) انسانی غفلت یا صنعتی حادثات کی وجہ سے انسان کی پیدا کردہ آفت (Man-made disaster) کی زمرے میں آتی ہے۔

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142📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsDrainage System of India

Arrange the following rivers in the decreasing order of their lengths

Explanation

River lengths: Ganga (2,525 km) > Godavari (1,465 km) > Narmada (1,312 km) > Tapi/Tapti (724 km). Option C is correct.

دریاؤں کی لمبائی کی ترتیب: گنگا (2525 کلومیٹر) > گوداوری (1465 کلومیٹر) > نرمدا (1312 کلومیٹر) > تاپتی (724 کلومیٹر)۔

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143📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsLakes & Wetlands of India

Which is the largest freshwater lake in Bihar?

Explanation

Kanwar Taal (or Kabar Taal Lake in Begusarai district, Bihar) is Asia's largest freshwater oxbow lake and Bihar's first declared Ramsar site.

کنور تال (Kanwar Taal Lake) بہار کی سب سے بڑی میٹھے پانی کی جھیل اور رامسر سائٹ ہے۔

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144📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsFestivals of India

In which Indian State is the Makaravilakku festival celebrated?

Explanation

Makaravilakku is an annual festival celebrated on Makar Sankranti at the sacred Sabarimala Ayyappa Temple in Kerala.

مکرولکو (Makaravilakku) تہوار کیرالہ کے سبری مالا مندر میں منایا جاتا ہے۔

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145📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsRivers of Jammu & Kashmir

Where does the Ujh River originate from?

Explanation

The Ujh River, a major tributary of the Ravi River flowing through Kathua district, originates from the Kailash Kund glacier/spring in the Bhaderwah hills of the Pir Panjal range.

دریاۓ اوجھ (Ujh River) کیلاش کنڈ گلیشیئر (بھدرواہ کی پہاڑیوں) سے نکلتا ہے۔

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146📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsTemples & Shrines of J&K

Peer Kho Temple is a

Explanation

Peer Kho Cave Temple (located on the banks of the Tawi River in Jammu) is an ancient Hindu cave temple dedicated to Lord Shiva (also known as Jamwant Cave).

پیر کھو مندر جموں میں دریائے توی کے کنارے واقع بھگوان شیو کا ایک قدیم غار مندر ہے۔

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147📚General EnglishComprehension Passage: Renewable Energy

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"In an era marked by environmental concerns and the urgent need for action against climate change, sustainable energy has emerged as a beacon of hope. Sustainable energy, also known as renewable energy, refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and have minimal impact on our environment. The various energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. The adoption of sustainable energy holds immense promise in addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By transitioning to renewable sources, we can mitigate the harmful effects of climate change, improve air quality, and safeguard the health of both people and the planet.

Furthermore, it promotes security by diversifying the supply of energy and by reducing vulnerability to geopolitical conflicts and fluctuations in fossil fuel prices. It also fosters economic growth and job creation, as the renewable energy sector continues to expand and innovate. However, the pursuit of sustainable energy is closely linked to various global goals and initiatives. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasize the importance of ensuring access to reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Additionally, the Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial level. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. This involves investing in research and development, implementing supportive policies and regulations, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting public awareness and education."

Question:
Which of the following is NOT considered a renewable energy source?

Explanation

According to the passage and general science, Coal is a finite fossil fuel (non-renewable), whereas solar, wind, and hydroelectric are renewable.

کوئلہ (Coal) غیر قابل تجدید فوسل ایندھن ہے۔

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148📚General EnglishComprehension Passage: Renewable Energy

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"In an era marked by environmental concerns and the urgent need for action against climate change, sustainable energy has emerged as a beacon of hope. Sustainable energy, also known as renewable energy, refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and have minimal impact on our environment. The various energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. The adoption of sustainable energy holds immense promise in addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By transitioning to renewable sources, we can mitigate the harmful effects of climate change, improve air quality, and safeguard the health of both people and the planet.

Furthermore, it promotes security by diversifying the supply of energy and by reducing vulnerability to geopolitical conflicts and fluctuations in fossil fuel prices. It also fosters economic growth and job creation, as the renewable energy sector continues to expand and innovate. However, the pursuit of sustainable energy is closely linked to various global goals and initiatives. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasize the importance of ensuring access to reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Additionally, the Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial level. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. This involves investing in research and development, implementing supportive policies and regulations, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting public awareness and education."

Question:
What is the primary goal of adopting sustainable energy?

Explanation

As stated in the passage: "One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels... which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution."

پائیدار توانائی کا بنیادی مقصد گرین ہاؤس گیسوں کے اخراج اور فضائی آلودگی کو کم کرنا ہے۔

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149📚General EnglishComprehension Passage: Renewable Energy

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"In an era marked by environmental concerns and the urgent need for action against climate change, sustainable energy has emerged as a beacon of hope. Sustainable energy, also known as renewable energy, refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and have minimal impact on our environment. The various energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. The adoption of sustainable energy holds immense promise in addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By transitioning to renewable sources, we can mitigate the harmful effects of climate change, improve air quality, and safeguard the health of both people and the planet.

Furthermore, it promotes security by diversifying the supply of energy and by reducing vulnerability to geopolitical conflicts and fluctuations in fossil fuel prices. It also fosters economic growth and job creation, as the renewable energy sector continues to expand and innovate. However, the pursuit of sustainable energy is closely linked to various global goals and initiatives. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasize the importance of ensuring access to reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Additionally, the Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial level. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. This involves investing in research and development, implementing supportive policies and regulations, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting public awareness and education."

Question:
How is sustainable energy linked to global initiatives?

Explanation

The passage explicitly connects sustainable energy to the UN SDGs and the Paris Agreement temperature targets.

پائیدار توانائی اقوام متحدہ کے SDGs اور پیرس معاہدے سے منسلک ہے۔

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150📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsIndus Valley Civilization

The Harappa Civilization was discovered in 1920-21 by the excavations by

Explanation

Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni discovered and excavated the premier Indus Valley site of Harappa in Montgomery district (Punjab, Pakistan) in 1921 under the direction of Sir John Marshall.

ہڑپہ کی کھدائی اور دریافت 1921 میں دیا رام سہنی نے کی تھی۔

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151📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsRivers and Tributaries of J&K

Kishanganga is an important tributary of which of the following rivers?

Explanation

The Kishanganga River (known as the Neelum River in Pakistan-administered Kashmir) is a major right-bank tributary of the Jhelum River, joining it near Muzaffarabad.

کشن گنگا (نیلم) دریائے جہلم کا ایک اہم معاون دریا ہے۔

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152📚📖 General EnglishDirect and Indirect Speech

Choose the most appropriate option to change the sentence from direct speech to indirect speech:
The spectators said, "Bravo! Well played, Ravi."

Explanation

'Bravo!' changes to 'applauded [person], saying that...' in reported speech: "The spectators applauded Ravi, saying that he had played well."

استعجابیہ فقرے 'Bravo!' کے لیے بالواسطہ گفتگو میں 'applauded Ravi, saying that he had played well' آئے گا۔

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153📚📐 SurveyingClassification of Surveying

Match list I with list II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the list
List - I: a. Topographical survey, b. Geodetic survey, c. Engineering survey, d. Cadastral survey
List - II: 1. To obtain data for carrying out any project, 2. To show the boundaries of fields, buildings, etc., 3. To furnish the data for size and shape of the earth, 4. To show natural features of the country such as rivers, hills, lakes, roads, bridges etc.

Explanation

Topographical survey = Natural & artificial country features (a-4), Geodetic survey = True size/curvature of earth (b-3), Engineering survey = Engineering project data (c-1), Cadastral survey = Property boundaries & field limits (d-2). Match: a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2.

سروے کی اقسام کا درست ملاپ: a-4، b-3، c-1، d-2 ہے۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works Department (R&B) / Jal Shakti

154📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringPhase Relationships & Moisture Content

A soil sample has a total unit weight of

16.97\text{ kN/m}^3

and a void ratio of 0.84. Determine the moisture content.

Explanation

For standard soil with specific gravity

G = 2.65

, dry unit weight

\gamma_d = \frac{G \gamma_w}{1+e} = \frac{2.65 \times 9.81}{1 + 0.84} = \frac{25.996}{1.84} = 14.13\text{ kN/m}^3

. Water content

w = \frac{\gamma}{\gamma_d} - 1 = \frac{16.97}{14.13} - 1 = 1.201 - 1 = 0.201 \approx 25\%

.

مٹی کا نمی کا تناسب تقریباً 25% حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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155📚⚙️ Engineering MechanicsSystem of Forces

Match the following Forces with their examples and select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Forces: a. Collinear forces, b. Coplanar concurrent forces, c. Non-coplanar concurrent forces, d. Non-coplanar parallel forces
Examples: 1. Forces on a rope in a tug of war, 2. Forces on a rod resting against a wall, 3. A tripod carrying a camera, 4. The weight of benches in a classroom

Explanation

Collinear = Forces along single line of tug of war (a-1), Coplanar concurrent = Forces on 2D rod resting on wall (b-2), Non-coplanar concurrent = Three 3D tripod legs meeting at camera apex (c-3), Non-coplanar parallel = Vertical gravitational weight vectors of classroom benches (d-4). Match: a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4.

قوتوں کے نظام کی درست مثالیں: a-1، b-2، c-3، d-4 ہیں۔

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156📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsDimensional Analysis

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the combination given below the lists:
List - I (Physical quantity): a. Specific gravity, b. Coefficient of viscosity, c. Kinematic viscosity, d. Stress
List - II (Dimensional formula): 1.

[\text{M}^0\text{L}^2\text{T}^{-1}]

, 2.

[\text{M}^0\text{L}^0\text{T}^0]

, 3.

[\text{M}\text{L}^{-1}\text{T}^{-1}]

, 4.

[\text{M}\text{L}^{-1}\text{T}^{-2}]

The correct combination is:

Explanation

Specific gravity = Dimensionless

[M^0 L^0 T^0]

(a-2), Dynamic viscosity =

[M L^{-1} T^{-1}]

(b-3), Kinematic viscosity =

[M^0 L^2 T^{-1}]

(c-1), Stress =

[M L^{-1} T^{-2}]

(d-4). Match: a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4.

ڈائمینشنل فارمولوں کا درست ملاپ: a-2، b-3، c-1، d-4 ہے۔

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157📚🏗️ Structural AnalysisApproximate Lateral Load Analysis: Cantilever Method

In the cantilever method of lateral load analysis, which of the following assumptions are made?
(i) The axial force in the beam is zero.
(ii) The intensity of axial stress in each column of a storey is proportional to the horizontal distance of that column from the centre of gravity of all columns of the storey under consideration.
(iii) The total horizontal shear on each storey is divided between the columns of that storey so that each interior column carries twice as much shear as each exterior column.
The correct answer is

Explanation

In the Cantilever Method of approximate lateral frame analysis: 1. A point of inflection occurs at the mid-point of each beam and column, 2. The direct axial stress in a column is proportional to its distance from the centroid of the column group (ii is true), and 3. Axial force in beams is negligible/zero (i is true). Statement (iii) belongs to the Portal method.

کینٹی لیور طریقہ کار میں کالموں کے ایکسیئل تناؤ کا انحصار سینٹرائیڈ سے فاصلے پر ہوتا ہے اور بیم کا ایکسیئل فورس صفر مانا جاتا ہے (i اور ii)۔

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158📚🛣️ Transportation & Highway EngineeringHorizontal Curve Stability

If

b

is the wheel track of a vehicle and

h

is the height of centre of gravity above road surface, then to avoid overturning and lateral skidding on a horizontal curve, the centrifugal ratio should always be

Explanation

To prevent overturning, centrifugal ratio

\frac{P}{W} < \frac{b}{2h}

. To prevent lateral skidding,

\frac{P}{W} < f

(coefficient of lateral friction). Hence, the centrifugal ratio must be less than

b/2h

and also less than

f

.

گاڑی کے الٹنے اور پھسلنے سے بچنے کے لیے سینٹری فیوگل تناسب

b/2h

اور لیٹرل رگڑ کے کوفیشینٹ دونوں سے کم ہونا چاہیے۔

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159📚🌊 Fluid Mechanics & HydraulicsFluid Measurement Instruments

Match the following, instrument with its purpose:
Instrument: 1. Manometer, 2. Nozzle meter, 3. Pitot tube, 4. Hydrometer
Purpose: a. To measure the pressure at a point in a fluid, b. To measure velocity of flow of fluid, c. To measure the rate of flow of fluid, d. To measure the density of certain fluid

Explanation

Manometer = Pressure at a point (1-a), Flow Nozzle meter = Rate of flow / discharge (2-c), Pitot tube = Local velocity of flow (3-b), Hydrometer = Specific gravity / density of liquids (4-d). Match: 1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d.

ہائیڈرولک آلات کا درست ملاپ: 1-a، 2-c، 3-b، 4-d ہے۔

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160📚General EnglishDams & Multi-Purpose River Projects

Indira Sagar Dam located in Madhya Pradesh is built on which of the following river?

Explanation

Indira Sagar Dam is a multi-purpose project located in Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh, constructed on the Narmada River.

مدھیہ پردیش کا اندرا ساگر ڈیم دریائے نرمدا (Narmada) پر بنایا گیا ہے۔

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161📚General EnglishLakes of India

Which of the following is the largest fresh water lake of India?

Explanation

Wular Lake, located in the Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir, is the largest natural freshwater lake in India and one of the largest in Asia, formed by tectonic activity and fed by the Jhelum River.

ولر جھیل (Wular Lake) جموں و کشمیر کے ضلع بانڈی پورہ میں واقع ہندوستان کی سب سے بڑی میٹھے پانی کی قدرتی جھیل ہے۔

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162📚General EnglishIron & Steel Industry in India

India's first sponge iron plant is at

Explanation

India's first demonstration sponge iron plant (Sponge Iron India Limited - SIIL) was set up at Kothagudem (Telangana / Khammam) in 1980 with assistance from UNIDO and UNDP.

ہندوستان کا پہلا اسپنج آئرن پلانٹ کوتھاگوڈم (Kothagudam) میں قائم کیا گیا تھا۔

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163📚General EnglishWorld Sea Routes & Trade

Which is the busiest sea route in the world?

Explanation

The North Atlantic Sea Route (linking industrialized North-Eastern USA and Western Europe) is the busiest and most heavily trafficked maritime oceanic trade route in the world, carrying one-fourth of global foreign trade.

شمالی اوقیانوس کا سمندری راستہ (North Atlantic Route) دنیا کا سب سے مصروف ترین تجارتی بحری راستہ ہے۔

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164📚General EnglishEco-Sensitive Zones & Lakes of J&K

Jammu and Kashmir Government is to declare which lake as an Eco-Sensitive Zone.

Explanation

The Jammu and Kashmir Government notified the constitution of an expert panel to declare the world-famous Dal Lake and its catchment area in Srinagar as an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) to arrest ecological degradation.

جموں و کشمیر حکومت نے ماحولیاتی تحفظ کے لیے سری نگر کی ڈل جھیل (Dal Lake) کو ایکو سینسیٹو زون قرار دینے کا فیصلہ کیا۔

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165📚General EnglishHydropower Projects in India & J&K

Consider the following hydropower projects with states where they are/have been installed:
1. Naitwar Mori Hydro Electric Project - Uttarakhand
2. Parbati Hydroelectric Project (III) - Himachal Pradesh
3. Ratle Hydroelectric Project - Jammu & Kashmir
Which of the above is/are correct?

Explanation

All three pairs are correct: 1. Naitwar Mori (

60\text{ MW}

) on Tons river in Uttarakhand, 2. Parbati Stage-III (

520\text{ MW}

) in Himachal Pradesh, 3. Ratle (

850\text{ MW}

) on Chenab river in Kishtwar, J&K. Option D (1, 2 & 3).

تینوں پن بجلی پروجیکٹس درست ہیں: نیتوار موری (اتراکھنڈ)، پربتی III (ہماچل پردیش)، اور رتلے (جموں و کشمیر - 1, 2 & 3)۔

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166📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KPrepositions

The Railway track runs _____ the river?

Explanation

'Runs across' is the standard spatial idiom for a track, line, or bridge spanning from one bank/side of a river to the opposite side.

ایک کنارے سے دوسرے کنارے تک جانے کے لیے 'across' کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے: "runs across the river".

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167📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KDrainage System: West-Flowing Rivers

Which among the following rivers flows from East to West, eventually meeting the Arabian sea?

Explanation

The Narmada River (along with the Tapti) flows westwards through a rift valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges and empties into the Arabian Sea at the Gulf of Khambhat.

دریائے نرمدا (Narmada) مشرق سے مغرب کی طرف بہہ کر بحیرہ عرب میں گرتا ہے۔

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168📚Numerical & Reasoning AbilityRivers & Tributaries

Which river is also known as the "Sorrow of Bihar" due to its frequent flooding?

Explanation

The Kosi River (a major tributary of the Ganges) is famously known as the 'Sorrow of Bihar' because of its erratic course changes and destructive seasonal flooding.

کوسی ندی (گنگا کا معاون دریا) اپنے تباہ کن سیلابوں کی وجہ سے 'بہار کا دکھ' کہلاتی ہے۔

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169📚Numerical & Reasoning AbilityPilgrimage Sites of J&K

Which famous shrine is located in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and is an important pilgrimage site for Hindus?

Explanation

The holy shrine of Shri Mata Vaishno Devi is located on the Trikuta Hills in Katra, Reasi district, within the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

شری ماتا ویشنو دیوی مندر جموں و کشمیر کے کٹرا (ضلع ریاسی) میں واقع ایک مقدس ترین زیارت گاہ ہے۔

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170📚Basic Concepts of ComputersHydropower Projects on Chenab

The Salal Hydroelectric Power Station is built across which river in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K)?

Explanation

The

690\text{ MW}

Salal Hydroelectric Power Station is a run-of-the-river project built across the Chenab River near Reasi in Jammu and Kashmir.

سلالم ہائیڈرو الیکٹرک پاور اسٹیشن دریائے چناب (Chenab) پر ضلع ریاسی میں واقع ہے۔

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171📚Basic Concepts of ComputersLakes & Water Bodies of J&K

The Wular Lake is located in which district of Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Wular Lake, the largest freshwater lake in India, is situated between Sopore and Bandipora in the Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir.

ولر جھیل جموں و کشمیر کے ضلع بانڈی پورہ (Bandipora) میں واقع ہے۔

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172📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KOperating System & Device Drivers

Consider the following statements about Device Driver.
1. It a hardware device that is attached to a computer.
2. It acts as a translator between the hardware device and operating systems or applications that use it.
3. It instructs computer on how to communicate with the device by translating the operating system's instructions into a language that a device can understand in order to perform the necessary task.
4. Examples of device driver: printer driver, display driver, USB driver, sound card driver, motherboard driver, ROM driver, etc.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement 1 is incorrect because a device driver is a specialized software program, NOT a hardware device. Statements 2, 3, and 4 correctly describe its role as a translator/driver program and list valid driver types. Correct: 2, 3 and 4.

ڈیوائس ڈرائیور ایک سافٹ ویئر پروگرام ہے ہارڈ ویئر نہیں۔ اس لیے بیانات 2، 3 اور 4 درست ہیں۔

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173📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KHydropower Projects in J&K

Salal Hydroelectric Project is situated in

Explanation

The Salal Hydroelectric Project (

690\text{ MW}

) is constructed on the Chenab River in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir.

سلالم ہائیڈرو الیکٹرک پروجیکٹ جموں و کشمیر کے ضلع ریاسی میں دریائے چناب پر واقع ہے۔

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174📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KHydropower Projects on Chenab

The Kiru Hydroelectric Power Project is situated in?

Explanation

The

624\text{ MW}

Kiru Hydroelectric Power Project is a run-of-the-river scheme being constructed on the Chenab River in the Kishtwar district of Jammu and Kashmir by CVPPPL.

کیرو ہائیڈرو الیکٹرک پاور پروجیکٹ (Kiru Project) جموں و کشمیر کے ضلع کشتواڑ میں دریائے چناب پر زیر تعمیر ہے۔

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175📚Numerical & Reasoning AbilityLakes of Jammu & Kashmir

Which of the following lakes of India is located in Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Anchar Lake is a natural lake located near Soura in the Srinagar district of Jammu and Kashmir, connected to the Dal Lake via the Nallah Amir Khan canal.

آنچار جھیل (Anchar Lake) جموں و کشمیر کے دارالحکومت سری نگر میں واقع ہے۔

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176📚Numerical & Reasoning AbilityLakes of Jammu & Kashmir

Which is the deepest lake in Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Manasbal Lake, located in the Ganderbal district of Kashmir, is the deepest lake in Jammu and Kashmir and India, reaching maximum depths of approximately

13\text{ metres}

(

43\text{ ft}

).

مانسبل جھیل (Manasbal Lake - ضلع گاندربل) جموں و کشمیر کی سب سے گہری جھیل ہے۔

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177📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringEngineering Mechanics: Circular Motion

Water in a bucket is whirled in a vertical circle with a string attached to it. The water does NOT fall even when the bucket is inverted at the top of its path. This is due to:

Explanation

At the topmost point of a vertical circle, the condition for water not to fall out is that the downward gravitational force must be balanced or exceeded by centrifugal reaction, so

mg \le \frac{mv^2}{r}

(

mg

is NOT greater than

\frac{mv^2}{r}

).

پانی اس لیے نہیں گرتا کیونکہ کشش ثقل کی قوت سینٹری فیوگل قوت سے زیادہ نہیں ہوتی (

mg

is NOT greater than

\frac{mv^2}{r}

)۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

178📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering: 5S Lean Manufacturing

Arrange the following steps in order to eliminate waste and enhance efficiency in lean manufacturing:
a. Seiso
b. Shitsuke
c. Seiri
d. Seiketsu
e. Seiton

Explanation

The 5S methodology sequence is: 1. Seiri (Sort - c), 2. Seiton (Set in order - e), 3. Seiso (Shine - a), 4. Seiketsu (Standardize - d), 5. Shitsuke (Sustain - b). Correct sequence: c, e, a, d, b.

5S طریقہ کار کی درست ترتیب: 1. سیری (c)، 2. سیتون (e)، 3. سیسو (a)، 4. سیکیتسو (d)، 5. شیتسوکے (b) یعنی c, e, a, d, b ہے۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

179📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering: Statistical Quality Control

In statistical quality control, the expected process variation (natural tolerance) is commonly taken to be:

Explanation

In Statistical Quality Control (SQC), the natural tolerance limits of a stable Gaussian process are standardly established at

\mu \pm 3\sigma

(encompassing

99.73\%

of all normal process output).

شماریاتی کوالٹی کنٹرول میں قدرتی پروسیس ویری ایشن کو

\mu \pm 3\sigma

(6 سگما اسپریڈ) مانا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

180📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering & Automation

The word automation leads to:

Explanation

Automation involves the integration of self-operating mechanical and electronic controls to increase production rates, assist/substitute human operators in hazardous tasks, and improve overall factory productivity.

آٹومیشن سے پیداوار میں اضافہ اور مشینوں کے ذریعے انسانی کاموں کی انجام دہی ممکن ہوتی ہے۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

181📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering: Demand Forecasting

In a static environment, forecasting future is:

Explanation

Passive forecasting is applied in a static/stable operating environment where future patterns are assumed to follow past trends without substantial active strategic intervention.

غیر متحرک اور مستحکم ماحول میں پیش گوئی کرنے کے عمل کو غیر فعال پیش گوئی (Passive forecasting) کہا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

182📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering: ABC Inventory Analysis

The C items representing the ABC analysis are those which represents:

Explanation

In ABC inventory classification (Pareto principle): 'C' items account for the majority of inventory items (about

60\text{--}70\%

of volume/parts) but represent only a small percentage (

5\text{--}10\%

) of the total annual monetary consumption value.

ABC تجزیہ میں 'C' آئٹمز کل سالانہ کھپت کی رقم کا بہت چھوٹا فیصد (Small percentage of annual value) ہوتے ہیں۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

183📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering: Inventory Control (EOQ)

When the ordering cost is increased to 4 times, the economic order quantity (EOQ) will be increased to:

Explanation

Wilson's Economic Order Quantity formula:

EOQ = \sqrt{\frac{2 D S}{H}}

. If ordering cost

S

increases by a factor of 4:

EOQ' = \sqrt{\frac{2 D (4S)}{H}} = \sqrt{4} \times EOQ = 2 \times EOQ

.

آرڈرنگ لاگت 4 گنا بڑھنے پر اقتصادی آرڈر کی مقدار (EOQ)

\sqrt{4} = 2

گنا بڑھ جائے گی۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

184📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringFluid Mechanics: Hydrostatic Forces

The total pressure on a horizontally immersed surface (of surface area

A

) with its centre of gravity at a depth

\bar{x}

from liquid surface in a liquid of specific weight

\omega

is:

Explanation

The total hydrostatic pressure force on a submerged planar surface of area

A

immersed at centroid depth

\bar{x}

in a liquid of specific weight

\omega = \rho g

is

F = \omega A \bar{x}

.

ہائیڈرو اسٹیٹک پریشر فورس کا فارمولا

F = \omega A \bar{x}

ہے۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

185📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering: Group Technology & Cellular Manufacturing

Consider the following statements:
P. Computer aided process planning (CAPP) takes input from material requirement plan (MRP).
Q. Production flow analysis helps in work cell formation.
R. Group technology takes input from choice of machining or cutting parameters.
Among the above statements, the correct one(s) is (are):

Explanation

Production Flow Analysis (PFA) developed by Burbidge analyzes routing sheets to group part families and machines into manufacturing work cells for cellular manufacturing. Thus, statement Q is correct.

پروڈکشن فلو اینالائسس (PFA) مینوفیکچرنگ ورک سیلز کی تشکیل میں مدد دیتا ہے (Q درست ہے)۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

186📚⚙️ Mechanical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering: History of Quality Control

Statistical quality control was developed by:

Explanation

Dr. Walter A. Shewhart at Bell Telephone Laboratories developed the foundations of Statistical Quality Control (SQC) and invented the control chart in 1924.

شماریاتی کوالٹی کنٹرول (SQC) اور کنٹرول چارٹس والٹر اے شیوہارٹ (Walter A. Shewhart) نے وضع کیے۔

2023JKSSBPublic Works / Mechanical Engineering Department

187📚General Awareness & ScienceNon-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements

Which of the following movement was combined with the Non-Cooperation movement in 1920?

Explanation

In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress merged the Non-Cooperation Movement with the Khilafat Movement led by the Ali Brothers (Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali) to unite Hindus and Muslims against British rule.

سال 1920 میں عدم تعاون تحریک کو خلافت تحریک (Khilafat Movement) کے ساتھ ملایا گیا تھا۔

2023JKSSBVarious Departments

188📚General Awareness & ScienceTourism Icons of Kashmir

A traditional Gondola type lightweight rowing boat ride which is famous of the Dal Lake in Kashmir is referred to as

Explanation

The Shikara is a traditional wooden cultural boat of Kashmir, famously used for scenic rides, floating markets, and transport across Dal Lake and Nigeen Lake in Srinagar.

ڈل جھیل میں روایتی خوبصورت کشتی کی سواری کو شکارا رائیڈ (Shikara ride) کہا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBVarious Departments

189📚General Awareness & ScienceMajor Towns of J&K

Saffron town of Kashmir is

Explanation

Pampore, located in the Pulwama district along the banks of the Jhelum river in the Kashmir Valley, is universally celebrated as the 'Saffron Town of Kashmir'.

پامپور (ضلع پلوامہ) کو کشمیر کا 'زعفرانی قصبہ' (Saffron town) کہا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBVarious Departments

190📚General Awareness & ScienceMining & Mineral Industries in India

The head quarters of Hindustan Zinc Limited is located at

Explanation

Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL, a Vedanta Group company and world's second-largest zinc producer) is headquartered at Udaipur, Rajasthan.

ہندوستان زنک لمیٹڈ کا ہیڈ کوارٹر ادے پور (Udaipur - راجستھان) میں واقع ہے۔

2023JKSSBVarious Departments

191📚General Awareness & ScienceDistricts & Heritage Towns of J&K

Basholi town is located in which district of Jammu & Kashmir?

Explanation

Basohli (famous for its historic Basohli Miniature Painting school with GI Tag and Atal Setu bridge over Ravi River) is situated in the Kathua district of Jammu Division.

بسوہلی قصبہ جموں و کشمیر کے ضلع کٹھوعہ (Kathua) میں واقع ہے۔

2023JKSSBVarious Departments

192📚General Awareness & SciencePersonal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Welding

In case of arc welding, one should protect his eyes using

Explanation

Electric arc welding emits intense ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) radiation that can cause photokeratitis ('arc eye'). Welders must use specialized Dark Glass filter screens / welding helmets (shade 10–14).

آرک ویلڈنگ کے دوران آنکھوں کو بالائے بنفشی شعاعوں سے بچانے کے لیے سیاہ شیشے والی اسکرین (Dark Glass screen) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBVarious Departments

193📚General Awareness & ScienceHistoric Palaces in Jammu

Amar Mahal is situated on the banks of

Explanation

The historic Amar Mahal Palace, designed in the French Chateau architectural style by a French architect in the 19th century for Raja Amar Singh, overlooks the scenic Tawi River in Jammu.

امر محل پیلس جموں میں دریائے تاوی (Tawi River) کے کنارے واقع ہے۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

194📚General Awareness & ScienceIndus River Basin & Tributaries

Zanskar is a tributary of

Explanation

The Zanskar River is a major north-flowing left-bank tributary of the Indus River, joining it near Nimmu in Ladakh.

دریائے زنسکار، دریائے سندھ (Indus River) کا ایک اہم معاون دریا ہے۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

195📚Basic EnglishSentence Rearrangement (Para Jumbles)

Choose the correct order of the sentence:
Can make Indian farmers active(A) / growth of industries, (B) / throughout the year(C)/ in cities around the villages (D)

Explanation

Correct syntactic arrangement is BDAC: "Growth of industries (B) in cities around the villages (D) can make Indian farmers active (A) throughout the year (C)."

درست جملے کی ترتیب BDAC ہے۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

196📚General Awareness & ScienceEast-Flowing vs West-Flowing Rivers

Which of the following river is not a west flowing river in India?

Explanation

The Rushikulya River is an East-flowing river in Odisha draining into the Bay of Bengal (famous for Olive Ridley turtle nesting). Bharathappuzha, Sabarmati, and Periyar flow west into the Arabian Sea.

دریائے روشیکولیا (Rushikulya) اوڈیشہ کا مشرق کی طرف بہنے والا دریا ہے جو خلیج بنگال میں گرتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

197📚General Awareness & ScienceKalhana's Rajatarangini

In the 12th century 'Rajatarangini' a book that recorded the heritage of Kashmir was written by

Explanation

The 'Rajatarangini' ("River of Kings"), the foremost historical chronicle of the kings of Kashmir written in Sanskrit verse, was composed by Pandit Kalhana between 1148 and 1150 CE.

بارہویں صدی میں کشمیر کی تاریخی دستاویز 'راج ترنگنی' پنڈت کلہن (Kalhana) نے تصنیف کی۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

198📚General Awareness & ScienceTribes in News: PVTGs

Konda Reddy tribe, recently seen in the news, is primarily inhabited in which state of India?

Explanation

The Konda Reddy tribe is a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) primarily inhabiting the Papikonda hill ranges along the Godavari river basin in Andhra Pradesh.

کونڈا ریڈی قبیلہ بنیادی طور پر ریاست آندھرا پردیش میں آباد ہے۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

199📚General Awareness & ScienceAncient Names of Rivers

Consider the following pairs corresponding to the rivers and their ancient Vedic names:
a) Jhelum — 1) Asikini
b) Chenab — 2) Bipasa
c) Ravi — 3) Parushni
d) Beas — 4) Vitasta
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Explanation

Vedic names of the Punjab/J&K rivers: Jhelum = Vitasta (a-4), Chenab = Asikini (b-1), Ravi = Parushni/Iravati (c-3), Beas = Vipasa/Bipasa (d-2)

\implies

a-4, b-1, c-3, d-2.

دریاؤں کے قدیم ویدک نام: جہلم (وتستا)، چناب (اسکنی)، راوی (پرشنی)، بیاس (وپاشا)۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

200📚General Awareness & ScienceAir vs Water Pollutants

Which of the following is not a water pollutant?

Explanation

Sulphur Dioxide (

\text{SO}_2

) is a primary atmospheric Air Pollutant (gas), whereas Zinc, Copper, and Nickel are toxic heavy metal Water Pollutants when discharged into water bodies.

سلفر ڈائی آکسائیڈ بنیادی طور پر فضائی آلودگی ہے، آبی آلودگی نہیں۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

201📚General Awareness & SciencePhysics & Astronomy: Solar Retinopathy

It is dangerous to observe solar eclipse with naked eyes because

Explanation

Intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the uncovered solar photosphere penetrates the pupil and induces photochemical retinal burns (solar retinopathy), causing permanent blindness.

سورج سے آنے والی بالائے بنفشی شعاعیں (UV radiations) آنکھ کے پردہ بصارت (Retina) کو جلا دیتی ہیں۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

202📚General Awareness & ScienceFactories Act, 1948

Which of the following acts in India primarily deals with the health, safety, and welfare of workers in factories?

Explanation

The Factories Act, 1948 is the principal legislation regulating health, safety, working hours, sanitation, and welfare amenities of industrial factory laborers in India.

فیکٹریز ایکٹ 1948 فیکٹریوں میں کام کرنے والے مزدوروں کی صحت اور تحفظ کا قانون ہے۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

203📚General Awareness with special ref to UT of J&KMajor Lakes of J&K

Which of the following is largest lake in Jammu and Kashmir with respect to area?

Explanation

Wular Lake, located in the Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir, is the largest freshwater lake in India and the largest in J&K by surface area (

30\text{--}189\text{ km}^2

depending on season).

وولر جھیل (ضلع بانڈی پورہ) رقبے کے لحاظ سے جموں و کشمیر کی سب سے بڑی میٹھے پانی کی جھیل ہے۔

2023JKSSBDepartment of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

204📚General Awareness with special ref to UT of J&KDistricts of Jammu and Kashmir

Which of the following is a district in Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory?

Explanation

Reasi is one of the 20 administrative revenue districts in J&K UT (home to the Mata Vaishno Devi shrine and Chenab Rail Bridge). Kargil is in Ladakh UT; Gulmarg and Pahalgam are tehsils/tourist towns.

ریاسی (Reasi) جموں و کشمیر کا ایک باقاعدہ انتظامی ضلع ہے۔

2023JKSSBDepartment of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

205📚General Intelligence & ReasoningAnalogy: Word Relationships

Flow : River :: Stagnant : ?

Explanation

A River is characterized by continuous Water Flow, whereas a Pool (or Pond) contains Stagnant, still water.

دریا بہتا ہے (Flow) جبکہ تالاب کا پانی ساکت اور ٹھہرا ہوا (Stagnant) ہوتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBDepartment of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

206📚Quantitative Aptitude & MathematicsHeights and Distances: Trigonometry

A person standing on the bank of river finds that the angle of elevation of the top of a tower on the opposite bank is

45^\circ

, then which of the following statement is correct?

Explanation

In right triangle formed by tower height

h

and river breadth

d

:

\tan 45^\circ = \frac{h}{d} \implies 1 = \frac{h}{d} \implies h = d

. The breadth of the river and height of the tower are identical.

چونکہ

\tan 45^\circ = 1

ہے، اس لیے دریا کی چوڑائی اور ٹاور کی اونچائی برابر ہیں۔

2023JKSSBDepartment of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

207📚Knowledge of ComputersTypes of Software

What type of software is responsible for managing hardware components and providing a user interface?

Explanation

System Software (primarily the Operating System, device drivers, and utilities) manages underlying hardware operations and delivers the user interface.

سسٹم سافٹ ویئر (System software) ہارڈ ویئر کے انتظام اور یوزر انٹرفیس کا ذمہ دار ہے۔

2023JKSSBDepartment of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

208📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KDams and Reservoirs of Indus Basin

With reference to the Dams and Rivers, consider the following pairs:
1. Gobind Sagar Reservoir — Satluj
2. Maharana Pratap Sagar Reservoir — Beas
3. Chamera Dam — Ravi
Which of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

All three Himalayan hydroelectric reservoirs are correctly paired: Gobind Sagar (Bhakra Dam) is on the Satluj River (1); Maharana Pratap Sagar (Pong Dam) is on the Beas River (2); Chamera Dam is on the Ravi River in Chamba, HP (3). All 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

تینوں ڈیم اور دریا درست میچ ہیں: گوبند ساگر (ستلج)، مہارانا پرتاپ ساگر (بیاس)، چمیرا ڈیم (راوی)۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

209📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KHoly Rivers of Jammu: Devika River

Consider the following statements:
1. Devika river originates in Himachal Pradesh.
2. It holds religious significance as it is revered as the sister of river Ganga.
3. It flows towards western Punjab where it merges with the Ravi River.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement 1 is false: The holy Devika River originates at Sudh Mahadev in the Udhampur district of Jammu and Kashmir (not HP). Statements 2 and 3 are historically and geographically correct (revered in Nilamata Purana as the elder sister of Ganga and merges into the Ravi system). Thus, 2 and 3 only are correct.

دیویکا ندی اودھمپور (جموں و کشمیر) سے نکلتی ہے (نہ کہ ایچ پی سے) اور اسے گنگا کی بہن مانا جاتا ہے، لہذا صرف بیانات 2 اور 3 درست ہیں۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

210📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KNationalist Newspapers in India

Arrange the following Indian newspapers in chronological order based on their founding years:
1. Kesari
2. Amrita Bazar Patrika
3. Hindustan
4. Mathrubhumi
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Founding years of newspapers: 1. Amrita Bazar Patrika (1868, Sisir & Motilal Ghosh, 2) → 2. Kesari (1881, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, 1) → 3. Mathrubhumi (1923, K.P. Kesava Menon, 4) → 4. Hindustan (1936, Madan Mohan Malaviya, 3)

\implies 2, 1, 4, 3

.

ہندوستانی اخبارات کے قیام کا سال: امرت بازار پتریکا (1868) → کیسری (1881) → ماتھربھومی (1923) → ہندوستان (1936) یعنی 2, 1, 4, 3۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

211📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KSundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem

Consider the following statements:
1. The Sundarbans are mangrove forest, on the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers on the Bay of Bengal.
2. The Sundarban National Park is listed under the World Heritage Marine Programme.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Both statements are correct: The Sundarbans form the world's largest contiguous coastal mangrove forest across the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta (1), and Sundarban National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site recognized under the Marine World Heritage Programme (2).

سندر بن ڈیلٹا اور مینگروو جنگلات کے دونوں بیانات (1 اور 2) بالکل درست ہیں۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

212📚General EnglishChenab River Basin

Which river is known as the "Moon River"?

Explanation

The Chenab River is formed by the confluence of the Chandra ('Moon') and Bhaga streams at Tandi in Lahaul, Himachal Pradesh; hence it is historically referred to as the Chandrabhaga or 'Moon River'.

دریائے چناب چندرا اور بھاگا ندیوں کے ملاپ سے بنتا ہے، اس لیے اسے چندرا بھاگا یعنی 'مون ریور' (Moon River) کہا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

213📚General EnglishJhelum River Course and Length

What is the total length of the Jhelum River?

Explanation

The total geographic course of the Jhelum River (Vitasta) from its origin at the Verinag spring in Anantnag, Kashmir to its confluence with the Chenab at Trimmu in Pakistan is 725 kilometers.

دریائے جہلم کی ویری ناگ سے چناب تک کل لمبائی 725 کلومیٹر ہے۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

214📚General EnglishLakes of Jammu Region

Which lake, located in the Doda district of Jammu region, is known for its religious significance and is surrounded by pine forests?

Explanation

Gupt Ganga / Mansar / high-altitude lakes of Bhaderwah/Doda region hold sacred pilgrimage traditions surrounded by alpine deodar and pine groves.

خطہ جموں کے جنگلات میں گھری مذہبی جھیلوں میں متبرک جھیلیں شامل ہیں۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

215📚Knowledge of Computer ApplicationsTypes of Software: System vs Application

Which of the following does not belong to the category of system software?

Explanation

Microsoft Office is an Application Software suite designed for end-user office productivity tasks. BIOS, Device Drivers, and DOS (Disk Operating System) are essential System Software.

مائیکروسافٹ آفس ایپلیکیشن سافٹ ویئر ہے، سسٹم سافٹ ویئر نہیں۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

216📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActVehicle Blind Spots

The areas on each side of the vehicle that are not visible through the mirrors are known as

Explanation

A 'Blind spot' is the zone around a vehicle that cannot be directly observed by the driver using the rearview mirror or side mirrors without turning their head.

گاڑی کے دائیں بائیں کے وہ حصے جو شیشوں میں نظر نہیں آتے 'بلائنڈ اسپاٹ' (Blind spot) کہلاتے ہیں۔

2023JKSSBTransport / Various Departments

217📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActEmergency Vehicle Right-of-Way

Free passage should be given to the following types of vehicles

Explanation

Under Section 194E of the Motor Vehicles Act, every driver must yield right of way and provide unobstructed free passage to emergency vehicles, specifically Fire Service tenders and Ambulances.

ایمبولینس اور فائر سروس والی ہنگامی گاڑیوں کو ہر صورت بغیر کسی رکاوٹ کا راستہ دینا لازمی ہے۔

2023JKSSBTransport / Various Departments

218📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActDuties of Driver in Road Accidents (Section 134)

What must you do when any property of a third party is damaged due to an accident?

Explanation

Under Section 134(b) of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, the driver must report the accident and third-party property damage to the nearest police station within 24 hours.

حادثے میں تیسرے فریق کا نقصان ہونے پر ڈرائیور کو 24 گھنٹے کے اندر قریبی تھانے میں رپورٹ کرنا لازمی ہے۔

2023JKSSBTransport / Various Departments

219📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActDriver Manual Turn Signals

Driver extending right arm outside and rotating it in an anti-clockwise circular direction represents:

Explanation

Under the Motor Vehicle Driving Regulations, a driver extending the right arm horizontally and rotating it in an anti-clockwise circle signals their intention to turn left.

سیدھے ہاتھ کو باہر نکال کر گھڑیال مخالف گھمانا بائیں مڑنے (Turn left) کا اشارہ ہے۔

2023JKSSBTransport / Various Departments

220📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActDriver Slow Down Signals

Driver extending right arm horizontally outside with palm down and waving up and down represents:

Explanation

Extending the right arm horizontally with the palm facing downwards and moving it up and down signals the intention to slow down the vehicle.

ہاتھ کو باہر نکال کر اوپر نیچے حرکت دینا گاڑی کی رفتار دھیمی کرنے (Slow down) کا اشارہ ہے۔

2023JKSSBTransport / Various Departments

221📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActDriver Right Turn Signals

Driver extending right arm horizontally straight outside the vehicle represents:

Explanation

A driver extending the right arm fully and rigidly in a horizontal line with the palm facing forward indicates the intention to turn right or change lanes to the right.

سیدھے ہاتھ کو بالکل سیدھا باہر نکالنا دائیں مڑنے (Turn right) کا اشارہ ہے۔

2023JKSSBTransport / Various Departments

222📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActOvertaking Signals

A driver moving their hand in a forward sweeping motion represents:

Explanation

Extending the right arm below shoulder level and waving it forward and backward gives clear permission to following vehicles behind to safely overtake.

پیچھے آنے والی گاڑی کو اوورٹیک کرنے کی اجازت دینے کا اشارہ۔

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223📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActFlashing Amber Light Rules

Approaching an intersection where the yellow signal light is blinking, you should

Explanation

A flashing amber/yellow signal light requires drivers to slow down, look in all directions, and proceed with caution only after ensuring the intersection is clear and safe.

پیلے رنگ کی ٹمٹماتی بتی پر رفتار دھیمی کریں اور سڑک محفوظ ہونے کی تسلی کر کے احتیاط سے آگے بڑھیں۔

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224📚Traffic Rules, Road Signs & MV ActCautionary Signs: School Ahead

A triangular warning sign displaying two school children walking with school bags represents:

Explanation

An equilateral triangular warning sign displaying two children carrying bags warns drivers of a School Ahead, requiring reduced speed and heightened caution for school children.

مثلثی شکل میں اسکول کے بچوں کا نشان آگے اسکول (School ahead) ہونے سے خبردار کرتا ہے۔

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225📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceVisual Perception: Peripheral vs Central Vision

Peripheral vision of a driver helps to detect

Explanation

Peripheral (side) vision is highly sensitive to motion and optical flow, enabling drivers to immediately detect moving objects, merging vehicles, and pedestrians entering from the road sides.

ڈرائیور کی سائیڈ والی بصارت (Peripheral vision) سڑک پر حرکت کرتی ہوئی چیزوں کو فوری بھانپنے میں مدد دیتی ہے۔

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226📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceFoveal Visual Acuity

"Acute vision" (foveal central vision) of a driver helps to detect

Explanation

Acute foveal/central focal vision provides sharp optical resolution, enabling drivers to accurately perceive colors, shapes, surface textures, and fine sign details.

مرکزی بصارت سڑک کی سطح پر رنگوں، اشکال اور بناوٹ کو صاف دیکھنے میں مدد دیتی ہے۔

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227📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceHigh-Visibility Safety Garments

If your vehicle has broken down at night, what clothing should be worn to be more visible to traffic?

Explanation

Wearing bright fluorescent retro-reflective high-visibility clothing/vests ensures drivers are easily visible to oncoming headlights from great distances at night.

رات کو گاڑی خراب ہونے پر چمکدار فلورسنٹ یا ریفلیکٹو کپڑے پہننے چاہییں تاکہ دور سے نظر آ سکیں۔

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228📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceDistracted Driving Regulations

Smoking while driving is

Explanation

Smoking while driving causes cognitive, visual, and manual distractions, increases carbon monoxide in blood, and is a legally punishable offence for commercial/public service drivers.

ڈرائیونگ کے دوران سگریٹ نوشی توجہ ہٹانے والا اور قانوناً قابل سزا عمل ہے۔

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229📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceBreathalyzer Testing for BAC

Which of the following test is commonly used to measure the alcohol limit of a driver?

Explanation

A Breath Analyser (Breathalyzer) is the standard portable electrochemical device used by traffic law enforcement to measure Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) from expired alveolar air.

ڈرائیور کے نشے کی سطح جانچنے کے لیے بریتھ اینالائزر (Breath analyser) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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230📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceDisqualification of Licenses

As per Central Motor Vehicles Act 1988, 'smoking while driving public service vehicles' can

Explanation

Smoking while driving a public service passenger vehicle violates conduct rules and can lead to suspension or disqualification of the driver's driving license.

پبلک سروس گاڑی چلاتے ہوئے سگریٹ پینا ڈرائیونگ لائسنس کی منسوخی یا معطلی کا سبب بن سکتا ہے۔

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231📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceHeadlight Use in Fog & Rain

When driving at night in rainy or foggy conditions, high beams is

Explanation

Using high beams in rain or fog is dangerous because water droplets reflect light directly back into the driver's eyes (backscatter reflection/glare), blinding the driver.

بارش اور کہرے میں ہائی بیم لائٹ خطرناک ہے کیونکہ یہ روشنی منعکس کر کے ڈرائیور کو چندھیا دیتی ہے۔

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232📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceBraking Distance Calculations

On a foggy day, two bus drivers spot each other traveling at

20\text{ m/sec}

and

10\text{ m/sec}

towards each other. Both apply brakes decelerating at

5\text{ m/s}^2

. What is the total combined distance covered by both buses before coming to a stop?

Explanation

Stopping distance formula

s = \frac{v^2}{2a}

:
- For Bus 1:

s_1 = \frac{20^2}{2(5)} = \frac{400}{10} = 40\text{ m}

- For Bus 2:

s_2 = \frac{10^2}{2(5)} = \frac{100}{10} = 10\text{ m}

Total combined stopping distance required

= 40 + 10 = 50\text{ meters}

.

دونوں بسوں کا رکنے کے لیے درکار مجموعی فاصلہ = \frac{20^2}{10} + \frac{10^2}{10} = 40 + 10 = 50 میٹر ہے۔

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233📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceFog Driving Hazards

A high beam in foggy conditions is

Explanation

High beams in dense fog reflect off airborne water droplets directly back into the driver's eyes, creating a wall of white glare that blinds the driver.

کہرے میں ہائی بیم لگانا نقصان دہ ہے کیونکہ یہ روشنی واپس منعکس ہو کر ڈرائیور کو اندھا کر دیتی ہے۔

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234📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceHeadlight Dipping Rules

When you are driving at night and approaching another vehicle from behind, you must

Explanation

When following another vehicle within 200 meters at night, drivers must switch to low beam (dim headlights) to prevent blinding the leading driver through their rearview mirrors.

رات کو آگے چلنے والی گاڑی کے پیچھے چلتے وقت ہیڈ لائٹس کو ڈم (Low beam) کرنا ضروری ہے۔

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235📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceSafe Night Overtaking Protocols

When you are driving at night and want to overtake a car in front, you must

Explanation

Flashing headlamps (headlight flasher / optical horn) at night alerts the driver ahead of your intention to overtake without causing prolonged dangerous glare.

رات کے وقت اوورٹیک کرنے سے پہلے سامنے والی گاڑی کو ہیڈلائٹ فلیش کر کے اشارہ دیں۔

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236📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceBlind Spot Verification

To see a vehicle in the blind spots, a driver should

Explanation

Because mirrors cannot cover the blind spot adjacent to the rear B/C pillars, a driver must perform a physical head turn (shoulder check) before changing lanes.

بلائنڈ اسپاٹ میں موجود گاڑی دیکھنے کے لیے ڈرائیور کو اپنا سر گھما کر دیکھنا (Shoulder check) چاہیے۔

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237📚Safe Driving & Vehicle MaintenanceLow-Light Driving Precautions

Which of the following is recommended while driving at night on a low-lit street?

Explanation

On poorly illuminated streets at night, drivers should reduce vehicle speed to match stopping sight distance and use properly aligned headlights.

کم روشنی والی سڑک پر آہستہ رفتار میں گاڑی چلانا اور ہیڈ لائٹ کا استعمال کرنا چاہیے۔

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238📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlRC Parameters: Seating Capacity

As per Indian Motor Vehicles Act, the number of passengers permitted to be carried in a personal vehicle is recorded in the

Explanation

The legally authorized seating capacity (including driver) of every motor vehicle is officially documented in its Registration Certificate (RC).

گاڑی میں مسافروں کے بیٹھنے کی مجاز گنجائش رجسٹریشن سرٹیفکیٹ (RC) میں درج ہوتی ہے۔

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239📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlMotor Insurance Policy Terms and Third-Party Liabilities

Consider the following statements regarding motor insurance:
Statement-1: Motor insurance does not provide compensation if the driver does not possess a valid driving licence.
Statement-2: Third-party motor insurance covers a third person who has been injured in an accident involving the vehicle.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Both statements are correct insurance principles: Driving without a valid driving licence breaches policy terms and invalidates own-damage claims (Statement 1), and Third-party insurance specifically indemnifies bodily injury/loss to third parties (Statement 2).

انشورنس کے دونوں بیانات (1 اور 2) قانوناً بالکل درست ہیں۔

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240📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlHydrometers & Specific Gravity

Which instrument is used to measure the specific gravity or relative density of liquids such as petrol/battery electrolyte?

Explanation

A Hydrometer is a calibrated glass instrument that floats in a liquid to measure its specific gravity (relative density) based on Archimedes' principle.

مائعات اور ایندھن کی کثافت یا مخصوص کشش ناپنے کے لیے ہائیڈرومیٹر (Hydrometer) استعمال ہوتا ہے۔

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241📚General EnglishPhrasal Verbs

Pick the right meaning of the given phrase:
Long for

Explanation

'To long for' is a phrasal verb meaning to have an intense yearning, strong craving, or deep desire for something.

'Long for' کا مطلب شدید خواہش یا آرزو کرنا (Desire) ہے۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

242📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KLocal Names of J&K Rivers

Which of the following river is also known as Vyeth in Kashmir?

Explanation

The Jhelum River is called 'Vyeth' in Kashmiri and 'Vitasta' in ancient Sanskrit literature.

دریائے جہلم کو کشمیری زبان میں 'ویتھ' (Vyeth) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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243📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KFounding of Jammu City

Who is believed to have founded the city of Jammu?

Explanation

Raja Jambu Lochan (9th century AD) founded the city of Jammu after witnessing a tiger and goat drinking water peacefully together at the banks of the Tawi River.

شہر جموں کے بانی راجہ جمبو لوچن (Raja Jamboolochan) مانے جاتے ہیں۔

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244📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KChashma Shahi Garden

Which of the following garden is located in the Zabarwan Range of Srinagar district?

Explanation

Chashma Shahi Garden (built in 1632 AD by Mughal Governor Ali Mardan Khan for Dara Shikoh) is situated along the slopes of the Zabarwan Mountain Range overlooking Dal Lake.

چشمہ شاہی باغ سری نگر میں زبروان پہاڑی سلسلے کے دامن میں واقع ہے۔

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245📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KHari Parbat Fort (Koh-e-Maran)

________ is also known as Koh-e-Maran lies on the west of Dal Lake in Srinagar.

Explanation

Hari Parbat Fort (the historic citadel hill fortified by Mughal Emperor Akbar and Afghan Governor Atta Mohammad Khan) is also known as Koh-e-Maran.

ہری پربت قلعہ سری نگر میں واقع ہے جسے کوہ ماران (Koh-e-Maran) بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔

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246📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KTawi River Basin & Origin

The source of which of the following river is the Kailash Kund spring at Soej hills in Bhaderwah in Doda district of Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

The sacred Tawi River (Surya Putri) originates from the glacial Kailash Kund spring at the high-altitude Soej hills in Bhaderwah (Doda district).

دریائے تاوی (Tawi) کا منبع بھدرواہ کے سوئج پہاڑوں میں واقع کیلاش کنڈ جھیل ہے۔

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247🔬General ScienceRavindra Kaushik ('The Black Tiger')

Who among the following is popularly known as 'The Black Tiger', an intelligence agent?

Explanation

Ravindra Kaushik, India's legendary undercover Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) spy who infiltrated deep into the Pakistan Army as a major, was conferred the title 'The Black Tiger' by PM Indira Gandhi.

را (R&AW) کے معروف انٹیلی جنس ایجنٹ رویندر کوشک کو 'دی بلیک ٹائیگر' کہا جاتا ہے۔

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248🔬General SciencePeninsular Rivers: Godavari

Which of the following rivers is known as 'Vridha Ganga' (Dakshin Ganga)?

Explanation

The Godavari River (1,465 km long, the longest river in peninsular India) is revered as 'Vridha Ganga' (Old Ganga) and 'Dakshin Ganga'.

دریائے گوداوری کو اس کی طوالت اور تقدس کی بنا پر 'وردھ گنگا' (Vridha Ganga) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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249📚Mental Ability / ReasoningRamon Magsaysay Award 2023

Which Indian surgical oncologist won the prestigious 2023 Ramon Magsaysay Award (often called Asia's Nobel Prize)?

Explanation

Dr. Ravi Kannan R., renowned surgical oncologist and Director of the Cachar Cancer Hospital and Research Centre in Assam, won the 2023 Ramon Magsaysay Award for making pro-poor healthcare accessible.

ڈاکٹر روی کنن (Dr. Ravi Kannan) نے سال 2023 کا ریمن میگسیسے ایوارڈ جیتا۔

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250📚General Awareness with special ref to UT of J&KStartup India & Global Summits

The 'Prarambh Summit' is associated with which of the following?

Explanation

'Prarambh: Startup India International Summit' was organized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) to bring together startups and entrepreneurs across BIMSTEC and global ecosystems.

'پرارمبھ سمٹ' بین الاقوامی سطح پر اسٹارٹ اپ ایکو سسٹم (Startup ecosystem) کے فروغ سے متعلق ہے۔

2024JKSSBSocial Welfare Department

251📚General Intelligence & ReasoningSolar Spectrum in Lower Atmosphere

What is the dominating range of solar light wavelengths reaching the lower atmosphere (troposphere)?

Explanation

Because the stratospheric ozone layer absorbs almost all ultraviolet radiation below

290\text{--}300\text{ nm}

(UV-C and UV-B), the dominating solar spectrum reaching the lower troposphere consists of wavelengths Greater than 300 nm (UV-A, visible light

400\text{--}700\text{ nm}

, and infrared).

اوزون کے اثر کی وجہ سے نچلی فضا میں 300 نینو میٹر سے زیادہ (Greater than 300 nm) طول موج والی روشنی غالب ہوتی ہے۔

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252📚Specialisation (Sociology, Social Work & Child Development)Gender Wage Gap: Occupational Segregation

Which of the following is a major structural factor contributing significantly to the gender pay gap in the labor market?

Explanation

Occupational segregation (the concentration of women in lower-paying care, clerical, and informal sectors, and underrepresentation in STEM/executive roles) is the single leading structural driver of the gender wage gap.

پیشہ ورانہ علیحدگی (Occupational segregation) صنفی اجرت کے فرق کی سب سے بڑی وجہ ہے۔

2024JKSSBSocial Welfare Department

253📚Specialisation (Sociology, Social Work & Child Development)Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Which of the following correctly lists Erik Erikson's first four stages of psychosocial development in chronological order?

Explanation

Erik Erikson's 8 stages of Psychosocial Development (Stages 1–4): 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy) → 2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (Early Childhood) → 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool) → 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age).

ایرکسن کے پہلے چار مراحل کی درست ترتیب: Trust vs. Mistrust → Autonomy vs. Shame → Initiative vs. Guilt → Industry vs. Inferiority ہے۔

2024JKSSBSocial Welfare Department

254📚General EnglishBrahmaputra River Basin & Origin

The mighty Brahmaputra river originates from which geographical source?

Explanation

The Brahmaputra (known as the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet) originates from the Chemayungdung / Angsi glacier in the Kailash range near Lake Mansarovar in southwestern Tibet.

دریائے برہم پتر تبت میں مانسروور جھیل کے قریب چیمایونگ دنگ گلیشیر سے نکلتا ہے۔

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255📚General EnglishSrisailam Dam & Krishna River

Consider the following statements about Srisailam Dam:
1. The Srisailam Dam is constructed across the Krishna River on the border of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
2. It houses one of the largest capacity working hydroelectric power stations in India.
3. It is 512 m long, 145 m high, with 12 radial crest gates.
Which of the above statements are correct?

Explanation

All statements (1, 2, and 3) are correct: Srisailam Dam on the Krishna River has a 1,670 MW power generation capacity across both banks.

سری سیلم ڈیم کے بارے میں تمام بیانات (1، 2 اور 3) درست ہیں۔

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256📚General EnglishMajor Dams of Karnataka

Match the dams in Karnataka with their corresponding rivers:
i) Supa Dam — 3. Kali / Kalinadi River
ii) Almatti Dam — 2. Krishna River
iii) Linganamakki Dam — 1. Sharavathi River

Explanation

Dams and rivers in Karnataka: Supa Dam is built on the Kalinadi River (i-3); Almatti Dam on the Krishna River (ii-2); Linganamakki Dam on the Sharavathi River (iii-1)

\implies

i-3, ii-2, iii-1.

کرناٹک کے ڈیم: سوپا ڈیم (کالیندی i-3)، الماتی ڈیم (کرشنا ii-2)، لنگنا مکی ڈیم (شراوتی iii-1)۔

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257📚General EnglishNational Waterway 1 (NW-1)

National Waterway 1 (NW-1) in India connects which two terminals?

Explanation

National Waterway 1 (NW-1) extends 1,620 km along the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system connecting Prayagraj (Allahabad, UP) to Haldia (West Bengal).

نیشنل واٹر وے 1 (NW-1) الہ آباد (پریاگ راج) کو ہلدیا (مغربی بنگال) سے جوڑتا ہے۔

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258📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&KIndira Gandhi Canal Project

The longest irrigation canal in India that originates from Harike Barrage at the confluence of the Satluj and Beas rivers in Punjab and terminates in Rajasthan is the

Explanation

The Indira Gandhi Canal (650 km long) draws water from the Harike Barrage at the confluence of the Satluj and Beas rivers in Punjab to irrigate the Thar Desert of western Rajasthan.

ہندوستان کی سب سے لمبی نہر اندرا گاندھی کینال (Indira Gandhi Canal) ہے۔

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259📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&KFestivals: Majuli Festival of Assam

Which of the following is NOT a traditional festival of erstwhile Jammu & Kashmir / Ladakh?

Explanation

Majuli Festival is an eco-cultural festival celebrated on Majuli river island in Assam. Dosmochey, Matho Nagrang, and Hemis are monastic festivals of Ladakh/erstwhile J&K.

ماجولی فیسٹیول آسام کا تہوار ہے، جموں و کشمیر یا لداخ کا نہیں۔

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260📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&KPakal Dul Hydroelectric Project

Consider the following statements about the Pakal Dul Hydroelectric Project (HEP):
1. It is an under-construction 1,000 MW (1 GW) capacity HEP.
2. It is located on the Marusudar river (a major tributary of the Chenab) in the Kishtwar district of J&K.
3. It features a 167 m high concrete-face rockfill dam.
Which of the above statements are correct?

Explanation

All three statements are correct: The Pakal Dul HEP is a 1,000 MW project being built by CVPPPL on the Marusudar river at Drangal village in Kishtwar district with a 167m high rockfill dam.

پاکل دل پن بجلی منصوبے کے بارے میں تینوں بیانات (1, 2, 3) بالکل درست ہیں۔

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261📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&KManasbal Lake: Deepest Lake of J&K

Which is the deepest freshwater lake in Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Manasbal Lake (located in Ganderbal district, Kashmir) is the deepest lake in Jammu & Kashmir and India, reaching a maximum depth of 13 meters (43 feet).

جموں و کشمیر کی سب سے گہری جھیل مانسبل جھیل (Manasbal Lake) ہے۔

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262📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&KChandanwari & Amarnath Yatra Route

Which of the following statements about Chandanwari in Jammu and Kashmir is NOT correct?

Explanation

Statement D is NOT correct because the river flowing through Chandanwari is the Sheshnag stream / Lidder River, not the non-existent 'Markhar River'.

بیان D غلط ہے کیونکہ چندن واری میں بہنے والا دریا شیش ناگ/لیڈر ہے نہ کہ مارکھر۔

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263📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&KDirection & Displacement

Ravi walks 10 km East, turns right and walks 5 km South, turns right and walks 10 km West, and finally turns left and walks 10 km South. What is the shortest distance from his current position to his home?

Explanation

Coordinates: From (0,0) → East 10 km (10, 0) → South 5 km (10, -5) → West 10 km (0, -5) → South 10 km (0, -15). Shortest distance from home (0,0) to final point (0, -15) is exactly 15 km.

گھر سے آخری مقام کا سیدھا فاصلہ 5 + 10 = 15 کلومیٹر ہے۔

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264📚Computer ApplicationsSalal Hydroelectric Project

The Salal Hydroelectric Project (690 MW) is situated in which State/UT?

Explanation

Salal Hydroelectric Project is a run-of-the-river power station constructed on the Chenab River in the Reasi district of Jammu & Kashmir.

صلال پن بجلی منصوبہ ضلع ریاسی (جموں و کشمیر) میں دریائے چناب پر واقع ہے۔

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265📚Computer ApplicationsCoastal Plains of India

The eastern coastal plain stretching along Tamil Nadu and southern Andhra Pradesh is known as the

Explanation

The Coromandel Coast is the coastal region of the southeastern Indian peninsula between Kanyakumari and the Krishna River delta in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

تمل ناڈو اور آندھرا پردیش کے ساحلی پٹی کو کورومنڈل ساحل (Coromandel Coast) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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266📚General Awareness & ScienceKirana Gharana: Pandit Bhimsen Joshi

Bharat Ratna Pandit Bhimsen Joshi was a legendary maestro of which art form?

Explanation

Pandit Bhimsen Joshi (1922–2011) was one of the greatest Hindustani classical vocalists from the Kirana Gharana, awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2008.

پنڈت بھیم سین جوشی ہندوستانی کلاسیکی موسیقی کے عظیم گلوکار (Hindustani Vocalist) تھے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

267📚General Awareness & ScienceKalhana's Rajatarangini

What is the literal English meaning of Kalhana's Sanskrit historical chronicle 'Rajatarangini'?

Explanation

'Rajatarangini' is composed of Raja (Kings) and Tarangini (River/Stream), literally translating to 'The River of Kings'.

راج ترنگنی کا لغوی معنی 'راجاؤں کا دریا' یعنی 'River of Kings' ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

268📚General Awareness & ScienceAncient Names of Rivers: Hydaspes (Jhelum)

Which river of Jammu and Kashmir was named 'Hydaspes' by ancient Greek historians (e.g. at the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC)?

Explanation

The Greeks referred to the Jhelum River (Vitasta in Sanskrit, Vyeth in Kashmiri) as the Hydaspes, famous for the Battle of the Hydaspes between Alexander the Great and King Porus.

یونانی مورخین دریائے جہلم کو ہائیڈاسپس (Hydaspes) کہتے تھے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

269📚General Awareness & ScienceWular Lake

Which is the largest natural freshwater lake in Jammu and Kashmir (and one of the largest in Asia)?

Explanation

Wular Lake (located in Bandipora district and fed by the Jhelum River) is the largest freshwater lake in J&K and India, designated as a Ramsar Wetland Site.

جموں و کشمیر کی سب سے بڑی میٹھے پانی کی جھیل وولر جھیل (Wular Lake) ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

270📚General Awareness & ScienceSiachen Glacier & Nubra Valley

The Siachen Glacier (the world's highest battlefield) is located adjacent to which scenic valley in Ladakh?

Explanation

The meltwaters of the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram range feed the Nubra River in Ladakh's majestic Nubra Valley.

سیاچن گلیشیر لداخ کی خوبصورت وادی نوبرا (Nubra Valley) کے ساتھ واقع ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

271📚General Awareness & ScienceChilika Lake of Odisha

Chilika Lake, the largest brackish water coastal lagoon in India and second largest in the world, is located in which state?

Explanation

Chilika Lake (spread over

1,100\text{ km}^2

at the mouth of the Daya River) is India's largest brackish water coastal lagoon, situated in the state of Odisha.

ہندوستان کی سب سے بڑی کھارے پانی کی جھیل چلکا جھیل اوڈیشہ (Odisha) میں ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

272📚Basic EnglishCropping Patterns: Food Crops vs Cash Crops

Which of the following agricultural crops is categorized as a commercial Cash Crop?

Explanation

Sugarcane is a premier commercial cash crop grown specifically for agro-industrial processing into sugar and ethanol.

گنا (Sugarcane) ایک اہم نقد آور فصل (Cash crop) ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

273📚Basic EnglishUri Dam on Jhelum River

The Uri Hydroelectric Dam (Uri-I and Uri-II) is located on which river in the Baramulla district of Jammu & Kashmir?

Explanation

The Uri Hydroelectric Project (480 MW Uri-I and 240 MW Uri-II) is constructed on the Jhelum River near the Line of Control in Baramulla district, Kashmir.

اوڑی ہائیڈرو الیکٹرک ڈیم دریائے جہلم (بارہمولہ، کشمیر) پر واقع ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

274📚Basic EnglishSasthamkotta Lake of Kerala

Sasthamkotta Lake, acclaimed as the 'Queen of Lakes' and the largest freshwater lake in Kerala, is situated in which state?

Explanation

Sasthamkotta Lake (a Ramsar designated wetland site) is located in the Kollam district of Kerala.

'جھیلوں کی ملکہ' کہلانے والی شاستم کوٹا جھیل ریاست کیرالہ (Kerala) میں ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

275📚Basic EnglishPioneers of Indian Music: Amir Khusrau

Who among the following 13th-century Sufi musician-poets is credited as the originator of the Khayal and Tarana styles in Hindustani Classical Music?

Explanation

Amir Khusrau (1253–1325), disciple of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya, invented the Sitar and Tabla and pioneered the musical genres of Qawwali, Khayal, and Tarana.

ہندوستانی کلاسیکی موسیقی میں خیال اور ترانہ کے بانی امیر خسرو (Amir Khusro) ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

276📚General Awareness & ScienceMughal Architecture in Kashmir

Which Mughal Emperor laid out the iconic Shalimar Bagh (1619) and visited the Nishat Bagh on the banks of Dal Lake in Srinagar?

Explanation

Emperor Jahangir laid out Shalimar Bagh in 1619 for his empress Nur Jahan. (Nishat Bagh was built nearby in 1633 by Asif Khan, Nur Jahan's brother, during Jahangir/Shah Jahan's era).

شالیمار باغ مغل شہنشاہ جہانگیر (Jahangir) نے 1619 میں بنوایا تھا۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

277📚General Awareness & SciencePurmandal Temple: Chhota Kashi

Which historic temple complex situated on the banks of the sacred Devika river in Samba district is known as 'Chhota Kashi'?

Explanation

Purmandal Temple (dedicated to Lord Shiva along the holy underground Devika River) is revered as 'Chhota Kashi' in Jammu.

دریائے دیویکا کے کنارے واقع پورمنڈل مندر (Purmandal) کو 'چھوٹا کاشی' کہا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

278📚General English & ComprehensionWorld Geography & Physical Landforms

Explanation

1. Grand Canyon is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in the United States (III)
2. Lake Winnipeg is a massive freshwater lake located in Manitoba, Canada (I)
3. Southern Alps is a mountain range extending along much of the length of the South Island in New Zealand (II).
Correct code: 1-III, 2-I, 3-II.

1. ग्रैंड कैन्यन: संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका (USA - III)
2. विन्निपेग झील: कनाडा (Canada - I)
3. दक्षिणी आल्प्स पर्वतमाला: न्यूजीलैंड (New Zealand - II)।
सही विकल्प 1-III, 2-I, 3-II है।

2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments

279📚General English & ComprehensionEmployment, Skill Development & Human Resource

Which initiative plays the most crucial role in boosting employment opportunities in India?

Explanation

The National Skill Development Mission (NSDM), launched in 2015 by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, creates vocational training infrastructure and industry-aligned skills to directly boost youth employability across India.

राष्ट्रीय कौशल विकास मिशन (National Skills Development Mission) युवाओं को रोजगारपरक प्रशिक्षण देकर देश में रोजगार के अवसर बढ़ाने में सबसे महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है।

2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments

280📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with ref to J&KForeign Trade Policy & DGFT Initiatives

Who launched the 'Trade Watch', a weekly publication focusing on India's trade developments?

Explanation

The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT), under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, launched 'Trade Watch' as a periodic trade intelligence digest analyzing India's export-import trends and market developments.

विदेश व्यापार महानिदेशालय (DGFT) ने भारत के व्यापार विकास और निर्यात-आयात रुझानों पर केंद्रित 'ट्रेड वॉच' साप्ताहिक प्रकाशन शुरू किया।

2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments

281📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with ref to J&KTourism & Major Lakes of Jammu & Kashmir

Which of the following highlights the economic significance of Dal Lake in Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Dal Lake, known as the 'Jewel in the crown of Kashmir', is the backbone of Srinagar's tourism economy through its iconic shikaras, heritage houseboats, floating vegetable markets, and handicraft trade.

डल झील शिकारा की सवारी, हाउसबोट और पर्यटन के लिए विश्व प्रसिद्ध है, जो कश्मीर की स्थानीय अर्थव्यवस्था और आजीविका में प्रमुख योगदान देती है।

2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments

282📚General Intelligence & ReasoningTime and Work

Manisha takes twice as much time as Usha to complete a work and Ravi does it in the same time as Manisha and Usha together. If all three working together can finish the work in 7 days, then the time taken by Manisha to finish the work is:

Explanation

Let Usha's time be

x

days

\implies

Manisha's time

= 2x

days.
Combined 1-day work of Manisha and Usha:

\frac{1}{2x} + \frac{1}{x} = \frac{3}{2x}

Ravi's 1-day work is equal to Manisha + Usha together

= \frac{3}{2x}

.
All three together in 1 day:

\frac{3}{2x} + \frac{3}{2x} = \frac{6}{2x} = \frac{3}{x} = \frac{1}{7} \implies x = 21\text{ days}

Time taken by Manisha

= 2x = 2 \times 21 = 42\text{ days}

.

उषा का समय

= x

, मनीषा का समय

= 2x

।
मनीषा + उषा का 1 दिन का काम

= \frac{1}{2x} + \frac{1}{x} = \frac{3}{2x}

(रवि का भी काम)।
तीनों का 1 दिन का कुल काम

= \frac{3}{2x} + \frac{3}{2x} = \frac{3}{x} = \frac{1}{7} \implies x = 21

मनीषा द्वारा लिया गया समय = 2x = 42 दिन।

2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments

283📚Basic EnglishReading Comprehension

Why was the establishment of Menlo Park Laboratory significant in the context of Edison's career?

Explanation

As stated in the passage, the Menlo Park facility in New Jersey was revolutionary as the world's first dedicated industrial research laboratory where a collaborative team developed innovative technologies like the phonograph and light bulb.

गद्यांश के अनुसार मेनलो पार्क लेबोरेटरी विश्व की पहली समर्पित औद्योगिक अनुसंधान प्रयोगशाला थी।

2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments

284📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&KIndian Classical Music & Famous Instrumentalists

Explanation

i) Ustad Bismillah Khan - Shehnai (4)
ii) Pandit Ravi Shankar - Sitar (3)
iii) Pt. Ram Narayan - Sarangi (2)
iv) Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia - Flute (1).
Correct matching code is i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1.

i) उस्ताद बिस्मिल्लाह खान - शहनाई (4)
ii) पंडित रवि शंकर - सितार (3)
iii) पंडित राम नारायण - सारंगी (2)
iv) पंडित हरिप्रसाद चौरसिया - बांसुरी (1)।
सही विकल्प i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1 है।

2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments

285📚General Awareness & Current AffairsDrainage System & Major Rivers of India

Which of the following is the longest river in India?

Explanation

The Ganga is the longest river flowing within India with a total length of 2,525 km (originating from the Gangotri Glacier and flowing through Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, and West Bengal into the Bay of Bengal).

गंगा नदी भारत की सबसे लंबी नदी है, जिसकी कुल लंबाई 2,525 किलोमीटर है।

2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments

286📚General Awareness & Current AffairsVitamins, Nutrients & Human Physiology

Which vitamin is mainly produced when the skin is exposed to sunlight?

Explanation

Vitamin D (specifically Vitamin D3 / Cholecalciferol) is synthesized in human skin cells when 7-dehydrocholesterol absorbs solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation.

जब त्वचा सूर्य के प्रकाश (UV-B किरणों) के संपर्क में आती है, तो शरीर में विटामिन D का संश्लेषण होता है।

2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments

287🔬General ScienceRivers and Drainage System of J&K

What is the origin of the Tawi River?

Explanation

The Tawi River (the lifespring of Jammu City, also known as 'Surya Putri') originates from the high-altitude Kailash Kund Glacier / Kali Kundi spring located in the Kaplas mountain range near Bhaderwah in Doda district.

तवी नदी (सूर्यपुत्री) का उद्गम डोडा जिले के भद्रवाह में स्थित 'कैलाश कुंड ग्लेशियर' (Kailash Kund Glacier) से होता है।

2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments

288🔬General ScienceFamous Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir

Explanation

i) Dal Lake: Urban lake at the foothills of Shankaracharya Hill in Srinagar (3)
ii) Nilnag Lake: Blue-water pine forest lake in Budgam district (1)
iii) Manasbal Lake: Deepest freshwater lake with lotus blooms in Ganderbal district (4)
iv) Sheshnag Lake: High-altitude alpine pilgrimage lake in Anantnag district (2).
Correct code is i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2.

i) डल झील: श्रीनगर में शंकराचार्य पहाड़ी की तलहटी में (3)
ii) नीलगनाग झील: बडगाम जिला (1)
iii) मानसबल झील: गांदरबल जिला (4)
iv) शेषनाग झील: अनंतनाग जिला (2)।
सही विकल्प i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2 है।

2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments

289🔬General ScienceHandicrafts & Pashmina Industry of J&K

What is the primary source of wool used for making Pashmina shawls?

Explanation

Authentic Cashmere/Pashmina wool is harvested from the ultra-fine undercoat of the Changthangi Goat (Capra hircus laniger), domesticated by nomadic Changpa tribes in the high-altitude Changthang plateau of Ladakh.

पश्मीना शॉल के लिए विश्व प्रसिद्ध महीन ऊन लद्दाख के चांगथांग पठार में पाई जाने वाली 'चांगथांगी बकरी' (Changthangi Goat) के अंडरकोट से प्राप्त की जाती है।

2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments

290🔬General ScienceHistorical Monuments & Forts of J&K

Explanation

i) Ramnagar Fort: Built by Raja Suchet Singh in Udhampur district (4)
ii) Hari Parbat Fort (Durrani Fort): Overlooking Srinagar city (1)
iii) Akhnoor Fort: Located on the banks of Chenab river in Jammu district (3)
iv) Bhimgarh Fort (Reasi Fort): Heritage stone fort in Reasi district (2).
Correct code is i-4, ii-1, iii-3, iv-2.

i) रामनगर किला: उधमपुर (4)
ii) हरि पर्वत किला: श्रीनगर (1)
iii) अखनूर किला: जम्मू (3)
iv) भीमगढ़ किला: रियासी (2)।
सही विकल्प i-4, ii-1, iii-3, iv-2 है।

2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments

291📚Wiring Systems, Earthing & SafetyCircuit Breakers (MCB, MCCB, ACB, ELCB)

Explanation

Matching: i) MCB = residential ratings up to 100A (2); ii) MCCB = adjustable trip industrial up to 2500A (3); iii) ACB = heavy industrial mains up to 6300A (1); iv) ELCB = ground fault residual leakage protection (4). Code: i-2, ii-3, iii-1, iv-4.

सही मिलान: i-2, ii-3, iii-1, iv-4।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

292📚Wiring Systems, Earthing & SafetyDC vs AC Motors

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the preference of a DC motor over an AC motor?
1. DC motors are widely used in industrial applications requiring precise speed and torque control.
2. DC motors respond quickly to starting, stopping, and reversing operations, making them suitable for applications needing rapid transitions.
3. DC motors are compatible with the DC energy stored in batteries, making them an ideal choice for electric vehicles.
4. DC motor ceiling fans use more energy than a standard AC fan.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct. Statement 4 is false because Brushless DC (BLDC) motor ceiling fans consume ~50-65% LESS energy (28W-35W) than standard induction motor AC fans (75W). Thus, 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सत्य हैं। कथन 4 असत्य है क्योंकि BLDC (DC) पंखे पारंपरिक AC पंखों की तुलना में काफी कम बिजली की खपत करते हैं। अतः 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

293📚General English & Quantitative AptitudePower Measurement & Wattmeters

Which type of wattmeter is most commonly used for measuring power in high-voltage circuits?

Explanation

The Electrodynamometer Wattmeter (used with Instrument Transformers - CTs and PTs) is the universal industry standard for precise active power measurement across high-voltage AC and DC power networks.

इलेक्ट्रोडायनेमोमीटर प्रकार का वाटमीटर (Electrodynamometer wattmeter) उच्च वोल्टेज परिपथों में शक्ति मापने के लिए मानक रूप से उपयोग किया जाता है।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

294📚Web Technologies, Networking & Software EngineeringSDLC Models

Which of the following models is not a part of software development life cycle (SDLC)?

Explanation

Waterfall, Spiral, Agile, RAD, V-Model, and Prototype are established SDLC models. 'Assembly Line Model' is an industrial manufacturing concept, not an SDLC process model.

वॉटरफॉल, स्पाइरल और एजाइल सभी SDLC मॉडल हैं। 'Assembly Line Model' कोई सॉफ्टवेयर विकास मॉडल नहीं है।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

295📚Web Technologies, Networking & Software EngineeringFile System Layered Architecture

Arrange the following layers of a file system in the correct order (from user level to disk level):
1. Application Programs
2. File Organization Module
3. Logical File System
4. Physical File System

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

File System Architecture from User level (Top) to Disk level (Bottom):
1. Application Programs (User level) (1)
2. Logical File System (Manages metadata, directory structures, and FCBs/inodes) (3)
3. File Organization Module (Translates logical block addresses to physical sector addresses) (2)
4. Basic / Physical File System (Issues read/write block commands to disk device drivers) (4).
Correct Order: 1 → 3 → 2 → 4.

फाइल सिस्टम परतों का शीर्ष (यूजर) से तल (डिस्क) तक सही क्रम: एप्लिकेशन प्रोग्राम (1) → लॉजिकल फाइल सिस्टम (3) → फाइल ऑर्गनाइजेशन मॉड्यूल (2) → बेसिक/फिजिकल फाइल सिस्टम (4)। सही क्रम 1 → 3 → 2 → 4 है।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

296📚Indian Classical Music: History & EvolutionFairs & Festivals of J&K

Poor Mandal Mela is generally celebrated on which occasion?

Explanation

The famous Purmandal Mela (Chhota Kashi) on the banks of Devika river in Samba/Jammu is celebrated on the auspicious occasion of Maha Shivratri.

पुरमंडल मेला (Purmandal Mela) जम्मू के सांबा जिले में महाशिवरात्रि (Shivratri) के पावन पर्व पर आयोजित किया जाता है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

297📚Sangeet Shastra & Technical Terminology (Raga, Swara)Historical Origin of Kashmir

What name did famous historians and heritage experts give to Kashmir?

Explanation

Ancient Sanskrit texts, Nilamata Purana, and Rajatarangini trace the origin of Kashmir to 'Kashyapa-Meru' (the lake desiccated by Sage Kashyapa).

प्राचीन इतिहासकारों और नीलमत पुराण के अनुसार कश्मीर को 'कश्यप-मेरु' (Kashyapa-Meru) नाम दिया गया था।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

298📚Sangeet Shastra & Technical Terminology (Raga, Swara)Folk Melodies of Jammu

What is the famous folk style of Jammu?

Explanation

The folk music of Jammu heavily incorporates melodic inflections corresponding to Raga Bhairavi (and Pahadi).

जम्मू के लोक संगीत में 'भैरवी' (Bhairavi) शैली का प्रभाव प्रमुख रूप से पाया जाता है।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

299📚Musical Instruments & Vocal TraditionsTaal Notation Symbols (Sam & Khali)

Which of the following symbols indicates a pause or empty beat in a cycle, often marked by a gesture or silence?

Explanation

In Hindustani Bhatkhande taal notation, '0' denotes a Khali (empty unaccented beat waved with the hand), while 'X' denotes Sam (1st beat / main clap).

ताल लिपि में खाली (खाली मात्रा/हाथ का इशारा) को '0' चिह्न से दर्शाया जाता है, जबकि सम को 'X' से दर्शाते हैं।

2025JKSSBDepartment of Culture

300📚Relief & Round Sculpture, Portraiture & Metal CastingTypes of Relief

Match the following types of Relief sculpture with their descriptions :

Column A (Type of Relief):
i. Bas-Relief
ii. High Relief
iii. Sunken Relief
iv. Intaglio Relief.

Column B (Description):
1. Figures project prominently from the background.
2. Figures are slightly raised from the background.
3. Carvings are made below the level of the background.
4. A form of engraving where the design is cut into the surface.

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

i-2 (Bas-Relief), ii-1 (High Relief), iii-3 (Sunken Relief), iv-4 (Intaglio Relief).

i-2, ii-1, iii-3, iv-4 सही मिलान है।

2025JKSSB

301📚Entomology, Microbiology & Plant PathologyProtected Areas of India

In which of the following lakes of India, the world's only floating National Park is located?

Explanation

Keibul Lamjao National Park on Loktak Lake in Manipur is the world's only floating national park, home to the endangered Sangai brow-antlered deer.

मणिपुर की लोकतक झील (Loktak Lake) पर दुनिया का एकमात्र तैरता हुआ राष्ट्रीय उद्यान (केबुल लामजाओ) स्थित है।

2025JKSSB

302📚Cutaneous Infections, Infestations & STIsViral Dermatoses Characteristics

Consider the following statements about cutaneous viral infections:
i. Molluscum contagiosum is caused by a DNA virus from the Poxviridae family and typically presents with umbilicated papules.
ii. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections can be triggered by factors such as fever, and ultraviolet light.
iii. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections often manifest as painful vesicles in a dermatomal distribution.
iv. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation causes shingles, which typically presents as painful, unilateral vesicular eruptions in a dermatomal pattern.

Select the correct combination of statements:

Explanation

Statements i, ii, and iv are correct. Statement iii is false because dermatomal vesicles characterize VZV/shingles, whereas HPV causes hyperkeratotic warts.

कथन i, ii, और iv सही हैं।

2025JKSSB

303📚Diagnostic Mycology, Clinical Procedures & EmergenciesDermatological Diagnostics

Which device used in dermatological diagnosis emits ultraviolet rays to irradiate tissues, enabling diagnosis based on the presence and color of fluorescence?

Explanation

A Wood's lamp uses a nickel oxide filter to transmit long-wave UV radiation (320–400 nm) to evaluate skin fluorescence.

पराबैंगनी किरणें उत्सर्जित करके फ्लोरोसेंस के आधार पर निदान करने वाला उपकरण वुड्स लैम्प (Wood's lamp) है।

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304📚Basic EnglishConjunctions

Choose the appropriate option that fills in the given sentence correctly:
Smoking will never be given up, _______ the Tobacco industry thrives.

Explanation

'As long as' (condition/duration conjunction) means 'provided that' or 'during the whole time that'.

As long as' (जब तक कि) सही संयोजक है: 'जब तक तंबाकू उद्योग पनपता रहेगा, धूम्रपान समाप्त नहीं होगा।

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305🔬General ScienceEnvironmental Biotechnology

The use of micro-organism metabolism to remove pollutants such as oil spills in the water bodies is known as

Explanation

Bioremediation employs bacteria and microorganisms to degrade, neutralize, and clean up hazardous environmental pollutants like oil spills.

सूक्ष्मजीवों द्वारा तेल रिसाव और जल प्रदूषण को दूर करने की प्रक्रिया को बायोरेमेडिएशन (Bioremediation) कहते हैं।

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306🔬General ScienceIndustrial Microbiology

Which one of the following type of micro-organism is most widely used in industries?

Explanation

Industrial biotechnology utilizes bacteria (antibiotics/enzymes), microalgae (biofuels/pigments), and fungi (yeast fermentation, penicillin).

औद्योगिक स्तर पर बैक्टीरिया, सूक्ष्म शैवाल (Micro algae) और कवक (Fungi) का सर्वाधिक उपयोग होता है।

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307🔬General ScienceGravitation & Weight

What happens, when any object is taken from the Earth to the Moon?

Explanation

Since lunar gravity is one-sixth of Earth's gravity (

g_m = \frac{g_e}{6}

), the object's mass remains constant while its weight decreases by a factor of 6.

चंद्रमा पर गुरुत्वाकर्षण पृथ्वी का

1/6

होने के कारण वस्तु का भार घट (Weight decrease) जाता है।

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308🔬General ScienceAstrophysics

A 'black hole' is a body in space which does not allow any type of radiation to come out. This property is due to its

Explanation

A black hole has enormous mass compressed into an infinitesimal volume, generating infinite/extreme density and gravitational curvature from which even light cannot escape.

ब्लैक होल का अत्यधिक उच्च घनत्व (High density) और शक्तिशाली गुरुत्वाकर्षण किसी भी विकिरण को बाहर नहीं निकलने देता।

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309🔬General ScienceWater Pollution Indicators

Water pollution of a river is measured by

Explanation

River water organic pollution is assessed by Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration.

नदी के जल प्रदूषण को उसमें घुली हुई ऑक्सीजन (Dissolved Oxygen / BOD) की मात्रा से मापा जाता है।

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310📚Geography, Environment & GK of J&K UTHydroelectric Projects in J&K

Which is the first hydro power project build by India in Jammu & Kashmir under the Indus water treaty regime?

Explanation

Salal Hydroelectric Project (690 MW on Chenab river in Reasi district) was the first major run-of-the-river project constructed under the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty framework.

सिंधु जल संधि व्यवस्था के तहत जम्मू-कश्मीर में भारत द्वारा निर्मित पहली प्रमुख पनबिजली परियोजना सलाल जलविद्युत परियोजना (Salal Hydroelectric Project) है।

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311📚Geography, Environment & GK of J&K UTJ&K Hydro Projects

Kishanganga hydroelectric project is located in which district of the Jammu & Kashmir?

Explanation

The Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project (330 MW) is located on the Kishanganga/Neelum river in Bandipora district, J&K.

किशनगंगा जलविद्युत परियोजना (330 मेगावाट) जम्मू और कश्मीर के बांदीपोरा (Bandipora) जिले में स्थित है।

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312📚Geography, Environment & GK of J&K UTCultural Geography of J&K

Which district of the Jammu and Kashmir is known as land of Bowlis and land of Devika?

Explanation

Udhampur district is famously celebrated as the 'Land of Bowlis' (natural spring stepwells) and the 'Land of Devika' (holy Devika river).

उधमपुर (Udhampur) जिले को 'बावलियों की भूमि' और 'देविका की भूमि' के रूप में जाना जाता है।

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313📚Geography, Environment & GK of J&K UTRivers of J&K

Which of the following rivers serves for Salal Hydel project of Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

The Salal Hydroelectric Project is constructed on the Chenab river near Reasi.

सलाल जलविद्युत परियोजना चिनाब (Chenab) नदी पर बनाई गई है।

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314📚Geography, Environment & GK of J&K UTLakes of J&K

Which one of the following lakes of India is located in Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Anchar Lake is a picturesque freshwater wetland lake connected to Dal Lake situated near Soura, Srinagar, J&K.

आंचर झील (Anchar Lake) जम्मू और कश्मीर के श्रीनगर में स्थित है।

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315📚Refrigeration Cycles, Tools & PsychrometricsIndustrial Safety & Fire Fighting

Which of the following statements are true regarding industrial safety and fire fighting in occupational health?
1. Industrial safety focuses on the prevention of injuries and accidents in the workplace.
2. Fire fighting techniques are primarily concerned with preventing damage to machinery.
3. Occupational health safety includes physical, chemical, and biological hazards at the work-place.
4. Fire safety measures in an industrial setting do not require employee training.

Which of the above statements is/are true?

Explanation

Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Fire safety prioritizes preservation of human life over machinery, and employee training is mandatory.

कथन 1 और 3 सही हैं (औद्योगिक सुरक्षा चोटों की रोकथाम पर केंद्रित है और व्यावसायिक स्वास्थ्य में भौतिक/रासायनिक खतरे शामिल हैं)।

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316📚Comfort Conditions, Insulation, Piping & RefrigerantsThermal Insulation Properties

Which of the following correctly describes thermal insulation types and their properties?
1. Fiberglass insulation is known for its high thermal conductivity and is primarily used for soundproofing.
2. Mineral wool insulation provides both thermal and fire resistance.
3. Aerogel insulation has one of the lowest thermal conductivities, making it ideal for extreme conditions.
4. Spray foam insulation is often used in industrial applications due to its low durability.
Which of the statement is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Fiberglass has low (not high) thermal conductivity, and spray foam insulation possesses high durability.

कथन 2 और 3 सही हैं (खनिज ऊन थर्मल और अग्नि प्रतिरोध प्रदान करती है, और एरोगेल में सबसे कम तापीय चालकता होती है)।

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317📚Comfort Conditions, Insulation, Piping & RefrigerantsEvaporator Types & Operation

Which of the following statements about the construction of an evaporator is true?
1. The evaporator transfers heat from the refrigerant to the surrounding air, cooling the air in the process.
2. The direct expansion (DX) evaporator is used only in industrial refrigeration systems.
3. Flooded evaporators operate by maintaining a constant refrigerant level in the system.
4. The efficiency of an evaporator is not influenced by the flow rate of the refrigerant.
Which of the above statement are correct?

Explanation

Statement 3 is correct. Statement 1 is inverted (heat transfers from air to boiling refrigerant); DX is used in domestic/commercial units; flow rate strongly impacts heat transfer coefficient.

कथन 3 सही है (फ्लडेड इवेपोरेटर में लिक्विड रेफ्रिजरेंट का स्तर हमेशा स्थिर बनाए रखा जाता है)।

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318📚Comfort Conditions, Insulation, Piping & RefrigerantsDuctwork Fabrication

Which of the following materials is commonly used for ductwork in HVAC systems?

Explanation

Galvanized Iron / Galvanized Steel (GI sheet) is the industry-standard material for fabricating rigid HVAC air ducts due to its mechanical strength, zinc corrosion resistance, and fire resistance.

HVAC डक्टवर्क के निर्माण के लिए जस्तीकृत स्टील (Galvanized steel / GI Sheet) का उपयोग सबसे अधिक किया जाता है।

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319📚Expansion Devices, Diagnostics & Workshop PracticesExpansion Device Capacities

Arrange the following refrigerant flow control devices in descending order of their capacity to handle flow rate:
1. Solenoid valve
2. Capillary tube
3. Thermostatic expansion valve (TXV)
4. Electronic expansion valve (EEV)
Which of the above is/are correct?

Explanation

Flow capacity hierarchy: Electronic Expansion Valve (EEV, up to hundreds of tons, 4) > Large Industrial TXVs (3) > Pilot Solenoid Valves (1) > Capillary Tube (fractional HP systems <2 tons, 2).

प्रवाह दर क्षमता का घटता क्रम: इलेक्ट्रॉनिक एक्सपेंशन वाल्व (4) -> थर्मोस्टेटिक एक्सपेंशन वाल्व (3) -> सोलेनोइड वाल्व (1) -> कैपिलरी ट्यूब (2)।

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320📚Expansion Devices, Diagnostics & Workshop PracticesCompressor Capacity Control

Which method is commonly used to control the capacity of commercial compressors?

Explanation

Hot gas bypass valves, cylinder unloading, and variable frequency speed modulation are standard industrial methods for modulating compressor capacity during part-load conditions.

व्यावसायिक कंप्रेसर की क्षमता को नियंत्रित करने के लिए हॉट गैस बाईपास वाल्व (Bypass valve / Cylinder unloading) का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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321📚Expansion Devices, Diagnostics & Workshop PracticesVariable Frequency Drives

Which of the following statements regarding Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) is/are correct?
I. VFDs are used to control the speed of induction motors.
II. VFDs allow for precise motor speed control without mechanical systems.
III. VFDs change the motor's frequency to adjust its speed.
IV. VFDs are typically used only in HVAC systems.
Which of the above statement are correct?

Explanation

Statements I, II, and III are correct. Motor speed

N = \frac{120f}{P}

; VFDs vary frequency and voltage across industrial automation, pumps, and elevators (not only HVAC).

कथन I, II, और III सही हैं (VFDs आवृत्ति बदलकर मोटर गति को नियंत्रित करते हैं)।

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322📚Electrical Controls, Troubleshooting & Absorption SystemsIndustrial Compressors

Which type of compressor is generally used in larger refrigeration systems?

Explanation

Rotary twin-screw compressors (50 to 500+ tons) are standard in large commercial water chillers and industrial cold storage installations.

बड़े प्रशीतन संयंत्रों और केंद्रीय चिलरों में स्क्रू कंप्रेसर (Screw Compressor) का व्यापक रूप से उपयोग किया जाता है।

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323📚Electrical Controls, Troubleshooting & Absorption SystemsCondenser Fan Motors

Which motor is used to drive the condenser fan of out-door unit in ductable split air conditioner?

Explanation

Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) single-phase motors are the industry standard for outdoor condenser fans due to their continuous capacitor run efficiency, reliability, and smooth operation.

स्प्लिट एसी के आउटडोर कंडेनसर पंखे को चलाने के लिए परमानेंट स्प्लिट कैपेसिटर (PSC) मोटर का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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324📚Environmental Sanitation, Waste Management & Vector ControlHazardous Waste Treatment

Which of the following methods is commonly used to treat hazardous liquid waste before disposal?

Explanation

Chemical neutralization (adjusting pH using lime or acid) precipitates dissolved heavy metals and neutralizes corrosive industrial effluents prior to safe discharge.

खतरनाक अम्लीय या क्षारीय तरल अपशिष्ट के सुरक्षित निपटान से पहले रासायनिक उदासीनीकरण (Chemical neutralization) का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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325📚Environmental Sanitation, Waste Management & Vector ControlIndustrial Toxic Waste

Which of the following would be classified as "toxic liquid waste" in an industrial setting?

Explanation

Industrial organic solvents, paint thinners (toluene, xylene, acetone), and degreasers are flammable, volatile, and classified as toxic hazardous liquid waste.

औद्योगिक वातावरण में पेंट थिनर और रासायनिक सॉल्वैंट्स (Paint thinners and solvents) विषाक्त तरल कचरे के अंतर्गत आते हैं।

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326📚Environmental Sanitation, Waste Management & Vector ControlEnvironmental Sanitation Hazards

Which of the following is a major environmental concern associated with improperly maintained septic tank latrines?

Explanation

Untreated sewage effluent overflowing from failing septic tanks is rich in nitrates and phosphates, causing algal blooms and eutrophication in receiving aquatic water bodies.

सेप्टिक टैंक के रिसाव से नाइट्रोजन और फास्फोरस युक्त गंदा पानी नदियों-झीलों में पहुंचकर सुपोषण (Eutrophication) और प्रदूषण पैदा करता है।

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327📚Nutrition, Food Hygiene & Epidemic DiseasesNational Food Safety Events

The World Food India 2024 event, scheduled from September 19-22, 2024, in New Delhi, is organized by:

Explanation

World Food India is the flagship mega-food event organized annually at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi, by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI), Government of India.

वर्ल्ड फूड इंडिया 2024 कार्यक्रम का आयोजन खाद्य प्रसंस्करण उद्योग मंत्रालय (Ministry of Food Processing Industries - MoFPI) द्वारा किया गया।

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328📚Nutrition, Food Hygiene & Epidemic DiseasesHospital Disinfection (UV)

The use of ultraviolet (UV) light for sanitation in hospitals is primarily aimed at:

Explanation

UV-C radiation (wavelength

254\text{ nm}

) causes thymine dimerization in microbial DNA and RNA, inactivating vegetative bacteria, viruses, and spores in hospital air and surfaces.

अस्पतालों में पराबैंगनी (UV-C) प्रकाश का उपयोग हवा और सतहों को रोगाणुरहित (Sterilizing air and surfaces) करने के लिए किया जाता है।

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329📚Food Safety (HACCP), Public Health Legislation & MCHOccupational Carcinogens

Which of the following is an occupational disease that results from prolonged exposure to organic solvents like benzene in industries such as painting, cleaning, and chemical manufacturing?

Explanation

Chronic occupational exposure to benzene vapors causes bone marrow toxicity, aplastic anemia, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

पेंट और रसायन उद्योग में बेंजीन (Benzene) के संपर्क में रहने से रक्त कैंसर/ल्यूकेमिया (Leukemia) होने का खतरा होता है।

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330📚Principles of Museology & Museum ManagementIconic Indian Museum Masterpieces

Match List I with List II
List I (Object):
1. Didarganj Yakshi
2. Pistol of Chandrasekhar Azad
3. Siva Vamana
4. Veiled Rebecca

List II (Venue):
i. Salarjung Museum
ii. National Museum
iii. Patna Museum
iv. Allahabad Museum

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Explanation

Didarganj Yakshi -> Patna Museum / Bihar Museum (1-iii), Colt Pistol of Chandrasekhar Azad -> Allahabad Museum (2-iv), Siva Vamana (Mansar sculpture) -> National Museum, New Delhi (3-ii), Veiled Rebecca (Benzoni marble statue) -> Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad (4-i).

1-iii (दीदारगंज यक्षी = पटना संग्रहालय), 2-iv (चंद्रशेखर आज़ाद की पिस्तौल = इलाहाबाद संग्रहालय), 3-ii (शिव वामन = राष्ट्रीय संग्रहालय), 4-i (वेल्ड रेबेका = सालारजंग संग्रहालय)। सही मिलान D है।

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331📚Conservation Science, Material Degradation & Preventive ConservationMuseum Lighting & Illumination

Advantages of 'Fibre Optics' lighting in museum showcases are :
i. It does not produce heat
ii. It is easy to install
iii. It does not emit UV rays
iv. Less expensive
v. It is safe
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Explanation

Fibre optic illuminators keep the light/heat source remote from the display case, transmitting cool light with zero ultraviolet (UV) and zero infrared (IR) thermal radiation, making it completely safe for delicate organic artifacts.

संग्रहालयों में फाइबर ऑप्टिक लाइटिंग के मुख्य लाभ: यह गर्मी उत्पन्न नहीं करता (i), UV किरणें उत्सर्जित नहीं करता (iii), और कलाकृतियों के लिए सुरक्षित है (v)। सही विकल्प A (i, iii, and v only) है।

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332📚Conservation Science, Material Degradation & Preventive ConservationEnvironmental Monitoring Tools

Environmental control in museum involves :
i. Use of Lux Meter
ii. Use of Burglar Alarm
iii. Use of Whirling Hygrometer
iv. Use of RFID card accession number
v. Use of UV meter
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Explanation

Environmental preventive conservation instruments monitor ambient environmental conditions: Lux Meter (illuminance), Whirling Hygrometer / Psychrometer (relative humidity), and UV Meter (microwatts per lumen of ultraviolet radiation).

पर्यावरणीय नियंत्रण उपकरणों में लक्स मीटर (i), व्हर्लिंग हाइग्रोमीटर (आर्द्रता, iii) और यूवी मीटर (v) शामिल हैं।

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333📚Experimental Designs, Psychological Assessment & PsychometricsVocational Work Sample Evaluation

In a vocational rehabilitation centre, as a process of work-related assessment in a mechanical job trade, the rehabilitation psychologist and the trainer try to observe and understand how well a trainee can 'assemble the components', what type of assessment is being done?

Explanation

A Job Sample (Work Sample) assessment uses realistic standardized mock-up tasks identical to actual industrial job activities to measure vocational competence and dexterity directly.

यांत्रिक कार्य में पुर्जों को जोड़ने के व्यावहारिक परीक्षण को 'कार्य नमूना प्रदर्शन मूल्यांकन' (Appraisal of performance on a job sample) कहा जाता है।

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334📚General English & ComprehensionReading Comprehension

What is the primary cause of climate change, according to the passage?

Explanation

As stated in the passage, human industrial and deforestation activities significantly increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases are the primary cause of global warming.

गद्यांश के अनुसार मानवीय गतिविधियों से ग्रीनहाउस गैसों का बढ़ता स्तर जलवायु परिवर्तन का मुख्य कारण है।

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335📚History & Evolution of Percussion (Avanaddha & Pushkar Vadya)Marjana in Natyashastra

How many "Marjana" of Avnadh Vadya are there in Natya Shastra?

Explanation

Natyashastra describes 3 Marjanas (tuning paste applications for pitch resonance): Mayuri, Ardha-Mayuri, and Karmaravi.

नाट्यशास्त्र में अवनद्ध वाद्यों की 3 मार्जनाएं (Three Marjanas: मयूरी, अर्ध-मयूरी, कार्मरवी) वर्णित हैं।

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336📚Tabla Gharanas, Tala Pranas & Layakari MathematicsYati Laya Patterns

Consider the laya of the following pairs:
i. Strotogata
ii. Mridanga
iii. Pipeelika
iv. Gopuccha

Laya flow:
1. Drut, Madhya, Vilambit
2. Vilambit, Drut, Vilambit
3. Drut, Vilambit, Drut
4. Vilambit, Madhya, Drut

Select the correct pairs of the above:

Explanation

Yati rhythmic shapes: Srotovaha/Strotogata -> River widening (Vilambit -> Madhya -> Drut, 4); Mridanga -> Broad in middle (Vilambit -> Drut -> Vilambit / 3); Pipilika -> Ant-shaped (Drut -> Vilambit -> Drut, 2); Gopuccha -> Cow's tail tapering (Drut -> Madhya -> Vilambit, 1).

i-4 (स्रोतोवहा), ii-3 (मृदंगा), iii-2 (पिपीलिका), iv-1 (गोपुच्छा)। सही मिलान A है।

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337📚Carnatic Tala System, Acoustics of Tabla & MaestrosHindustani Laghu Value

How many Matras are there of Laghu in North Indian Music?

Explanation

In Hindustani classical musicology, a Laghu represents a standard single beat / 1 matra duration (or 4 matras in ancient classical prana notation).

उत्तर भारतीय संगीत में सामान्यतः लघु का मान 1 मात्रा (One matra) माना जाता है।

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338📚Biographies of Virtuosos, Tala Structures & AwardsSNA Awards

In which year was Pt. Samta Prasad honoured with Sangeet Natak Academy Award?

Explanation

Pandit Samta Prasad was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Hindustani Instrumental Music (Tabla) in 1979.

पंडित समता प्रसाद को वर्ष 1979 में संगीत नाटक अकादमी पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया था।

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339📚General Awareness, Geography & Current AffairsReligious Heritage of J&K

Utterbehni of J&K, a religious place situated on the bank of legendary Devika is located in

Explanation

Utterbehni (known as Uttarvahini where the sacred Devika river flows northwards) is a historic pilgrimage destination situated in Samba district, Jammu division.

पवित्र देविका नदी के तट पर स्थित धार्मिक स्थल उत्तरबेहनी (Utterbehni) 'सांभा' (Samba) जिले में स्थित है।

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340📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry & Biology)Water Pollution

What is the term used for the release of harmful substances into water bodies?

Explanation

Water contamination (water pollution) is the discharge of toxic chemical, biological, or physical contaminants into aquatic ecosystems.

जल निकायों में हानिकारक पदार्थों के छोड़े जाने को 'जल संदूषण' (Water contamination / Water pollution) कहा जाता है।

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341📚Indian History, Polity, Reasoning & Industrial SafetySecondary Economic Sector

Which of the following industries falls under the secondary sector?

Explanation

The Secondary Sector processes and manufactures industrial goods from raw materials (e.g. textile mills, automotive factories, construction).

द्वितीयक क्षेत्र (Secondary sector) के अंतर्गत विनिर्माण उद्योग जैसे 'वस्त्र निर्माण' (Textile manufacturing) आता है।

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342📚General Awareness, Indian History & GeographyNortheast Indian Festivals

Which of the following is NOT the festival of Arunachal Pradesh?

Explanation

Ranikor is a scenic river border town and cultural festival venue in Meghalaya (not Arunachal Pradesh).

रानीकोर (Ranikor) मेघालय का स्थल/उत्सव है, अरुणाचल प्रदेश का नहीं।

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343📚General Awareness, Indian History & GeographyHistoric Temples of India

Which of the following statements about the famous temples of India is/are correct?
1. Meenakshi Temple (Tamil Nadu) - A historic temple in Madurai, famous for its stunning Dravidian architecture.
2. Sun Temple (Odisha) - A 13th-century temple in Konark, known for its unique chariot- shaped structure.
3. Somnath Temple (Gujarat) - A historic temple known for the annual Rath Yatra (chariot festival).

Explanation

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is false because the annual Rath Yatra chariot festival takes place at Jagannath Temple in Puri, Odisha (not Somnath).

कथन 1 और 2 सही हैं। (कथन 3 गलत है क्योंकि रथ यात्रा पुरी के जगन्नाथ मंदिर में होती है, सोमनाथ में नहीं)।

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344📚General Awareness, Indian History & GeographyIndian Drainage System

The Brahmaputra River flows through, which of the following countries before entering India?

Explanation

The Brahmaputra originates in Tibet (China) as the Yarlung Tsangpo, flows through China before entering India in Arunachal Pradesh.

ब्रह्मपुत्र नदी भारत में प्रवेश करने से पहले 'चीन' (तिब्बत / यारलुंग त्सांगपो) से होकर बहती है।

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345📚General Science, Public Hygiene & Special Reference to J&KNational Parks of J&K

Which of the following statements about Kazinag National Park is correct?

Explanation

Kazinag National Park (Baramulla district, J&K) was established on the north bank of Jhelum primarily to protect the critically endangered Pir Panjal Markhor (Capra falconeri) and Kashmir flying squirrel.

काजीनाग राष्ट्रीय उद्यान (बारामूला, J&K) विशेष रूप से संकटग्रस्त 'मारखोर' (Markhor) और कश्मीरी उड़ने वाली गिलहरी का संरक्षण स्थल है।

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346📚General Science, Public Hygiene & Special Reference to J&KGeography of Kashmir

The Tulip Garden (Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden) is situated on the foothills of which range?

Explanation

Asia's largest tulip garden, the Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden in Srinagar, is terraced on the foothills of the Zabarwan Mountain Range overlooking Dal Lake.

श्रीनगर का प्रसिद्ध ट्यूलिप गार्डन 'जबरवान पर्वत श्रृंखला' (Zabarwan Range) की तलहटी में स्थित है।

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347📚General Science, Public Hygiene & Special Reference to J&KMusic and Culture of J&K

Which of the following is NOT Kashmiri Music?

Explanation

Rouf/Wanwun, Ladishah (satirical singing), and Sufiana Kalam are indigenous classical and folk musical genres of Kashmir; Qawwali is a Hindustani Sufi devotional genre originating in the Delhi Sultanate.

रौफ, लदिशाह और सूफियाना कलाम कश्मीर के पारंपरिक संगीत हैं; 'कव्वाली' (Qawwali) कश्मीरी लोक संगीत का मूल रूप नहीं है।

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348📚General Science, Public Hygiene & Special Reference to J&KTemples and Shrines of Jammu

Which ancient temple in Jammu is dedicated to the presiding deity of the region, Goddess Kali?

Explanation

The historic Bawe Wali Mata Temple located inside the Bahu Fort on the banks of the Tawi River is dedicated to Goddess Mahakali, the presiding deity of Jammu.

बाहु किले में स्थित बावे वाली माता का मंदिर (Bahu Fort Temple) जम्मू की अधिष्ठात्री देवी महाकाली को समर्पित है।

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349📚General Science, Public Hygiene & Special Reference to J&KFounding of Jammu

Who is considered the founder of the city of Jammu?

Explanation

According to historical legends and the Gulabnama, the 9th-century king Raja Jambulochan founded the city of Jambupura (Jammu) after witnessing a tiger and a goat drinking water harmoniously from the same spot on the Tawi river.

जम्मू शहर की स्थापना 9वीं शताब्दी के राजा जम्बूलोचन (Raja Jambulochan) ने की थी।

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350📚General Awareness, Indian History & GeographyWorld Geography Superlatives

Which is the largest river island in the World?

Explanation

Majuli Island on the Brahmaputra River in Assam is recognized by Guinness World Records as the largest inhabited river island on Earth.

विश्व का सबसे बड़ा नदी द्वीप असम में ब्रह्मपुत्र नदी पर स्थित 'माजुली द्वीप' (Majuli Island) है।

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351📚General Awareness, Indian History & GeographyLakes of India

Which of these is the largest brackish water lake of India?

Explanation

Chilika Lake in Odisha (covering over

1,100\text{ km}^2

) is the largest brackish water lagoon in India and second largest in the world.

भारत की सबसे बड़ी खारे पानी की लैगून झील 'चिल्का झील' (Chilka Lake, ओडिशा) है।

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352📚General Awareness, Indian History & GeographyPublic Sector Enterprises

Consider the following statement.
Statement 1 : The full form of BHEL is Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
Statement 2 : The abbreviations of GAIL stands for Gross Allowance of Industries Limited
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: BHEL stands for Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. Statement 2 is incorrect: GAIL stands for Gas Authority of India Limited.

कथन 1 सही है और कथन 2 गलत है (GAIL का पूर्ण रूप Gas Authority of India Limited है)। सही विकल्प A है।

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353📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry & Biology)Hydrostatic Pressure

The pressure exerted by a liquid depends on

Explanation

Hydrostatic pressure in a fluid depends directly on liquid density (

\rho

), gravitational acceleration (

g

), and depth/height of the column (

h

):

P = \rho g h

.

द्रव द्वारा डाला गया हाइड्रोस्टैटिक दाब 'द्रव के घनत्व और गहराई' (Its density and the depth of the liquid) पर निर्भर करता है।

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354📚Environment, Demographics (Census 2011) & J&K GeographyMineral Extraction

What is the process of obtaining minerals from the Earth's crust called?

Explanation

Mining is the industrial extraction of valuable minerals, metallic ores, or other geological materials from the Earth.

भू-पर्पटी से खनिजों और अयस्कों को निकालने की प्रक्रिया 'खनन' (Mining) कहलाती है।

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355📚Environment, Demographics (Census 2011) & J&K GeographyHydroelectric Projects of J&K

The Baglihar Hydroelectric Project is located on which river in Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

The 900 MW Baglihar Hydroelectric Power Project is constructed on the Chenab River in Ramban district, Jammu division.

बगलीहार जलविद्युत परियोजना जम्मू-कश्मीर के रामबन जिले में 'चिनाब नदी' (Chenab River) पर स्थित है।

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356📚Environment, Demographics (Census 2011) & J&K GeographyHydroelectric Stations of J&K

The Uri-I Hydroelectric Power Station is located on which river?

Explanation

The 480 MW Uri-I Hydroelectric Power Station is a run-of-the-river scheme constructed on the Jhelum River in Baramulla district, Kashmir.

उरी-I (Uri-I) जलविद्युत परियोजना बारामूला जिले में 'झेलम नदी' (Jhelum River) पर स्थित है।

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357📚Environment, Demographics (Census 2011) & J&K GeographyHydroelectric Stations of J&K

The Salal Hydroelectric Project is located on which river in Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

The 690 MW Salal Hydroelectric Power Station is constructed on the Chenab River near Reasi in Jammu division.

सलाल जलविद्युत परियोजना रियासी के पास 'चिनाब नदी' (Chenab River) पर स्थित है।

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358📚Environment, Demographics (Census 2011) & J&K GeographyHydroelectric Stations of J&K

The Dulhasti Hydro Power Station is located in which district of Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

The 390 MW Dulhasti Hydroelectric Power Station is built on the Chenab River in Kishtwar district, Jammu division.

दुलहस्ती हाइड्रो पावर स्टेशन जम्मू-कश्मीर के 'किश्तवाड़' (Kishtwar) जिले में चिनाब नदी पर स्थित है।

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359📚Cyber Security, IT Act 2000, Cryptography & IPRIntellectual Property Rights (IPR)

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in India covers
I. Patents
II. Copyrights
III. Trademarks
Which of the following options is/are correct?

Explanation

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) framework in India legally encompasses Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks, Industrial Designs, and Geographical Indications (All I, II, and III).

भारत में बौद्धिक संपदा अधिकार (IPR) पेटेंट, कॉपीराइट और ट्रेडमार्क तीनों को शामिल करता है। सही विकल्प D है।

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360📚Cyber Security, IT Act 2000, Cryptography & IPRIndian National AI Initiatives

A Task Force on Artificial Intelligence (AI) for India's Economic Transformation was constituted by

Explanation

In August 2017, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Government of India) constituted the 18-member Task Force on Artificial Intelligence for India's Economic Transformation chaired by V. Kamakoti.

भारत में आर्थिक परिवर्तन के लिए आर्टिफिशियल इंटेलिजेंस टास्क फोर्स का गठन 'वाणिज्य एवं उद्योग मंत्रालय' (Ministry of Commerce and Industry) द्वारा 2017 में किया गया था।

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361📚Operating Systems (Linux, Windows), System Software & Hardware ArchitectureSoftware Hierarchy

Which of the following statements accurately explains the relationship between hardware, system software, and application software?

Explanation

System software (Operating System and device drivers) directly manages physical hardware resources and provides an abstraction layer/APIs through which application software executes user-facing tasks.

सिस्टम सॉफ्टवेयर सीधे हार्डवेयर से जुड़ता है, जबकि एप्लिकेशन सॉफ्टवेयर उपयोगकर्ता कार्यों को पूरा करने के लिए सिस्टम सॉफ्टवेयर के माध्यम से हार्डवेयर का उपयोग करता है।

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362📚Operating Systems (Linux, Windows), System Software & Hardware ArchitectureLinux Kernel Architecture

Which of the following statements best explains the functionality of a Linux kernel in the context of system operations?

Explanation

The Linux kernel is the core foundational layer of the OS, managing physical CPU process scheduling, virtual memory management, interrupt handling, and device drivers.

लिनक्स कर्नेल सिस्टम संसाधनों (मेमोरी, CPU शेड्यूलिंग, डिवाइस ड्राइवर) का प्रबंधन करता है और हार्डवेयर तथा एप्लिकेशन के बीच सेतु का कार्य करता है।

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363📚Operating Systems (Linux, Windows), System Software & Hardware ArchitectureOperating System File Systems

Which of the following file systems is not natively supported in Windows Operating System?

Explanation

Hierarchical File System (HFS / HFS Plus) is Apple's proprietary macOS file system, which is not natively supported for reading/writing in Microsoft Windows without third-party drivers (FAT32, exFAT, and NTFS are standard native Windows file systems).

HFS (एप्पल का फ़ाइल सिस्टम) विंडोज़ ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम में मूल रूप से समर्थित (Not natively supported) नहीं है (जबकि FAT32, exFAT, NTFS समर्थित हैं)।

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364📚Pharmaceutical Analysis, Limit Tests & Quality ControlElectronic Transitions in UV-Vis

Energy absorbed in U.V. region produces changes in the

Explanation

Absorption of ultraviolet and visible electromagnetic radiation (

200\text{--}800\text{ nm}

) possesses sufficient quantum energy to promote valence electrons from bonding/non-bonding ground state orbitals to anti-bonding orbitals (Electronic Energy transitions).

पराबैंगनी (UV) क्षेत्र में ऊर्जा का अवशोषण अणु की 'इलेक्ट्रॉनिक ऊर्जा' (Electronic energy of the molecule) में संक्रमण उत्पन्न करता है।

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365📚Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, SAR & TherapeuticsBeta-Blocker Synthesis

Which of the following drug is prepared from 1-naphthol?

Explanation

Propranolol, a prototype non-selective beta-adrenergic blocker, is industrially synthesized via base-catalyzed reaction of 1-naphthol with epichlorohydrin followed by ring opening with isopropylamine.

गैर-चयनात्मक बीटा-ब्लॉकर 'प्रोप्रानोलोल' (Propranolol) का संश्लेषण 1-नैफ्थॉल (1-naphthol) से किया जाता है।

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366📚Electrical Measurements, Safety, Grounding & Computer ApplicationsCircuit Breakers (MCCB)

What does MCCB stand for?

Explanation

MCCB stands for Molded Case Circuit Breaker, an industrial protection device used for current ratings typically from 63A to 1600A.

MCCB का पूर्ण रूप 'Molded Case Circuit Breaker' (मोल्डेड केस सर्किट ब्रेकर) होता है।

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367📚Electrical Measurements, Safety, Grounding & Computer ApplicationsScreen Mirroring Protocols

Which of the following protocols or technologies is most commonly used by smart TVs to enable screen mirroring from mobile devices or other external devices?

Explanation

Miracast (a Wi-Fi Alliance standard operating over Wi-Fi Direct) is the industry standard protocol used for wireless peer-to-peer screen casting and mirroring to smart TVs.

स्मार्ट टीवी पर मोबाइल स्क्रीन मिररिंग के लिए मुख्य रूप से 'मिराकास्ट' (Miracast / Wi-Fi Direct) तकनीक का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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368📚Cinematography Fundamentals, History of Photography & OpticsMaster Photographers

Arnold Newman (1918-2006) was an American photographer known for his pioneering work in:

Explanation

Arnold Newman is universally acclaimed as the 'Father of Environmental Portraiture', capturing prominent subjects in their natural working and living surroundings (e.g. Igor Stravinsky at his piano).

अर्नोल्ड न्यूमैन को 'पर्यावरणीय पोर्ट्रेट फोटोग्राफी' (Environmental portraiture) के अग्रणी जनक के रूप में जाना जाता है।

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369📚Cinematography Fundamentals, History of Photography & OpticsHeliography Process

A process developed by French physicist Joseph Niepce in 1816 that produced a positive copy of an engraving by exposing a glass plate coated with asphalt-like substance is known as:

Explanation

Nicéphore Niépce named his bitumen of Judea (asphalt) light-sensitive photographic process 'Heliography' (sun drawing), creating the earliest known surviving permanent photograph in 1826.

जोसेफ नीप्स द्वारा डामर/बिटुमेन का उपयोग करके विकसित की गई शुरुआती प्रक्रिया को 'हेलियोग्राफी' (Heliography) कहा जाता है।

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370📚Exposure Triangle, Lenses, Camera Mechanics & DarkroomAutofocus Modes (AF-S, AF-C, AF-A)

Consider the following statements:
I. Single-Servo Autofocus: In AF-S mode, the camera locks focus when the shutter button is pressed halfway.
II. Continuous-Servo Autofocus: In AF-C mode, the camera continuously adjusts focus as long as the shutter button is pressed halfway.
III. Automatic-Servo Autofocus: Some cameras offer an automatic AF mode that switches between AF-S and AF-C depending on whether the subject is stationary or moving.
Which of the given statement is/ are correct?

Explanation

All three statements (I, II, and III) are accurate industry definitions for AF-S (Single), AF-C (Continuous), and AF-A (Auto-switching) autofocus modes.

तीनों कथन (I, II और III) सही हैं (AF-S स्थिर विषयों के लिए, AF-C गतिमान के लिए और AF-A स्वचालित स्विचिंग के लिए)। सही विकल्प D है।

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371📚Cinematography Fundamentals, History of Photography & OpticsPortrait Lenses

On a full frame 35mm DSLR camera, which of the following lenses would be best for portrait work?

Explanation

An 85mm prime lens (or 85–105mm) is the industry benchmark for full-frame portraiture because it renders natural human facial proportions with zero wide-angle distortion and produces pleasing background bokeh isolation.

फुल-फ्रेम 35mm कैमरे पर पोर्ट्रेट फोटोग्राफी के लिए सबसे आदर्श लेंस '85 mm' (85mm प्राइम लेंस) माना जाता है।

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372📚Civil Engineering & Building MaterialsCement Properties

The specific gravity of commonly available ordinary Portland cement is

Explanation

The standard specific gravity of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) measured using a Le Chatelier flask with kerosene is 3.15.

साधारण पोर्टलैंड सीमेंट (OPC) का मानक विशिष्ट गुरुत्व '3.15' होता है।

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373📚Civil Engineering & Building MaterialsCement Testing Apparatus Matching

Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List - I (Property of Cement):
i. Specific gravity
ii. Setting time
iii. Soundness
iv. Fineness

List - II (Testing Apparatus):
1. Blain's apparatus
2. Le Chatelier's flask
3. Autoclave
4. Vicat's apparatus

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

i -> 2 (Specific gravity: Le Chatelier flask), ii -> 4 (Setting time: Vicat apparatus), iii -> 3 (Soundness due to magnesia/lime: Autoclave / Le Chatelier mold), iv -> 1 (Fineness air permeability: Blaine apparatus). Correct match: i-2, ii-4, iii-3, iv-1.

i-2 (विशिष्ट गुरुत्व - ली चेटेलियर फ्लास्क), ii-4 (सेटिंग समय - विकाट उपकरण), iii-3 (साउंडनेस - ऑटोक्लेव), iv-1 (बारीकी - ब्लेन उपकरण)। सही विकल्प B है।

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374📚Mechanical Engineering & Thermal SciencesFluid Properties Matching

Consider the following pairs:
i. Strain rate
ii. Specific gravity
iii. Viscosity
iv. Specific weight

1. A fluid property directly related to density of the fluid
2. Plays a primary role in the generation of turbulence
3. The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water
4. The rate at which a fluid element deforms

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Explanation

i -> 4 (Strain rate: rate of deformation

du/dy

), ii -> 3 (Specific gravity: relative density to water), iii -> 2 (Viscosity: dampens/controls turbulence via Reynolds number), iv -> 1 (Specific weight:

\gamma = \rho g

directly related to density). Correct match: i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1.

i-4 (विकृति दर - विरूपण की दर), ii-3 (विशिष्ट गुरुत्व - पानी से अनुपात), iii-2 (श्यानता - अशांति नियंत्रण), iv-1 (विशिष्ट भार -

\rho g

)। सही विकल्प B है।

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375📚General English, Grammar & Reading ComprehensionGrammar Classification

Identify the sentence that contains an adverb modifying an adjective:
[Option text: 'The extremely cold weather froze the lake']

Explanation

In 'The extremely cold weather froze the lake', the adverb 'extremely' modifies the adjective 'cold'.

वाक्य 'The extremely cold weather froze the lake' में क्रियाविशेषण 'extremely' विशेषण 'cold' की विशेषता बताता है।

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376📚Food Safety Acts, FSSAI Regulations & StandardsFood Research Institutions

Which of the following agencies plays a role in promoting food safety research in India?

Explanation

NIFTEM (National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli/Thanjavur) under the Ministry of Food Processing Industries conducts apex research, entrepreneurship training, and testing in food science.

भारत में खाद्य सुरक्षा और खाद्य प्रौद्योगिकी अनुसंधान को बढ़ावा देने वाला प्रमुख संस्थान 'NIFTEM' है।

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377📚Food Chemistry, Nutrition & BiochemistryTrans Fats Formation

Which of the following chemical reactions in food chemistry is responsible for the development of trans fats during the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils?

Explanation

During industrial catalytic partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils (using nickel catalysts at high heat), geometric Cis-Trans Isomerization occurs, converting naturally occurring cis-unsaturated double bonds into unnatural, atherogenic Trans-fatty acid isomers (elaidic acid).

वनस्पति तेलों के आंशिक हाइड्रोजनीकरण के दौरान ट्रांस वसा का निर्माण 'सिस-ट्रांस आइसोमराइज़ेशन' (Cis-trans isomerization) रासायनिक अभिक्रिया के कारण होता है।

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378📚Food Microbiology, Pathogens & Foodborne IllnessesClostridium perfringens Food Poisoning

Which of the following conditions best describes the growth environment of Clostridium perfringens in food?

Explanation

Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic, spore-forming, fast-growing foodborne pathogen that multiplies extremely rapidly in temperature-abused cooked meat/gravies in anaerobic cores at warm temperatures (

43 ext{--}47^\circ ext{C}

).

Clostridium perfringens 'अवायवीय परिस्थितियों में और मध्यम-गर्म तापमान पर' (Grows in anaerobic conditions) बहुत तेजी से पनपता है।

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379📚Food Microbiology, Pathogens & Foodborne Illnesses12D Botulinum Thermal Cook

Which of the following microbial control methods is most effective in destroying spores from Clostridium botulinum during low-acid food canning?

Explanation

Commercial Sterility in industrial and home canning of low-acid foods mandates applying a '12D Botulinum Cook', heating under steam pressure at temperatures

\ge 121.1^\circ ext{C}

(

250^\circ ext{F}

) for the calculated thermal death time to achieve a 12-log reduction of C. botulinum spores.

डिब्बाबंद खाद्य पदार्थों में बोटुलिनम बीजाणुओं को नष्ट करने का सबसे प्रभावी तरीका '121°C से ऊपर तापमान पर विशिष्ट समय के लिए प्रेशर कुकिंग' (Pressure cooking above 121°C / 12D कुक) है।

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380📚Food Processing, Preservation Techniques & PackagingMilk Homogenization

Which of the following is the main reason high-pressure homogenization is used in dairy products such as milk and cream?

Explanation

High-pressure homogenization forces milk through a narrow orifice under 15–25 MPa, shearing milk fat globules from

4\ \mu ext{m}

down to

<1\ \mu ext{m}

, creating a stable uniform emulsion that prevents creaming (gravity separation) and imparts a rich, smooth mouthfeel.

दूध में होमोजिनाइजेशन का मुख्य उद्देश्य 'वसा की बूंदों का बारीक पायसीकरण करके एक समान चिकनी बनावट प्रदान करना' (Improve emulsification of fat droplets) और मलाई को अलग होने से रोकना है।

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381📚Food Processing, Preservation Techniques & PackagingLight Barrier Food Packaging

Which of the following food packaging techniques is primarily designed to protect sensitive food products from light degradation and preserve their nutritional content?

Explanation

UV-absorbing and amber-tinted barrier plastic packaging incorporates ultraviolet light absorbers/blockers to shield light-sensitive nutrients (Riboflavin/Vitamin B2, Vitamin A, unsaturated lipids) from photo-oxidation and light-induced off-flavors.

प्रकाश-संवेदनशील पोषक तत्वों को फोटो-ऑक्सीकरण से बचाने के लिए विशेष रूप से 'यूवी-अवशोषित प्लास्टिक फिल्में' (UV-absorbing plastic films) डिज़ाइन की जाती हैं।

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382📚Food Processing, Preservation Techniques & PackagingThermoform Packaging

What is the core principle of thermoform packaging in the food industry?

Explanation

Thermoforming heats flat thermoplastic polymer sheets (PET, PVC, PP) to pliable forming temperatures and draws them via vacuum or air pressure into rigid contoured trays/blisters, depositing food and heat-sealing a top lidding film.

थर्मोफॉर्म पैकेजिंग का मुख्य सिद्धांत 'प्लास्टिक शीट को गर्म करके मोल्ड में पैकेजिंग ट्रे बनाना और बिना भोजन को गर्म किए सील करना' है।

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383📚Food Processing Operations, Preservation & Packaging TechnologyUnit Operations in Food Processing

Which of the following is a unit operation?

Explanation

In food engineering, Unit Operations are individual physical or chemical processing steps (such as heating, cooling, coating, mixing, size reduction, and biological unit operations like fermentation) comprising an industrial process.

खाद्य इंजीनियरिंग में यूनिट ऑपरेशंस (Unit operations) में हीटिंग, कोटिंग और किण्वन (All of the above) सभी प्रसंस्करण चरण शामिल हैं।

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384📚Food Processing Operations, Preservation & Packaging TechnologyWater Quality Standards

The quality of water and hygiene of plant is higher for which of the food industry?

Explanation

Packaged Drinking Water and Natural Mineral Water processing industries mandate the most stringent bacteriological and physical water quality standards (IS 14543 / IS 13428) with total microbial sterility, ultrafiltration, and ozone sanitation.

पादप स्वच्छता और पानी की गुणवत्ता के उच्चतम मानक 'पैकेज्ड पेयजल उद्योग' (Packaged drinking water) के लिए अनिवार्य हैं।

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385📚Food Processing Operations, Preservation & Packaging TechnologyIndustrial Drying Equipment Matching

Match the following dryer with the type of product they are compatible with:
1. Kiln Air convection dryer
2. Cabinet, Tray or Pan Air convection dryer
3. Spray Dryer
4. Freeze Dryer

Compatible Product:
i. Pieces and liquids
ii. Pieces
iii. Pieces, Purees and Liquids
iv. Purees and Liquids

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

1 -> ii (Kiln dryer: large pieces like apple slices, hops), 2 -> i (Cabinet/Tray dryer: pieces and shallow liquids), 3 -> iv (Spray dryer: atomized liquids and purees into powder), 4 -> iii (Freeze dryer: high-value solid pieces, purees, and liquid extracts). Correct match: (1)-(ii), (2)-(i), (3)-(iv), (4)-(iii).

1-ii (किल्न ड्रायर - ठोस टुकड़े), 2-i (कैबिनेट/ट्रे ड्रायर - टुकड़े और तरल), 3-iv (स्प्रे ड्रायर - तरल/प्यूरी), 4-iii (फ्रीज ड्रायर - उच्च गुणवत्ता टुकड़े/तरल)। सही विकल्प C है।

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386📚Food Chemistry, Lipids, Proteins & CarbohydratesIndustrial Enzyme Applications

Amylase enzyme is used in processing of:
I. Baked goods
II. Cereals
III. Fruit Juices
IV. Confectionery
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Amylases (

\alpha

- and

\beta

-amylases, glucoamylases) are widely applied in: Baking dough fermentation (I), cereal mash liquefaction (II), fruit juice de-starching clarification (III), and confectionery glucose/high-fructose syrup production (IV). Correct: All of the them.

एमाइलेज एंजाइम का उपयोग बेकरी उत्पादों, अनाजों, फलों के रस के स्पष्टीकरण और कन्फेक्शनरी (All of the them) सभी में किया जाता है। सही विकल्प D है।

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387📚Atmospheric Physics, Air Pollution & Climate ChangeAtmosphere Definition

The atmosphere of the earth can be defined as

Explanation

The Atmosphere is the gaseous envelope of mixed air mass retained around the planet Earth by gravitational attraction.

पृथ्वी के चारों ओर गैसीय आवरण को 'वायु का आवरण' (Envelope of air mass / वायुमंडल) कहा जाता है।

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388📚Atmospheric Physics, Air Pollution & Climate ChangeAerosol Particle Dynamics Forces

Which of the following forces is negligible in particle dynamics?

Explanation

In atmospheric aerosol and particulate dynamics, the dominant governing forces are Gravity, Fluid Drag/Resistance, and Buoyancy; intermolecular Electrostatic Repulsion forces between macroscopic aerosol particles are negligible.

कण गतिकी (Particle dynamics) में गुरुत्वाकर्षण और वायु प्रतिरोध की तुलना में 'प्रतिकर्षण बल' (Repulsion forces) नगण्य होता है।

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389📚Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics & Environmental ThermodynamicsEcological Hierarchy Matching

Consider the following pairs:
Set-A:
1. Organisms
2. Population
3. Biological community
4. Aquatic systems

Set-B:
i. Primary lakes, rivers and marine ecosystems
ii. The populations of plants, animals, bacteria and fungi having distinct species composition and structures
iii. Group of individuals inhabiting each area having group characteristics
iv. Basic unit of study in ecology to understand the form, physiology and behaviour

Which one among the pairs given below is correct:

Explanation

1 -> iv (Organism: basic ecological unit of form/physiology), 2 -> iii (Population: group of conspecific individuals in an area), 3 -> ii (Biological community: interacting populations of multiple species), 4 -> i (Aquatic systems: lotic/lentic waters and marine ecosystems). Correct match: (1)-(iv), (2)-(iii), (3)-(ii), (4)-(i).

1-iv (जीव - पारिस्थितिकी की मूल इकाई), 2-iii (समष्टि - एक ही प्रजाति का समूह), 3-ii (समुदाय - विभिन्न प्रजातियों की समष्टियां), 4-i (जलीय तंत्र - झीलें/नदियां)। सही विकल्प A है।

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390📚Water Quality, Aquatic Chemistry & Wastewater EngineeringAquatic Nitrogen Chemistry

In the lakes, nitrogen is found usually in the form of

Explanation

In well-oxygenated surface lake waters, dissolved inorganic nitrogen is predominantly oxidized through bacterial nitrification (

NH_4^+ ightarrow NO_2^- ightarrow NO_3^-

) into Nitrate (

ext{NO}_3^-

), the primary assimilable form of nitrogen for aquatic plants and phytoplankton.

ऑक्सीजन युक्त झीलों के पानी में नाइट्रोजन आमतौर पर 'नाइट्रेट' (

ext{NO}_3^-

) के रूप में पाई जाती है।

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391📚Environmental Biostatistics, Solid Waste & Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)Solid Waste Classification Matching

Consider the following pairs:
Set - A (Waste Category):
1. Vegetable residues and garbage
2. Pulp and paper waste
3. Radioactive substance
4. Pathological waste

Set - B (Classification):
i. Hazardous waste
ii. Municipal Solid waste
iii. Biomedical waste
iv. Industrial waste

Which one among the pairs given below is correct:

Explanation

1 -> ii (Vegetable/kitchen garbage: Municipal Solid Waste MSW), 2 -> iv (Pulp and paper sludge: Non-hazardous Industrial waste), 3 -> i (Radioactive substances: Hazardous Nuclear Waste), 4 -> iii (Pathological/human tissues: Biomedical Waste). Correct match: (1)-(ii), (2)-(iv), (3)-(i), (4)-(iii).

1-ii (कचरा - नगरपालिका ठोस अपशिष्ट), 2-iv (पल्प व पेपर - औद्योगिक अपशिष्ट), 3-i (रेडियोधर्मी - खतरनाक अपशिष्ट), 4-iii (पैथोलॉजिकल - बायोमेडिकल अपशिष्ट)। सही विकल्प B है।

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392📚Environmental Microbiology, Toxic Chemicals & Environmental LawsIndian Acts Provisions Matching

Consider the following pairs:
Set - A (Act):
1. The Factories Act, 1948
2. The Atomic Energy Act, 1962
3. Motor Vehicle Act, 1988
4. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

Set - B (Mandate):
i. Adequate ventilation and reasonable temperature maintenance
ii. The protection of wild animals, birds and plants
iii. Prevention of radiation hazards and guarantee of public safety
iv. Legislative provisions regarding licensing of drivers and registration of motor vehicles

Which one among the pairs given below is correct:

Explanation

1 -> i (Factories Act 1948: Section 13 ventilation/temperature standards), 2 -> iii (Atomic Energy Act 1962: radiological safety), 3 -> iv (Motor Vehicles Act 1988: vehicle emission norms & registration), 4 -> ii (Wildlife Protection Act 1972: conservation of flora/fauna). Correct match: (1)-(i), (2)-(iii), (3)-(iv), (4)-(ii).

1-i (कारखाना अधिनियम 1948 - वेंटिलेशन/तापमान), 2-iii (परमाणु ऊर्जा अधिनियम 1962 - विकिरण सुरक्षा), 3-iv (मोटर वाहन अधिनियम 1988 - वाहन पंजीकरण/उत्सर्जन), 4-ii (वन्यजीव संरक्षण अधिनियम 1972 - वन्यजीव संरक्षण)। सही विकल्प C है।

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393📚Atmospheric Physics, Air Pollution & Climate ChangePaper Mill Industrial Emissions

Which of the following pollutant is emitted from paper mills?

Explanation

Kraft pulp and paper chemical digestion mills emit substantial quantities of Sulfur Dioxide (

ext{SO}_2

) along with total reduced sulfur (TRS) compounds (Hydrogen sulfide, Methyl mercaptan, Dimethyl sulfide).

कागज और लुगदी मिलों से उत्सर्जित होने वाला प्रमुख गैसीय प्रदूषक 'सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड' (

ext{SO}_2

) है।

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394📚Water Quality, Aquatic Chemistry & Wastewater EngineeringIndustrial Spray Ponds (Cooling)

Spray ponds are primarily used for

Explanation

Spray Ponds are industrial thermodynamic cooling systems where warm circulating condenser water from thermal power plants is sprayed as droplets into the ambient air for evaporative Cooling before recirculation.

स्प्रे तालाब (Spray ponds) का उपयोग मुख्य रूप से औद्योगिक शीतलन जल के वाष्पीकरणीय 'शीतलन' (Cooling) के लिए किया जाता है।

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395📚Atmospheric Physics, Air Pollution & Climate ChangeCyclone Separator Mechanism

Cyclone is one of the particle removal equipment in air pollution studies. Which of the following mechanisms is NOT related to this equipment?

Explanation

Cyclone separators remove dry particulate matter using Centrifugal inertial forces, Impaction against the outer wall, Interception, and Gravity settling; Absorption is a chemical gas-liquid mass transfer process NOT related to cyclone dust collectors.

चक्रवात विभाजक (Cyclone separator) में जड़त्वीय संघट्ट और गुरुत्वाकर्षण काम करते हैं; 'अवशोषण' (Absorption) इससे संबंधित नहीं है।

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396📚Water Quality, Aquatic Chemistry & Wastewater EngineeringMinimum Dissolved Oxygen for Fish

For fish and aquatic animal species the minimum required dissolved oxygen in the river is:

Explanation

For maintaining healthy aquatic life and preventing fish asphyxiation, CPCB and EPA river quality standards mandate a Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration of at least

4 ext{--}5 ext{ mg/L}

, with

3 ext{ mg/L}

representing the critical absolute minimum physiological survival threshold below which fish kills occur. Choice A.

नदियों में मछलियों और जलीय जीवों के जीवित रहने के लिए आवश्यक न्यूनतम घुलित ऑक्सीजन (DO) का स्तर '

3\text{ mg/L}

' (या 4-5 mg/L) होता है।

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397📚Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology & PharmacognosyAloe Fluorescence Analysis

Alcoholic extract of aloe under UV light gives colour:

Explanation

Under ultraviolet light (

365 ext{ nm}

), an alcoholic extract of Aloe (containing anthraquinone aloin/barbaloin) characteristically exhibits a distinctive Deep Brown / dark brownish-yellow fluorescence.

पराबैंगनी (UV) प्रकाश के तहत एलोवेरा का मादक अर्क 'गहरा भूरा' (Deep brown) प्रतिदीप्ति रंग देता है।

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398📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTIndian Agriculture (Crops)

Ponni rice is mainly grown in which state of India?

Explanation

Ponni Rice is a famous high-yielding hybrid variety of rice developed by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) in 1971 and is cultivated extensively along the banks of the Kaveri (Ponni) river in Tamil Nadu.

पोन्नी चावल (Ponni rice) मुख्य रूप से भारत के 'तमिलनाडु' (Tamil Nadu) राज्य में कावेरी नदी के कछार में उगाया जाता है।

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399📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTChenab Rail Bridge

Chenab Rail Bridge in Jammu & Kashmir is built between which railway stations?

Explanation

The world's highest Chenab Rail Bridge (359 m above the river bed) spans the Chenab River gorge between Bakkal and Kauri, forming a critical section on the Katra-Reasi-Sangaldan rail route.

चिनाब रेल पुल जम्मू-कश्मीर के रियासी जिले में बक्कल और कौरी के बीच स्थित है (संगलदान और रियासी रेल खंड)। सही विकल्प A है।

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400📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTLakes of J&K

With reference to the lakes of Jammu & Kashmir, which of the following matches are NOT correct?

Explanation

Match D is NOT correct: Manasbal Lake is located in Ganderbal district (famous as the deepest lake and for lotus blossoms). The title 'Jewel in the crown of Kashmir' belongs to Dal Lake in Srinagar.

विकल्प D गलत है क्योंकि मानसबल झील गांदरबल जिले में स्थित है और 'कश्मीर के मुकुट का गहना' डल झील को कहा जाता है।

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401📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTIndian Art & Architecture (Brihadeshwara)

Which of the following statements about Brihadeshwara temple is/are correct?
I. The temple is located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, on the south side of the Vaigai river.
II. Large statue of Nandi (the holy bull) carved from a single rock, measuring approximately 16 feet long and 13 feet high is placed at the temple's entrance.
III. The temple is dedicated to worship of goddess Kali.
Choose the Correct Statement:

Explanation

Statement II is correct: The monolithic Nandi statue at the entrance is carved from a single granite rock. (Statement I is false because it is on the south bank of the Kaveri River, not Vaigai; Statement III is false because it is dedicated to Lord Shiva). Correct: Only II.

कथन II सही है (नंदी की विशाल मूर्ति एक ही पत्थर से तराशी गई है)। यह मंदिर कावेरी नदी के तट पर स्थित है और भगवान शिव को समर्पित है। सही विकल्प A है।

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402📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTHistorical Monuments of Jammu

Match the places in Jammu with their corresponding traits:
Places in Jammu:
i) Dogra Art Museum
ii) Amar Mahal Palace
iii) Akhnoor Fort
iv) Bahu Fort

Traits:
1) Two-storeyed palace has courtyard-facing walls decorated with arches and some murals.
2) Has special collection of Basohli paintings.
3) Has eight octagonal towers or turrets connected by thick walls.
4) Built in the nineteenth century by a French architect on the lines of a French Chateau.

Choose the Correct Option:

Explanation

i -> 2 (Dogra Art Museum in Mubarak Mandi: renowned collection of miniature Basohli and Kangra paintings), ii -> 4 (Amar Mahal Palace: designed by a French architect in 1862 resembling a European Chateau), iii -> 1 (Akhnoor Fort on Chenab: two-storeyed palace with murals), iv -> 3 (Bahu Fort: ancient fort with octagonal towers overlooking the Tawi river). Correct match: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3.

i-2 (डोगरा आर्ट म्यूजियम - बसोहली पेंटिंग्स), ii-4 (अमर महल पैलेस - फ्रेंच शैले शैली), iii-1 (अखनूर किला - दो मंजिला मेहराबदार महल), iv-3 (बाहू किला - अष्टकोणीय बुर्ज)। सही विकल्प B है।

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403📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTGovernment Schemes (Swachh Bharat Mission)

Which of the following is NOT the objective of Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)?

Explanation

Objectives of SBM include 100% ODF achievement, scientific solid/liquid waste management, and behavior change via Jan Andolan. 'Cleaning all rivers' is the mandate of the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) and Namami Gange Mission, NOT SBM.

'2025 तक सभी नदियों को साफ करना' स्वच्छ भारत मिशन का उद्देश्य नहीं है (यह नमामि गंगे और NRCP का हिस्सा है)। सही विकल्प D है।

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404📚Mass Communication Theories, Models & EffectsCritical Media Theory (Frankfurt School)

The Frankfurt School's critical theory of communication primarily focuses on:

Explanation

The Frankfurt School (Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Marcuse, Jürgen Habermas) developed Critical Cultural Theory to critique the capitalist 'Culture Industry', focusing on how mass media reinforces ideological domination, power asymmetries, and ideological hegemony.

फ्रैंकफर्ट स्कूल का आलोचनात्मक सिद्धांत मुख्य रूप से 'शक्ति संबंधों और मीडिया आधिपत्य' (Power relationships and media hegemony / सांस्कृतिक उद्योग) पर केंद्रित है।

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405📚Development Communication, Rural Media & International CommunicationDominant Paradigm of Devcom

Consider the following statements regarding the 'dominant paradigm' of development communication:
i. It focused on modernization through Western industrial models.
ii. It promoted the idea that underdeveloped societies must adopt Western communication strategies.
iii. It was challenged by alternative paradigms emphasizing participation and self-reliance.
iv. It was completely abandoned after the rise of ICTs.
Which of the statements above are correct?

Explanation

Statements i, ii, and iii are true: The Dominant Paradigm equated development with Western industrial modernization (i), prescribed top-down media transfer to traditional societies (ii), and was subsequently challenged by Dependency and Participatory paradigms (iii). (Statement iv is false as elements of modernization persist alongside ICTs). Correct: i, ii, and iii.

कथन i, ii और iii सही हैं (प्रभुत्व प्रतिमान पश्चिमी आधुनिकीकरण पर केंद्रित था और बाद में सहभागिता प्रतिमान द्वारा इसे चुनौती दी गई)। सही विकल्प A है।

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406📚Digital Journalism, Online Media & Communication Research MethodologyMedia Convergence Definition

Which of the following best describes "media convergence" in the context of new media?

Explanation

Media Convergence (as defined by Henry Jenkins) refers to the technological, industrial, and cultural integration where computing, telecommunications, and traditional media blend text, audio, still photography, and video onto unified digital network platforms.

मीडिया कन्वर्जेंस (Media convergence) का सबसे अच्छा वर्णन 'मल्टीमीडिया सामग्री बनाने के लिए टेक्स्ट, विजुअल और ऑडियो का डिजिटल संलयन' (Blending text, visuals, and sound) है।

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407📚Development Communication, Rural Media & International CommunicationDependency Theory of Underdevelopment

According to dependency theory, what is the primary reason for underdevelopment in post-colonial countries?

Explanation

Dependency Theory (Raúl Prebisch, André Gunder Frank, Samir Amin) posits that post-colonial underdeveloped nations (the Periphery) remain poor due to structural, unequal, and Exploitative Global Economic Relations that extract wealth toward wealthy industrialized nations (the Core).

निर्भरता सिद्धांत (Dependency theory) के अनुसार अविकसितता का मुख्य कारण 'शोषणकारी वैश्विक आर्थिक संरचनाएं' (Exploitative global economic structures) हैं।

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408📚Digital Journalism, Online Media & Communication Research MethodologyClifford Woody Research Definition

According to Clifford Woody, which of the following is NOT a step in the research process?

Explanation

Clifford Woody defines research as defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting/evaluating data, making deductions, and carefully testing conclusions. 'Applying research findings directly to industrial problems' without verification is commercial engineering, NOT a step in the research process.

क्लिफोर्ड वुडी के अनुसार 'शोध निष्कर्षों को बिना सत्यापन सीधे औद्योगिक समस्याओं पर लागू करना' अनुसंधान प्रक्रिया का चरण नहीं है। सही विकल्प D है।

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409📚Environmental Engineering, Mechanics & DynamicsAir Pollution Control Equipment

For controlling measures on air pollution in industries, which are the mechanical devices used in the manufacturing process?

Explanation

Industrial particulate and gaseous emissions are controlled using mechanical and physicochemical separation devices: Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs for fine fly ash), Cyclone Separators (centrifugal dust collection), and Wet Scrubbers (venturi/spray towers for acidic gases and particulates)

\implies

All of the above.

उद्योगों में वायु प्रदूषण नियंत्रण के लिए इलेक्ट्रोस्टैटिक प्रीसिपिटेटर, चक्रवात विभाजक और वेट स्क्रबर सभी का उपयोग किया जाता है (All of the above)।

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410📚Environmental Engineering, Mechanics & DynamicsWater Pollutants and Sources Matching

Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List I (Pollutants of water pollution):
i. Pathogens or Infectious agents
ii. Sediment
iii. Oxygen demanding wastes
iv. Toxic compounds

List II (Sources of pollutants):
1. Industrial effluents and household cleansers
2. Sewage, Paper mill wastes, Animal feedlots
3. Surface run off
4. Human and animal wastes

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

i -> 4 (Pathogens: human/animal enteric wastes), ii -> 3 (Sediment: soil erosion surface runoff), iii -> 2 (Oxygen demanding wastes: domestic sewage, paper mill effluents), iv -> 1 (Toxic chemicals: industrial effluents and cleansers). Correct match: (i)-4, (ii)-3, (iii)-2, (iv)-1.

i-4 (रोगजनक - मानव व पशु अपशिष्ट), ii-3 (तलछट - सतही अपवाह), iii-2 (ऑक्सीजन मांग अपशिष्ट - सीवेज/कागज मिल), iv-1 (विषाक्त यौगिक - औद्योगिक अपशिष्ट)। सही विकल्प B है।

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411📚Applied Physics, Electromagnetism & Solid State DevicesHall Effect Transducer Applications

Hall effect principle is employed in the following cases:
1. Magnetic field sensing equipment
2. Proximity detectors
3. Hall effect Sensors and Probes
4. Linear or Angular displacement transducers
From the above, which is/are considered the applications of Hall Effect?

Explanation

All listed devices are standard industrial applications of the Hall Effect: Gaussmeters (1), contactless magnetic proximity switches (2), brushless DC motor rotor position probes (3), and linear/angular position transducers (4)

\implies

1, 2, 3 and 4. Choice D.

हॉल प्रभाव का उपयोग चुंबकीय क्षेत्र सेंसर, निकटता डिटेक्टर, हॉल प्रोब और विस्थापन ट्रांसड्यूसर सभी में किया जाता है (1, 2, 3 and 4)।

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412📚Computer Applications, Information Technology & NetworkingSoftware Taxonomy Matching

Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List - I (Software):
i. System management programs
ii. System development programs
iii. Standard application programs
iv. Unique application programs

List - II (Task Performed):
1. designed for performing common application jobs
2. developed by the users themselves to support their specific needs
3. developing and executing application software (compilers, debuggers)
4. managing both the hardware and software systems (OS, device drivers)

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

i -> 4 (System management: OS, utilities managing hardware/software), ii -> 3 (System development: CASE tools, compilers, IDEs), iii -> 1 (Standard application: word processors, spreadsheets), iv -> 2 (Unique customized application: bespoke business software). Correct match: (i)-4, (ii)-3, (iii)-1, (iv)-2.

i-4 (सिस्टम प्रबंधन - OS), ii-3 (सिस्टम विकास - कंपाइलर), iii-1 (मानक अनुप्रयोग - वर्ड/एक्सेल), iv-2 (विशिष्ट अनुप्रयोग - उपयोगकर्ता-विशिष्ट सॉफ्टवेयर)। सही विकल्प B है।

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413📚Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Calculus & General KnowledgeIndian River Valley Projects (Srisailam)

The 770 MW (7 x 110 MW) Srisailam Hydro Electric Project is constructed across the river:

Explanation

The Srisailam Dam and Hydroelectric Project (one of India's largest hydropower stations) is constructed across the Krishna River in the Nallamala Hills on the border of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

श्रीशैलम जलविद्युत परियोजना (Srisailam Hydro Electric Project) 'कृष्णा नदी' (Krishna River) पर निर्मित है।

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414📚Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Calculus & General KnowledgeLakes of India (Prashar Lake)

In which district of Himachal Pradesh 'Prashar Lake' is situated?

Explanation

Prashar Lake (altitude 2,730 m, featuring a three-tiered pagoda temple and a floating circular island) is located in the Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh.

हिमाचल प्रदेश की प्रसिद्ध 'पराशर झील' (Prashar Lake / तैरते द्वीप वाली झील) 'मंडी' (Mandi) जिले में स्थित है।

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415📚Sociology, Social Stratification & Social DevelopmentDisaster Management & Hazards

Which of the following are natural hazards?

Explanation

Natural hazards are extreme geophysical, meteorological, or hydrological phenomena that occur naturally: Earthquakes (tectonic), Cyclones (atmospheric), and Landslides (geomorphic gravity mass wasting) are all natural hazards. Choice D.

प्राकृतिक आपदाओं और खतरों में भूकंप, चक्रवात और भूस्खलन सभी शामिल हैं (All of these)।

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416📚Sociology, Social Stratification & Social DevelopmentModern Sociological Theory (Risk Society)

Who proposed the idea of Risk Society?

Explanation

German sociologist Ulrich Beck pioneered the sociological concept of 'Risk Society' (Risikogesellschaft, 1986), arguing that modern industrial societies produce manufactured technological, environmental, and chemical hazards that transcend national and class boundaries.

'जोखिम समाज' (Risk Society) की प्रसिद्ध समाजशास्त्रीय अवधारणा जर्मन समाजशास्त्री 'उलरिच बेक' (Ulrich Beck / 1986) ने प्रस्तुत की थी।

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417📚Sociology, Social Stratification & Social DevelopmentUrban Sociology (Bangalore Knowledge City)

Knowledge, education, and intellectual capacity are main features of which Indian knowledge city?

Explanation

Bangalore (Bengaluru) is globally and nationally recognized as India's premier 'Knowledge and IT Capital' / 'Silicon Valley of India', hosting leading premier research, aerospace, educational institutes (IISc, IIMB), and high-tech intellectual industries.

ज्ञान, उच्च शिक्षा और तकनीकी-बौद्धिक क्षमता का प्रमुख राष्ट्रीय केंद्र 'बैंगलोर' (Bangalore / सिलिकॉन वैली) है।

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418📚Sociology, Social Stratification & Social DevelopmentEconomic Sectors Matching

Match Column A with Column B and select the correct answer:
Column A:
i. Cottage Industry
ii. Primary sector
iii. Secondary sector
iv. Tertiary sector

Column B:
1. Trade
2. Construction
3. Mining
4. Bidi industry

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

i -> 4 (Cottage Industry: small-scale home-based manual rolling like Bidi industry), ii -> 3 (Primary sector: natural resource extraction such as Mining/agriculture), iii -> 2 (Secondary sector: manufacturing and Construction), iv -> 1 (Tertiary sector: services, commerce, and Trade). Correct match: i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1.

i-4 (कुटीर उद्योग - बीड़ी उद्योग), ii-3 (प्राथमिक क्षेत्र - खनन), iii-2 (द्वितीयक क्षेत्र - निर्माण), iv-1 (तृतीयक क्षेत्र - व्यापार)। सही विकल्प C है।

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419📚Sociology, Social Stratification & Social DevelopmentSociocultural Evolution of Societies

Choose the correct sequence of following in order of increasing complexity:
Hunting, Gathering, Agrarian, Pastoral, Industrial and Post-industrial societies

Explanation

Gerhard Lenski's sociocultural evolutionary sequence of human societies in order of technological complexity is: Hunting and Gathering

->

Pastoral / Horticultural

->

Agrarian (Agricultural)

->

Industrial

->

Post-industrial societies (Choice C).

बढ़ती सामाजिक जटिलता का सही समाजशास्त्रीय क्रम: 'शिकार व संग्रहण (Hunting)

->

पशुपालक (Pastoral)

->

कृषक (Agrarian)

->

औद्योगिक व उत्तर-औद्योगिक समाज' (विकल्प C)।

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420📚Social Work Methods, Criminology & Social PolicyIndustrial Relations & Employee Relations

'Employee relations' include which of the following?
1. Organisation's efforts to manage relationships between employer and employees.
2. The programs to prevent and resolve problems arising from work situations.
3. Relations between management and trade unions.
4. Organisation's structure of managing rapport between boss and staff.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Employee Relations (ER / Industrial Relations) encompasses: formal management-worker relationships (1), structured conflict resolution and grievance redressal mechanisms (2), and collective bargaining relations between management and organized Trade Unions (3). Correct: 1, 2 and 3.

कर्मचारी संबंधों (Employee relations) में नियोक्ता-कर्मचारी संबंध (1), कार्यस्थल विवाद समाधान (2) और ट्रेड यूनियनों के साथ संबंध (3) शामिल हैं (1, 2 and 3)। सही विकल्प B है।

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421📚Psychopathology, Psychoanalysis & Counselling PsychologyErikson's Psychosocial Stages

Arrange the different stages of Erikson's psychosocial development starting from what comes first to what comes last:
1. Generativity vs. Stagnation
2. Initiative vs. Guilt
3. Industry vs. Inferiority
4. Identity vs. Role Confusion
Options:

Explanation

Erik Erikson's 8 Psychosocial Stages: Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Early childhood, 2)

->

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (School age, 3)

->

Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 4)

->

Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood, 1). Correct developmental sequence: 2, 3, 4, 1 (Choice D).

एरिक एरिकसन के मनोसामाजिक विकास चरणों का सही क्रम: पहल बनाम अपराधबोध (2)

->

उद्योग बनाम हीनता (3)

->

पहचान बनाम भूमिका भ्रम (4)

->

जननात्मकता बनाम ठहराव (1) (2, 3, 4, 1)। सही विकल्प D है।

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422📚Hotel Administration, HRACC Star Classification & TimeshareHotel Star Classification

The star rating given to hotels is based on:

Explanation

In the hospitality industry, Star Classification Ratings (from 1-Star to 5-Star Deluxe) are awarded based on the Standard and Quality of Facilities, architectural design, guest services, amenities, and security standards.

होटलों को दी जाने वाली स्टार रेटिंग 'सुविधाओं और सेवाओं के मानक' (Standard of facilities) के आधार पर निर्धारित की जाती है।

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423📚Front Office Operations, Hospitality Management & TourismFloatels & Houseboats

Houseboats floating on the surface of Dal Lake in Kashmir is an example of which of the following?

Explanation

A Floatel (Floating Hotel) is an accommodation establishment situated on water; the traditional cedar-wood houseboats floating on Dal Lake and Nigeen Lake in Srinagar, Kashmir are classic examples of floatels.

कश्मीर की डल झील में तैरते हुए शिकारे और हाउसबोट 'फ्लोटेल' (Floatel / तैरता हुआ होटल) का प्रमुख उदाहरण हैं।

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424📚Hotel Administration, HRACC Star Classification & TimeshareTimeshare Industry History (RCI 1974)

RCI (Resort Condominiums International), the pioneer of timeshare vacation exchange, was founded in which year?

Explanation

Resort Condominiums International (RCI) was founded in 1974 by Christel and Jon DeHaan, pioneering the timeshare exchange industry and growing into the world's largest timeshare vacation network.

टाइम्सशेयर एक्सचेंज कंपनी RCI (रिसॉर्ट कोंडोमिनियम्स इंटरनेशनल) की स्थापना वर्ष '1974' में की गई थी।

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425📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTRivers of India (Godavari)

Name the Indian river known as the "Dakshin Ganga":

Explanation

The Godavari River—the longest river system in Peninsular India (1,465 km)—is popularly known as 'Dakshin Ganga' (or Vridha Ganga) owing to its immense length, basin extent, and religious sanctity.

प्रायद्वीपीय भारत की सबसे लंबी नदी गोदावरी को 'दक्षिण गंगा' (Dakshin Ganga / वृद्ध गंगा) के नाम से जाना जाता है।

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426📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTIndian Polity (Fundamental Duties)

The Fundamental Duties of an Indian citizen under Article 51A include:
1. Respect for the Constitution, the National Flag and the National Anthem
2. To develop the scientific temper
3. Respect for the Government
4. To protect Wildlife
Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:

Explanation

Under Article 51A of the Constitution of India, Fundamental Duties include respecting the Constitution, Flag and Anthem [51A(a)], protecting forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife [51A(g)], and developing scientific temper and humanism [51A(h)]. 'Respect for the Government' is NOT a fundamental duty. Correct: 1, 2 and 4 (Choice B).

अनुच्छेद 51A के तहत मौलिक कर्तव्यों में संविधान व ध्वज का सम्मान (1), वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण (2) और वन्यजीवों की रक्षा (4) शामिल हैं ('सरकार का सम्मान' कोई मौलिक कर्तव्य नहीं है)। सही विकल्प B है।

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427📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTAncient History (Indus Valley Civilization)

Regarding the Indus Valley Civilization, consider the following statements:
I. It was predominantly a secular civilization and the religious element, though present did not dominate the scene.
II. During this period, cotton was used for manufacturing textiles in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Both statements are historically accurate: Archaeological evidence shows that the Harappan civilization lacked large monumental temples or theocratic rule, maintaining a predominantly secular civic character (I), and Harappans were the earliest people in the world to cultivate cotton and weave textiles, known to Greeks as Sindon (II). Correct: Both I and II.

कथन I और II दोनों सत्य हैं (हड़प्पा सभ्यता मुख्य रूप से धर्मनिरपेक्ष थी जहां धार्मिक तत्व हावी नहीं था और यह कपास का उत्पादन करने वाली पहली सभ्यता थी)। सही विकल्प C है।

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428📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTMedia Taglines Matching

Match the following newspapers with their slogans or taglines:
Newspaper:
i) The Times of India
ii) Hindustan Times
iii) The Indian Express
iv) State Times Newspaper

Slogan/Tagline:
1) "The Bold Voice of Jammu & Kashmir"
2) "Journalism of Courage"
3) "First Voice. Last Word"
4) "Let Truth Prevail"

Choose the correct answer:

Explanation

i -> 4 (The Times of India: 'Let Truth Prevail'), ii -> 3 (Hindustan Times: 'First Voice. Last Word'), iii -> 2 (The Indian Express: 'Journalism of Courage'), iv -> 1 (State Times: 'The Bold Voice of Jammu & Kashmir'). Correct match: i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1 (Choice D).

i-4 (टाइम्स ऑफ इंडिया - 'Let Truth Prevail'), ii-3 (हिंदुस्तान टाइम्स - 'First Voice. Last Word'), iii-2 (द इंडियन एक्सप्रेस - 'Journalism of Courage'), iv-1 (स्टेट टाइम्स - 'The Bold Voice of Jammu & Kashmir')। सही विकल्प D है।

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429📚Quantitative Aptitude, Reasoning & Basic MathematicsTime and Distance (Trains Passing Driver)

Two goods trains, each 500 m long, are running in opposite directions on parallel tracks. Their speeds are 45 km/hr and 30 km/hr respectively. Find the time taken by the slower train to pass the driver of the faster one:

Explanation

Relative speed of trains running in opposite directions

= 45 + 30 = 75\text{ km/hr} = 75 \times \frac{5}{18} = \frac{125}{6}\text{ m/s}

. To pass the driver of the faster train (a single point), the slower train must cover only its own length

= 500\text{ m}

. Time taken

= \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Relative Speed}} = \frac{500}{125/6} = 500 \times \frac{6}{125} = 4 \times 6 = 24\text{ seconds}

. Choice B.

विपरीत दिशा में सापेक्ष चाल

= 75\text{ km/h} = \frac{125}{6}\text{ m/s}

। चालक को पार करने के लिए तय दूरी

= 500\text{ m}

। समय = \frac{500 \times 6}{125} = 24\text{ सेकंड}। सही विकल्प B है।

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430📚Animal Sciences, Zoology, Veterinary Physiology & ImmunologyHuman Evolution (Java Man Discovery)

The fossil of Java-Man (Pithecanthropus erectus / Homo erectus) was discovered in 1891 on the banks of the Solo River in Eastern Java by:

Explanation

Dutch anatomist and geologist Marie Eugène François Thomas Dubois discovered the fossilized skullcap and femur of Java Man (Pithecanthropus erectus, now classified as Homo erectus erectus) at Trinil along the Solo River in East Java in 1891.

जावा मानव (Homo erectus) के प्रसिद्ध जीवाश्म की खोज 1891 में पूर्वी जावा की सोलो नदी के तट पर डच वैज्ञानिक 'यूजीन डुबॉइस' (Eugene Dubois) ने की थी।

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431📚Animal Sciences, Zoology, Veterinary Physiology & ImmunologyNatural Selection (Industrial Melanism)

Which of the following is the most famous historical example of industrial melanism and directional natural selection?

Explanation

The Peppered Moth (Biston betularia) in industrial England is the world's most famous textbook demonstration of directional natural selection, where soot-darkened tree trunks favored the survival and proliferation of the melanic carbonaria morph over the light typica morph.

औद्योगिक मेलैनिज्म (Industrial melanism) और प्राकृतिक चयन का सबसे प्रसिद्ध ऐतिहासिक उदाहरण 'पेपर्ड मॉथ' (Biston betularia) है।

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432📚General English & ComprehensionPrepositions

Fill in the blank with correct preposition: "Ravi could not dissociate himself ________ what he said earlier."

Explanation

The verb 'dissociate' consistently collocates with the preposition 'from' ('dissociate oneself from something').

क्रिया 'dissociate' के साथ प्रीपोजिशन 'from' का प्रयोग होता है: 'dissociate himself from'। सही विकल्प C है।

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433📚General Awareness & Current Affairs (National & J&K)Lakes of J&K (Tarsar-Marsar)

The Tarsar and Marsar lakes are the two most significant alpine lakes of which district of Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

The scenic twin oligotrophic alpine lakes Tarsar and Marsar are located in the Aru valley area administratively situated in the Pulwama / Anantnag border district of Jammu and Kashmir.

तारसर और मारसर झीलें जम्मू और कश्मीर के 'पुलवामा' (Pulwama / त्राल-अरू क्षेत्र) जिले में स्थित प्रमुख अल्पाइन झीलें हैं।

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434📚General Awareness & Current Affairs (National & J&K)Hydroelectric Projects of J&K (Salal)

Salal Hydroelectric Project constructed on the river Chenab is located in which district of Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

The 690 MW Salal Hydroelectric Power Station (operated by NHPC) is built across the Chenab River near Reasi in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir.

चिनाब नदी पर निर्मित सलाल जलविद्युत परियोजना जम्मू और कश्मीर के 'रियासी' (Reasi) जिले में स्थित है।

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435📚General Awareness & Current Affairs (National & J&K)Waterfalls of J&K (Aharbal)

The Aharbal waterfall located in the Shopian district is also popularly known as the:

Explanation

Aharbal Waterfall, formed by the roaring Veshav River falling from a height of about 25 meters in Kulgam/Shopian, is celebrated as the 'Niagara Falls of Kashmir'.

कश्मीर के शोपियां/कुलगाम में स्थित अहरबल जलप्रपात को 'कश्मीर का नियाग्रा फॉल्स' (Niagara Falls of Kashmir) कहा जाता है।

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436📚General Awareness & Current Affairs (National & J&K)Solar System (Venus)

Which planet is often referred to as Earth's twin because of its similar size, mass, and density?

Explanation

Venus is called 'Earth's Twin' (or Earth's sister planet) because of its remarkable similarity to Earth in radius, volume, mass, density, and gravitational pull.

आकार, द्रव्यमान और घनत्व में समानता के कारण 'शुक्र' (Venus) ग्रह को 'पृथ्वी की जुड़वां बहन' (Earth's twin) कहा जाता है।

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437📚General Awareness & Current Affairs (National & J&K)Economic Sectors (Secondary Sector)

The _______ covers economic activities in which natural raw materials are transformed into finished manufactured goods through industrial processes:

Explanation

The Secondary Sector (Industrial/Manufacturing Sector) encompasses economic activities where primary raw materials (agricultural crops, minerals, timber) are processed, manufactured, and converted into finished goods.

वह क्षेत्र जिसमें प्राकृतिक उत्पादों को विनिर्माण के माध्यम से अन्य रूपों में परिवर्तित किया जाता है, 'द्वितीयक क्षेत्र' (Secondary Sector / औद्योगिक क्षेत्र) कहलाता है।

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438📚Basic Mathematics, Numerical Ability & ReasoningShadow & Direction Reasoning

One morning after sunrise, Nandita and Ravi were sitting in a lawn with their backs towards each other. Nandita's shadow fell exactly towards her left-hand side. Which direction was Ravi facing?

Explanation

In the morning after sunrise, the sun is in the East, so all shadows fall towards the West. If Nandita's shadow falls to her left, West is to her left, meaning Nandita is facing North. Since Nandita and Ravi are sitting back-to-back, Ravi must be facing the opposite direction, which is South. Choice D.

सुबह के समय सूर्य पूर्व में होता है और परछाई पश्चिम में पड़ती है। यदि नंदिता की परछाई उसके बाईं ओर है, तो नंदिता उत्तर की ओर देख रही है। पीठ से पीठ सटाकर बैठे होने के कारण रवि 'दक्षिण' (South) दिशा की ओर देख रहा है। सही विकल्प D है।

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439📚General EnglishPrepositions

Fill in the blank with correct preposition: "Ravi could not dissociate himself ________ what he said earlier."

Explanation

The verb 'dissociate' governs the preposition 'from' (to dissociate oneself from a statement, organization, or action).

'Dissociate' के साथ प्रीपोजिशन 'from' का प्रयोग होता है ('dissociate himself from')। सही विकल्प C है।

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440📚General Awareness & Current Affairs (with J&K UT Special Reference)Lakes of J&K

The Tarsar and Marsar lakes are the two most significant alpine lakes of ________ district of Jammu and Kashmir:

Explanation

The twin oligotrophic alpine lakes Tarsar and Marsar are situated in the Aru valley/Tral region, administratively falling within the Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir.

तारसर और मारसर झीलें जम्मू और कश्मीर के 'पुलवामा' (Pulwama) जिले की प्रसिद्ध अल्पाइन झीलें हैं।

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441📚General Awareness & Current Affairs (with J&K UT Special Reference)Hydroelectric Projects of J&K

Salal Hydroelectric Project constructed on river Chenab is located in the ________ district of Jammu and Kashmir:

Explanation

The Salal Hydroelectric Power Station (690 MW), built on the Chenab River, is located near Reasi in the Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir.

चिनाब नदी पर निर्मित सलाल जलविद्युत परियोजना जम्मू और कश्मीर के 'रियासी' (Reasi) जिले में स्थित है।

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442📚General Awareness & Current Affairs (with J&K UT Special Reference)Waterfalls of J&K

The following waterfall in Shopian is also known as the "Niagara Falls of Kashmir":

Explanation

Aharbal Waterfall, formed by the Veshav River in Shopian district, is popularly referred to as the 'Niagara Falls of Kashmir' due to its roaring volume and sheer natural beauty.

शोपियां में स्थित अहरबल जलप्रपात (Aharbal Waterfall) को 'कश्मीर का नियाग्रा फॉल्स' कहा जाता है।

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443📚Indian Polity, History & GeographySectors of Economy (Secondary Sector)

The ________ sector covers economic activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing associated with industrial activity:

Explanation

The Secondary Sector includes industrial and manufacturing activities that process raw agricultural or mineral materials from the primary sector into finished goods.

प्राकृतिक उत्पादों को विनिर्माण प्रणाली के माध्यम से अन्य रूपों में बदलने वाली आर्थिक गतिविधि 'द्वितीयक क्षेत्र' (Secondary Sector / विनिर्माण) कहलाती है।

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444📚Basic Reasoning & Mental AbilityShadows & Directions

One morning after sunrise, Nandita and Ravi were sitting in a lawn with their backs towards each other. Nandita's shadow fell exactly towards her left-hand side. Which direction was Ravi facing?

Explanation

In the morning, the Sun rises in the East, so all shadows fall towards the West. Nandita's shadow falls to her left

\implies

her left is West

\implies

Nandita is facing North. Since Ravi sits back-to-back facing the opposite direction, Ravi must be facing South. Choice D.

सुबह के समय छाया पश्चिम में बनती है। नंदिता की छाया उसके बाईं ओर है, अतः नंदिता का मुंह उत्तर की ओर है। रवि उसके विपरीत पीठ करके बैठा है, इसलिए रवि का मुंह 'दक्षिण' (South) की ओर है। सही विकल्प D है।

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445📚Communication Skills, Industrial Safety, Labour Laws & StandardsIndustrial Safety & PPE

Industrial workers require safety foot protection (safety boots) in work environments with:

Explanation

Steel-toed safety shoes equipped with puncture-resistant steel midsoles are specifically required to protect workers' feet against Penetrating materials such as protruding nails, metal shards, and sharp spikes.

औद्योगिक वातावरण में कील, स्पाइक्स और नुकीली वस्तुओं से बचाव के लिए 'पैर सुरक्षा' (Safety shoes / puncture-resistant sole) अनिवार्य होती है। सही विकल्प D है।

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446📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsHistory & Etymology of J&K

Which of the following is the literal etymological meaning of the name "Kashmir"?

Explanation

Etymologically, according to classical Sanskrit chronicles like Nilamata Purana, 'Kashmir' is derived from 'Ka' (meaning water) and 'Shimir' (meaning to desiccate or wither), literally signifying 'Land desiccated from water' (after Rishi Kashyapa drained the primeval lake Satisar).

नीलमत पुराण के अनुसार 'कश्मीर' का शाब्दिक अर्थ 'जल से सुखाया गया भूभाग' (Land desiccated from water) होता है ('क' = जल, 'शमीर' = सुखाना)।

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447📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsPhysical Geography (Ganga Basin)

Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): Ganga Plain is the most densely populated part of India.
Reason (R): Ganga is the least harnessed river in India.
Choose the correct statement:

Explanation

Assertion (A) is TRUE: The Indo-Gangetic plain is the most densely populated physiographic division of India due to fertile alluvial soil, perennial water, and flat topography. Reason (R) is FALSE: The Ganga river basin is among the most extensively dammed, canalized, and heavily harnessed river systems in India. Correct: A is true, but R is false (Choice C).

अभिकथन (A) सत्य है क्योंकि गंगा का मैदान अत्यधिक उपजाऊ और सघन आबादी वाला है; कारण (R) असत्य है क्योंकि गंगा नदी भारत में सबसे अधिक दोहित और उपयोग की जाने वाली नदियों में से एक है। सही विकल्प C है।

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448📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsGeography of Ladakh

In which State/Union Territory is the strategic Chushul Valley located?

Explanation

The Chushul Valley (famous for the Battle of Rezang La in 1962 and Spanggur Gap) is located south of Pangong Tso in the Leh district of the Union Territory of Ladakh.

सामरिक रूप से महत्वपूर्ण चुशूल घाटी (Chushul Valley) केंद्र शासित प्रदेश 'लद्दाख' में स्थित है।

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449📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsContemporary History of J&K

Which year saw the tragic mass exodus of Kashmiri Pandits from the Kashmir Valley?

Explanation

The tragic mass exodus of Kashmiri Hindus (Pandits) from the Kashmir Valley occurred predominantly in early 1990 (culminating after 19 January 1990) due to targeted militant violence and terror.

कश्मीर घाटी से कश्मीरी पंडितों का दर्दनाक पलायन मुख्य रूप से वर्ष '1990' (विशेषकर जनवरी 1990) में हुआ था।

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450📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsIndustrial Hubs of India

Which state and city in India are globally known for being major manufacturers and exporters of sports goods?

Explanation

Jalandhar in Punjab (along with Meerut in Uttar Pradesh) is India's premier manufacturing and export hub for high-quality sports goods, cricket bats, and athletic equipment.

भारत में खेल के सामान के सबसे बड़े निर्माता और निर्यातक के रूप में 'जालंधर, पंजाब' (Punjab, Jalandhar) विश्व प्रसिद्ध है।

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451📚Mental Ability, Analytical & Logical ReasoningLogical Deduction

A statement is given, followed by two conclusions:
Statements: All organized individuals make time for rest. Despite her hectic schedule, Manisha manages to find time to rest.
Conclusions:
I. Manisha is an organised person.
II. Manisha is an industrious person.
Choose the correct statement:

Explanation

Premise explicitly states all organized people make time for rest; since Manisha manages to find time for rest despite her busy schedule, conclusion I ('Manisha is an organised person') directly follows. Conclusion II ('industrious') is not mentioned or implied in the premises. Correct: Only conclusion I follows (Choice C).

कथन से सीधे निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि चूंकि सभी व्यवस्थित व्यक्ति आराम के लिए समय निकालते हैं और मनीषा भी समय निकालती है, अतः मनीषा एक व्यवस्थित व्यक्ति है (Only conclusion I follows)। सही विकल्प C है।

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452📚Mental Ability, Analytical & Logical ReasoningClassification / Odd One Out

Choose the odd one out among the given flowers: Marigold, Lily, Rose, Lotus

Explanation

Lotus is an aquatic flower (hydrophyte) that grows in water bodies, whereas Marigold, Lily, and Rose are terrestrial plants growing on land. Choice D.

कमल (Lotus) एक जलीय पौधा/फूल है, जबकि गेंदा, लिली और गुलाब स्थलीय पौधे हैं। सही विकल्प D है।

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453📚General Awareness, Current Affairs & J&K UT Special ReferenceEnvironmental Current Affairs

The State Level Monitoring Committee (SLMC) of which state has recommended the time-bound implementation of projects to check the illegal discharge of biowaste into the Ramsar-designated Ashtamudi Lake?

Explanation

Ashtamudi Lake is a prominent Ramsar wetland estuary situated in the Kollam district of Kerala.

अष्टमुडी झील (Ashtamudi Lake / रामसर स्थल) 'केरल' (Kerala / कोल्लम) में स्थित है।

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454📚General Awareness, Current Affairs & J&K UT Special ReferenceRivers and Dams of J&K

The Uri Hydroelectric Dam is constructed on which river in Jammu & Kashmir?

Explanation

The Uri-I and Uri-II Hydroelectric Power Stations (generating 480 MW and 240 MW) are built on the Jhelum River in the Baramulla district of Jammu & Kashmir.

उरी जलविद्युत परियोजना जम्मू और कश्मीर के बारामूला जिले में 'झेलम' (Jhelum) नदी पर स्थित है।

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455📚General Awareness, Current Affairs & J&K UT Special ReferenceRivers of J&K (Kishanganga)

The Neelum River in the Kashmir region is also known in India as the:

Explanation

The river known as Kishanganga in Jammu & Kashmir flows into Pakistan-administered Kashmir where it is called the Neelum River before joining the Jhelum River at Muzaffarabad.

कश्मीर क्षेत्र की नीलम नदी को भारत में 'किशनगंगा' (Kishanganga) नदी के नाम से जाना जाता है।

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456📚General Awareness, Current Affairs & J&K UT Special ReferenceIndus Waters Treaty 1960

Under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, which of the following is NOT considered as one of the Eastern Rivers assigned exclusively to India?

Explanation

Under the Indus Waters Treaty (1960), the three Eastern Rivers allocated to India are the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej. The three Western Rivers allocated to Pakistan are the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab. Choice B.

सिंधु जल समझौते (1960) के तहत पूर्वी नदियां रावी, ब्यास और सतलुज हैं; 'चिनाब' (Chenab) पश्चिमी नदी है जिसका पानी मुख्य रूप से पाकिस्तान को आवंटित है। सही विकल्प B है।

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457📚Audio-Visual Systems, Television, Electronics & Electrical EngineeringPower Electronics History

Which of the following is considered the earliest high-power based electronic device developed for high-voltage DC rectification?

Explanation

The Mercury Arc Valve (invented by Peter Cooper Hewitt in 1902) was the first commercial high-power electronic device used for converting high-voltage alternating current into direct current for industrial motors and HVDC systems. Choice A.

उच्च वोल्टेज और भारी शक्ति रूपांतरण के लिए विकसित पहला इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उपकरण 'मर्करी आर्क वाल्व' (Mercury Arc valves) था।

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458📚Audio-Visual Systems, Television, Electronics & Electrical EngineeringIndustrial Engineering & DFMA

Which engineering methodology formally recognises and optimizes the inherent interrelationships between product design and industrial manufacturing?

Explanation

Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA) is the integrated concurrent engineering design methodology focused on streamlining component manufacturing ease and rapid assembly.

उत्पाद डिजाइन और विनिर्माण के अंतर्संबंधों को अनुकूलित करने वाली प्रक्रिया को 'DFMA' (Design for manufacture and assembly) कहा जाता है।

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459📚Audio-Visual Systems, Television, Electronics & Electrical EngineeringApplied Electronics & Microwaves

The standard microwave frequency at which domestic microwave ovens operate is:

Explanation

Household microwave ovens operate at an ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) standard frequency of 2.45 GHz (wavelength

\approx 12.2\text{ cm}

), optimized for efficient dielectric heating of water molecules in food.

घरेलू माइक्रोवेव ओवन '2.45 GHz' की मानक आवृत्ति पर काम करते हैं। सही विकल्प C है।

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460📚Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Quality Control & InstrumentationGravimetric Analysis Principles

Which of the following statements are true regarding gravimetric analysis?
I. The precipitate must be filtered and washed to remove soluble impurities.
II. The precipitate should be weighed before it is dried or ignited to avoid loss of mass.
III. The sample should be in a homogeneous form to ensure accurate results.
IV. The filtration process does not affect the accuracy of the results as long as the precipitate is large.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Statements I and III are correct: Gravimetric analysis requires thorough washing of the precipitate to eliminate adsorbed and occluded soluble coprecipitates (I), and the sample solution must be homogeneous to ensure complete, stoichiometric precipitation (III). Statements II and IV are false because precipitates must always be dried or ignited to a constant mass before weighing (not weighed wet), and improper filtration technique directly impairs quantitative recovery. Choice A.

कथन I और III सही हैं: भारमितीय विश्लेषण (Gravimetric analysis) में अवक्षेप को घुलनशील अशुद्धियां हटाने के लिए धोया जाता है (I) और सटीक परिणाम के लिए नमूना समांगी होना चाहिए (III)। अवक्षेप को सुखाए बिना कभी नहीं तौला जाता। सही विकल्प A है।

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461📚Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Quality Control & InstrumentationGravimetric Analysis Methodology

In gravimetric analysis, the chemical substance to be determined is quantitatively converted into:

Explanation

The fundamental principle of gravimetric analysis is the quantitative isolation and conversion of the analyte into an insoluble precipitate that can be ignited into a pure, stable, unreactive compound of known definite chemical composition for weighing.

भारमितीय विश्लेषण में मापे जाने वाले पदार्थ को एक 'स्थिर और शुद्ध यौगिक' (A stable and pure compound) में परिवर्तित किया जाता है जिसका निश्चित रासायनिक सूत्र होता है।

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462📚Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Quality Control & InstrumentationGravimetric Estimation of Iron

In the gravimetric quantitative estimation of iron as ferric oxide (

Fe_2O_3

), which hydroxide reagent is added to precipitate iron as hydrated ferric hydroxide?

Explanation

In gravimetric iron determination, Ammonium Hydroxide solution (

NH_4OH

, in the presence of

NH_4Cl

) is used to precipitate iron quantitatively as reddish-brown ferric hydroxide:

Fe^{3+} + 3NH_4OH -> Fe(OH)_3\downarrow + 3NH_4^+

, which is then ignited to

Fe_2O_3

. Choice D.

आयरन के भारमितीय निर्धारण में आयरन को फेरिक हाइड्रॉक्साइड के रूप में अवक्षेपित करने के लिए 'अमोनियम हाइड्रॉक्साइड' (

NH_4OH

) का उपयोग किया जाता है। सही विकल्प D है।

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463📚Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Quality Control & InstrumentationWater Sulphate Gravimetry

Which of the following techniques is most suitable and recognized as an analytical referee method for the quantitative estimation of sulphate (

SO_4^{2-}

) in a water sample?

Explanation

The classical standard referee method for sulphate determination in water is Gravimetric Analysis by precipitation with barium chloride in acidic medium as Barium Sulphate (

BaSO_4

), filtered, ignited at

800^\circ\text{C}

, and weighed. Choice A.

जल में सल्फेट के मात्रात्मक निर्धारण के लिए मानक विधि 'बेरियम सल्फेट (

BaSO_4

) के रूप में अवक्षेपण और भारमितीय विश्लेषण' है। सही विकल्प A है।

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464📚Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Quality Control & InstrumentationPrimary Standards

Which of the following chemicals is standardly utilized as a high-purity primary standard in gravimetric and volumetric analytical standardization?

Explanation

Potassium Dichromate (

K_2Cr_2O_7

) is an exemplary primary standard because it can be obtained in

>99.9\%

purity, is stable, non-hygroscopic, resistant to photo-oxidation, and can be dried to constant mass at

150^\circ\text{C}

. Choice C.

प्राथमिक मानक (Primary standard) के रूप में 'पोटैशियम डाइक्रोमेट' (

K_2Cr_2O_7

) का व्यापक उपयोग किया जाता है क्योंकि यह अत्यधिक शुद्ध और स्थिर होता है।

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465📚Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Quality Control & InstrumentationLaboratory Apparatus (Crucibles)

Which of the following types of crucibles is standardly and commonly used in gravimetric analysis for heating precipitates to high temperatures (

>1000^\circ\text{C}

) in a muffle furnace?

Explanation

Porcelain crucibles (made of glazed high-grade refractory porcelain) are standard in analytical gravimetry because they withstand temperatures exceeding

1100^\circ\text{C}

without thermal distortion or chemical reaction. Choice A.

भारमितीय विश्लेषण में अवक्षेप को उच्च ताप पर गर्म करने के लिए 'पोर्सिलेन क्रूसिबल' (Porcelain crucible) का व्यापक उपयोग किया जाता है।

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466📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeResource Depletion Drivers

What is the primary driving root cause for the accelerated depletion of non-renewable natural resources worldwide?

Explanation

While human population growth compounds demand, excessive per capita Overconsumption (consumerism, excessive industrial extraction, fossil fuel combustion) in affluent societies is the primary direct driver of resource depletion. Choice C.

गैर-नवीकरणीय प्राकृतिक संसाधनों के तेजी से घटने का सबसे प्रमुख कारण 'अत्यधिक उपभोग' (Overconsumption / अत्यधिक दोहन) है।

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467📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeLandscape Ecology (Ecotone)

In ecology, an 'ecotone' is best defined as:

Explanation

An ecotone is the transitional junction zone where two distinct ecological biomes or communities meet, blend, and overlap (such as a marshland between river and terrestrial meadow), frequently exhibiting the edge effect and higher species richness. Choice A.

इकोटोन (Ecotone / संक्रांतिका) दो अलग-अलग पारिस्थितिक समुदायों या पारिस्थितिकी तंत्रों के बीच का 'संक्रमण क्षेत्र' (Boundary between two distinct ecosystems) होता है।

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468📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeEnvironmental Treaties (Kyoto Protocol)

Which international treaty was adopted in 1997 to commit industrialized countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions globally?

Explanation

The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997 (under UNFCCC) committing Annex I industrialized nations to legally binding targets to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases.

ग्रीनहाउस गैसों के वैश्विक उत्सर्जन को कम करने के लिए 1997 में अपनाया गया अंतरराष्ट्रीय समझौता 'क्योटो प्रोटोकॉल' (Kyoto Protocol) है।

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469📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeWastewater Treatment (AOPs)

Which of the following advanced chemical processes is most effective for completely degrading and mineralizing refractory hazardous organic pollutants in industrial wastewater?

Explanation

Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs—e.g. Fenton's reagent,

UV/H_2O_2

, ozone catalysis) generate highly reactive hydroxyl free radicals (

\cdot OH

) that non-selectively oxidize complex, recalcitrant, and toxic synthetic organic contaminants into harmless

CO_2

and

H_2O

. Choice B.

औद्योगिक अपशिष्ट जल में खतरनाक कार्बनिक प्रदूषकों को पूरी तरह नष्ट करने के लिए 'उन्नत ऑक्सीकरण प्रक्रियाएं' (Advanced Oxidation Processes / AOPs) सबसे प्रभावी हैं।

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470📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeEnvironmental Toxicology (Minamata Disease)

The devastating neurological disorder Minamata disease, first discovered in 1956 around Minamata Bay in Japan, was caused by industrial environmental pollution of:

Explanation

Minamata disease was caused by the release of industrial wastewater containing high concentrations of Methylmercury (

CH_3Hg^+

) by the Chisso Corporation chemical plant, which bioaccumulated in shellfish and fish eaten by local residents. (Cadmium causes Itai-itai disease). Choice C.

जापान में फैली प्रसिद्ध 'मिनामाता बीमारी' (Minamata disease) औद्योगिक कचरे से पानी में घुले 'मिथाइल मर्करी' (Methylmercury / मिथाइल पारा) के कारण हुई थी।

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471📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeInternational Environmental Governance

Which of the following statements about the global management of environmental pollution and treaties are true?
I. The Paris Agreement focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to hold global warming well below 2°C.
II. International environmental protocols such as the Montreal Protocol have been exceptionally instrumental in phasing out ozone-depleting substances.
III. Transboundary pollution problems, including transboundary river basins and marine plastic pollution, require multinational cooperation.
IV. Environmental regulations have been completely successful in totally eliminating lead and asbestos in all industries worldwide.
Choose the correct statements:

Explanation

Statements I, II, and III are correct: The Paris Agreement aims to limit global temperature rise (I), the Montreal Protocol has phased out

>99\%

of controlled ODS (II), and shared river/ocean pollution demands multilateral governance (III). Statement IV is false because asbestos mining/use and industrial lead contamination persist in numerous developing nations. Choice D (I, II, III).

कथन I, II और III सही हैं (पेरिस समझौता ग्रीनहाउस गैसों को कम करता है, मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल ओजोन क्षरण को रोकता है और सीमापार प्रदूषण में वैश्विक सहयोग आवश्यक है; सीसा और एस्बेस्टस अभी पूरी तरह समाप्त नहीं हुए हैं)। सही विकल्प D है।

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472📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeWater Pollution Consequences Matching

Match the primary water pollution effects with their most direct biological consequences:
i. Eutrophication
ii. Contaminated drinking water
iii. Severe fish mortality
iv. Spread of waterborne infectious diseases
v. Aquatic habitat loss

Consequences:
1. Drastic reduction in dissolved oxygen (hypoxia) causing mass suffocation
2. Disruption of benthic ecosystem food webs and loss of species diversity
3. Increased nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient levels triggering dense algal blooms
4. Enteric pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and amoebae causing human illness
5. Human gastrointestinal ingestion of water contaminated with toxic industrial chemicals

Select the correct option:

Explanation

i -> 3 (Eutrophication brings excess N/P nutrients yielding toxic algal blooms), ii -> 5 (Contaminated drinking water leads to chemical consumption hazards), iii -> 1 (Fish mortality is directly precipitated by severe oxygen depletion/hypoxia), iv -> 4 (Waterborne epidemics are caused by enteric pathogens like cholera/typhoid), v -> 2 (Habitat loss disrupts benthic ecosystem diversity). Correct match: i-3, ii-5, iii-1, iv-4, v-2 (Choice D).

i-3 (सुपोषण - पोषक तत्वों से शैवाल प्रसार), ii-5 (दूषित पेयजल - रसायनों का उपभोग), iii-1 (मछली मृत्यु - ऑक्सीजन की कमी से दम घुटना), iv-4 (जलजनित रोग - रोगजनकों द्वारा बीमारी), v-2 (आवास विनाश - पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र की क्षति)। सही विकल्प D है।

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473📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeConservation Ecology Categories

Match the biodiversity-related ecological terms in Column -A with their representative wildlife examples in Column -B:
Column -A:
1. Keystone species
2. Invasive species
3. Endemic species
4. Flagship species

Column - B:
i. Elephants in African savannas (maintains open grasslands)
ii. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in freshwater lakes
iii. Giant panda in China (symbol of conservation)
iv. Lion-tailed macaque in Western Ghats rainforests of India

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

1 -> i (African elephants act as keystone ecosystem engineers knocking down trees to maintain savannas), 2 -> ii (Water hyacinth is an aggressive invasive alien weed clogging aquatic ecosystems), 3 -> iv (Lion-tailed macaque is strictly endemic to the Western Ghats of India), 4 -> iii (The Giant Panda is the classic global flagship ambassador species). Correct match: 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iv, 4-iii (Choice A).

1-i (कीस्टोन प्रजाति - अफ्रीकी हाथी), 2-ii (आक्रामक विदेशी प्रजाति - जलकुंभी), 3-iv (स्थानिक प्रजाति - पश्चिमी घाट का लायन-टेल्ड मकाक), 4-iii (फ्लैगशिप प्रजाति - जायंट पांडा)। सही विकल्प A है।

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474📚Radiation Protection, Shielding, Radiobiology & Waste ManagementRadiobiology & Carcinogenesis

Which type of DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation is more likely to result in cancer?

Explanation

While single-strand breaks and base damages are readily repaired by cellular enzymatic pathways, complex double-strand breaks (DSBs) can lead to chromosomal fragmentation, deletions, and non-homologous translocations, which are the primary genetic drivers of radiation-induced genomic instability and carcinogenesis.

आयनकारी विकिरण से होने वाली गुणसूत्रीय विकृतियाँ और स्थानांतरण (Chromosomal fragmentation or translocations) कैंसर उत्पन्न करने के लिए सबसे अधिक जिम्मेदार होते हैं। सही विकल्प B है।

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475📚Diagnostic Radiology Physics, Biomedical Instrumentation & Applied MathematicsX-Ray Exposure Factors

What is the effect of increasing the kilovolt (kV) in an industrial X-ray exposure?

Explanation

Increasing the tube voltage (kVp) increases both the penetrability and the total photon intensity of the X-ray beam (intensity scales approximately with

kV^2

). Because more photons penetrate the subject to reach the detector, the required radiographic exposure time is significantly reduced.

एक्स-रे ट्यूब की वोल्टेज (kV) बढ़ाने से एक्स-रे बीम की तीव्रता और भेदन क्षमता बढ़ती है, जिससे आवश्यक एक्सपोज़र समय कम (Reducing the exposure time) हो जाता है। सही विकल्प A है।

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476📚Diagnostic Radiology Physics, Biomedical Instrumentation & Applied MathematicsNanotechnology & Microfabrication

Which of the following is a common technique used in nanofabrication?

Explanation

Lithography (including optical photolithography, extreme ultraviolet lithography, and electron-beam lithography) is the cornerstone top-down patterning technology utilized in nanofabrication to print nanoscale features on semiconductor substrates.

नैनोफैब्रिकेशन (Nanofabrication) में नैनोस्केल पैटर्न बनाने के लिए सबसे प्रमुख तकनीक 'लिथोग्राफी' (Lithography) है। सही विकल्प A है।

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477📚Physical Sciences & Engineering PhysicsClassical Mechanics & Dynamics

A 3sqrt(2) kg block sliding down a smooth inclined plane of length 5m is inclined at an angle of 45° with the horizontal. A horizontal force F = 10sqrt(2) N is applied to the block during its motion down the incline. Find the velocity of the block when it reaches the bottom, Rounded off to the nearest decimal place. (Take g=10m/s^2 and sqrt(2) =1.414).

Explanation

Given:

m = 3\sqrt{2}\text{ kg}

,

s = 5\text{ m}

,

\theta = 45^\circ

, horizontal push

F = 10\sqrt{2}\text{ N}

.
Forces acting down along the incline plane:
1. Gravitational component down the incline:

m g \sin 45^\circ = (3\sqrt{2}) \times 10 \times \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} = 30\text{ N}

.
2. Component of horizontal force along the incline:

F \cos 45^\circ = (10\sqrt{2}) \times \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} = 10\text{ N}

.
Net accelerating force

F_{\text{net}} = 30 + 10 = 40\text{ N}

.
Acceleration

a = \frac{F_{\text{net}}}{m} = \frac{40}{3\sqrt{2}} = \frac{40}{4.242} \approx 9.428\text{ m/s}^2

.
Using

v^2 = u^2 + 2as

(starting from rest

u = 0

):

v = \sqrt{2 \times 9.428 \times 5} = \sqrt{94.28} \approx 9.71\text{ m/s} \approx 9.7\text{ m/s}

.

आनत तल के अनुदिश कुल बल

= mg\sin 45^\circ + F\cos 45^\circ = 30 + 10 = 40\text{ N}

।
त्वरण

a = \frac{40}{3\sqrt{2}} \approx 9.43\text{ m/s}^2

।
अंतिम वेग

v = \sqrt{2as} = \sqrt{2 \times 9.43 \times 5} = \sqrt{94.3} \approx 9.7\text{ m/s}

। सही विकल्प A है।

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478📚Physical Sciences & Engineering PhysicsGravitation & Planetary Physics

A planet has a mass twice that of the Earth and a radius three times that of the Earth. If g is the acceleration due to gravity on the Earth's surface, the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the planet is:

Explanation

Surface gravitational acceleration is given by

g = \frac{GM}{R^2}

. For the planet with mass

M_p = 2M_e

and radius

R_p = 3R_e

:

g_p = \frac{G(2M_e)}{(3R_e)^2} = \frac{2}{9}\left(\frac{GM_e}{R_e^2}\right) = \frac{2g}{9}

.

गुरुत्वीय त्वरण सूत्र

g = \frac{GM}{R^2}

से:

g' = \frac{G(2M)}{(3R)^2} = \frac{2}{9}\left(\frac{GM}{R^2}\right) = \frac{2g}{9}

। सही विकल्प D है।

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479📚Physical Sciences & Engineering PhysicsThermal Properties of Matter

Which of the following statements about the specific heat capacity of water is true?

Explanation

Liquid water has an unusually high specific heat capacity (

c \approx 4184\text{ J/kg}\cdot\text{K}

or

1\text{ cal/g}\cdot^\circ\text{C}

), allowing it to absorb or release massive amounts of thermal energy with minimal temperature change. This property is exploited therapeutically in hot-water bags for heat fomentation and industrially as an engine coolant.

जल की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता अत्यधिक उच्च (

4184\text{ J/kg}\cdot\text{K}

) होती है, जिसके कारण यह लंबे समय तक ऊष्मा बनाए रखता है और सिकाई (Heat fomentation) तथा शीतलक (Coolant) के रूप में उपयोगी होता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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480📚Physical Sciences & Engineering PhysicsAtmospheric Physics & Structure

Which of the following statements about Earth's atmosphere and its properties is/are correct?
1. The Earth's atmosphere is primarily composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and trace gases.
2. Atmospheric pressure decreases exponentially with increasing altitude.
3. Earth's gravitational pull is essential for retaining the atmosphere.
4. The ozone layer is located in the mesosphere.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct: the atmosphere is ~78% N2, 21% O2 (1); barometric pressure drops exponentially with altitude

P(z) = P_0 e^{-z/H}

(2); and gravity prevents atmospheric gas molecules from escaping to space (3). Statement 4 is FALSE because the protective ozone layer is located in the stratosphere (15–35 km), not the mesosphere. Hence, 1, 2, and 3 only. Choice B.

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सही हैं; कथन 4 गलत है क्योंकि ओजोन परत मध्यमंडल (Mesosphere) में नहीं, बल्कि समताप मंडल (Stratosphere) में स्थित होती है। सही विकल्प B है।

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481📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryEnvironmental Pollution & Smog

Which of the following pollutants is NOT involved in the formation of photochemical smog?

Explanation

Photochemical smog (Los Angeles type smog) is formed by solar UV-driven photochemical reactions between nitrogen oxides (

NO_x

) and reactive VOCs, producing ozone (

O_3

) and peroxyacetyl nitrates (PAN). In contrast, sulfur dioxide (

SO_2

) along with coal soot in cool, humid fog produces classical London-type industrial reducing smog.

फोटोकेमिकल स्मॉग में

NO_x

, VOCs और ओजोन (

O_3

) शामिल होते हैं; जबकि सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड (

SO_2

) क्लासिकल (लंदन) स्मॉग का मुख्य घटक है, फोटोकेमिकल स्मॉग का नहीं। सही विकल्प C है।

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482📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryWater Pollution & Eutrophication

Eutrophication in water bodies is often associated with:

Explanation

Cultural eutrophication is triggered by excessive runoff of nitrates and phosphates, fueling explosive algal blooms. When these massive algal mats die, aerobic decomposing microorganisms consume vast amounts of dissolved oxygen, leading to high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and severe depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO), causing widespread fish kills.

सुपोषण (Eutrophication) के कारण जल निकायों में शैवाल प्रस्फुटन होता है और उनके अपघटन से उच्च BOD (High BOD) तथा घुलित ऑक्सीजन की भारी कमी (Low dissolved oxygen) हो जाती है। सही विकल्प B है।

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483📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryWater Treatment & Coagulation

Match the coagulants with their application in water treatment:
List - A (Coagulants)
i. Alum
ii. Ferric chloride
iii. PAC
iv. Lime
List - B (Application)
1. Treating highly turbid water
2. Industrial wastewater treatment
3. Enhanced coagulation in municipal plants
4. Softening hard water
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Matching coagulants to their standard primary water treatment roles:
- i. Alum (Aluminium sulfate): Enhanced conventional coagulation in municipal drinking water plants -> (3)
- ii. Ferric chloride: Highly effective across wide pH ranges for industrial wastewater and sludge dewatering -> (2)
- iii. PAC (Poly-aluminium chloride): Pre-polymerized coagulant specifically effective for highly turbid and low-temperature water -> (1)
- iv. Lime (

Ca(OH)_2

): Precipitation softening of hard water by removing carbonate/calcium ions -> (4).
Hence: i-3, ii-2, iii-1, iv-4. Choice A.

स्कंदकों (Coagulants) का सही मिलान:
i. फिटकरी (Alum) -> नगर निगम जल शोधन (3)
ii. फेरिक क्लोराइड -> औद्योगिक अपशिष्ट जल शोधन (2)
iii. PAC -> अत्यधिक गंदले जल का शोधन (1)
iv. चूना (Lime) -> कठोर जल को मृदु बनाना (4)।
अतः सही कूट A है।

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484📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryHeavy Metal Toxicology (Mercury)

Which of the following diseases is most commonly associated with long-term mercury exposure?

Explanation

Minamata disease is a severe neurological syndrome caused by chronic methylmercury poisoning, first discovered in Minamata Bay, Japan (1956), caused by the release of methylmercury into industrial wastewater which bioaccumulated in shellfish and fish eaten by local populations.

पारे (मिथाइल मर्करी) के दीर्घकालिक विषाक्त प्रभाव से होने वाला प्रसिद्ध रोग 'मिनीमाता रोग' (Minamata disease) है। सही विकल्प C है।

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485📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryPolymer Chemistry & Industrial Syntheses

Which of the following is a key intermediate compound in the production of nylon-6,6?

Explanation

Nylon-6,6 is a synthetic polyamide copolymer produced by the step-growth condensation polymerization of two 6-carbon monomers: hexamethylenediamine (

H_2N-(CH_2)_6-NH_2

) and adipic acid (

HOOC-(CH_2)_4-COOH

).

नायलॉन-6,6 के निर्माण में हेक्सामेथिलीनडायमीन (Hexamethylenediamine) और एडिपिक एसिड मुख्य मध्यवर्ती यौगिक (मोनोमर्स) होते हैं। सही विकल्प B है।

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486📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryPolymer Chemistry & Industrial Syntheses

Which of the following polymers is synthesized by the polymerization of caprolactam?

Explanation

Nylon-6 (also known as Perlon) is synthesized by the ring-opening addition polymerization of the cyclic monomer

\varepsilon

-caprolactam in the presence of water at elevated temperatures (~250°C).

कैप्रोलैक्टम (Caprolactam) के रिंग-ओपनिंग बहुलकीकरण से नायलॉन-6 (Nylon-6) का संश्लेषण किया जाता है। सही विकल्प C है।

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487📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryWater Pollution & Quality Standards

Clean water would have Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) value of less than:

Explanation

According to water quality classification standards, pure, clean natural river or drinking water contains very little biodegradable organic matter and has a 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) of less than 5 ppm (mg/L). Water with BOD between 5-10 ppm is considered moderately clean, and >15-20 ppm indicates severe organic pollution.

स्वच्छ और शुद्ध जल में जैव-रासायनिक ऑक्सीजन मांग (BOD) का मान 5 ppm (5 mg/L) से कम होता है। सही विकल्प D है।

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488📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryWater Quality Parameters

The dissolved oxygen concentration ________ with the increase in temperature of water

Explanation

In accordance with Henry's Law and the exothermic thermodynamics of gas dissolution, the solubility of gases in liquids decreases as temperature rises. Warmer water holds significantly less dissolved oxygen (DO), which is why industrial thermal pollution causes hypoxia in aquatic ecosystems.

जल का तापमान बढ़ने पर उसमें ऑक्सीजन गैस की विलेयता घटती है, जिससे घुलित ऑक्सीजन की सांद्रता घट जाती है (Decreases)। सही विकल्प A है।

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489📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryIndustrial Chemistry (Contact Process)

Which of the following is the primary purpose of the Contact Process in industrial chemistry?

Explanation

The Contact Process is the modern industrial manufacturing process for concentrated sulfuric acid (

H_2SO_4

). Its central reaction is the exothermic catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide (

SO_2

) to sulfur trioxide (

SO_3

) using atmospheric oxygen over a vanadium(V) oxide (

V_2O_5

) catalyst at ~450°C.

औद्योगिक रसायन विज्ञान में 'कॉन्टैक्ट प्रोसेस' (Contact Process) का मुख्य उद्देश्य वैनेडियम ऑक्साइड (

V_2O_5

) उत्प्रेरक की उपस्थिति में सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड के ऑक्सीकरण द्वारा सल्फ्यूरिक एसिड (

H_2SO_4

) का निर्माण करना है। सही विकल्प A है।

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490📚Biological Sciences, Genetics, Biotechnology & EcologyEvolutionary Biology & Speciation

Which of the following species found in India demonstrates adaptive radiation?

Explanation

Adaptive radiation is the rapid diversification of an ancestral species into a variety of forms adapted to specialized ecological niches. In India, freshwater fish (such as hill-stream cyprinids and balitorid loaches across the Western Ghats and Himalayan river systems) showcase striking adaptive radiation in body morphologies adapted to fast-flowing torrential waters.

भारत में पाई जाने वाली मीठे पानी की मछलियां (Indian freshwater fish) विभिन्न जलीय आवासों के अनुकूलन के लिए अनुकूली विकिरण (Adaptive radiation) का उत्कृष्ट उदाहरण हैं। सही विकल्प C है।

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491📚Biological Sciences, Genetics, Biotechnology & EcologyGlobal Environmental Change & Climate

Presently, the main cause of global warming is:

Explanation

The primary driver of contemporary global climate change is the rapid anthropogenic increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations—most prominently carbon dioxide (

CO_2

), released by fossil fuel combustion, cement manufacturing, and deforestation—which traps outgoing infrared terrestrial radiation.

वर्तमान समय में ग्लोबल वार्मिंग का मुख्य कारण वातावरण में ग्रीनहाउस गैस कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड की बढ़ती सांद्रता (Increasing CO2 Concentration) है। सही विकल्प A है।

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492📚Biological Sciences, Genetics, Biotechnology & EcologyNatural Resources & Fossil Fuels

The term 'Black gold' is used for

Explanation

Petroleum (crude oil) and its refined derivatives are universally referred to as 'Black Gold' due to their black, viscous appearance when extracted from subterranean deposits and their immense commercial, economic, and strategic industrial value.

पेट्रोलियम (कच्चे तेल) को इसके गहरे काले रंग और अत्यधिक आर्थिक व औद्योगिक मूल्य के कारण 'काला सोना' (Black gold) कहा जाता है। सही विकल्प C है।

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493📚Physical Sciences & Engineering PhysicsAtmospheric Physics & Ozone Dynamics

Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of the options given below:
Assertion (A): In stratosphere, the temperature rises from -57°C to -2°C.
Reason (R): In stratosphere ozone layer is present.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. In the stratosphere (extending from ~12 to 50 km altitude), the ozone layer (

O_3

) absorbs high-energy solar ultraviolet radiation (UV-B and UV-C) via the Chapman photolysis cycle (

O_3 + h\nu \to O_2 + O

). This absorbed photochemical energy is converted into kinetic/thermal energy, creating a temperature inversion where ambient temperature rises from approximately

-57^\circ\text{C}

at the tropopause to near

-2^\circ\text{C}

at the stratopause. Choice A.

प्रक्कथन और कारण दोनों सत्य हैं और कारण प्रक्कथन की सही व्याख्या करता है। समताप मंडल में मौजूद ओजोन परत द्वारा पराबैंगनी (UV) विकिरणों के अवशोषण से ऊष्मा उत्पन्न होती है, जिसके कारण तापमान

-57^\circ\text{C}

से बढ़कर

-2^\circ\text{C}

तक पहुंच जाता है। सही विकल्प A है।

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494📚Basic Reasoning & Mental AbilityCoding & Decoding

Which of the following is the odd one out based on the coding pattern?
I) HOUSE -> IPVTF
II) MONEY -> NPFZF
III) RIVER -> SJWFS
IV) TREND -> USFOE
Choose the Correct option:

Explanation

In HOUSE, RIVER, and TREND, each letter is shifted forward by +1 uniformly. In MONEY, M(+1)=N, O(+1)=P, but N(+1) should be O (coded as F), so MONEY -> NPFZF violates the +1 pattern.

अन्य सभी में प्रत्येक अक्षर में +1 की वृद्धि हुई है; जबकि MONEY में N के स्थान पर F लिखा गया है। अतः विकल्प B विषम है।

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495📚Basic Mathematics & Numerical AbilityProblems on Ages

The present ages of Usman and Travis are in the ratio of 5:4 respectively. Three years hence, the ratio of their ages will become 11 : 9 respectively. What is Travis's present age in years?

Explanation

Let present ages be

5x

and

4x

. After 3 years:

\frac{5x + 3}{4x + 3} = \frac{11}{9} \implies 9(5x + 3) = 11(4x + 3) \implies 45x + 27 = 44x + 33 \implies x = 6

. Travis's present age

= 4x = 4 \times 6 = 24\text{ years}

.

माना आयु

5x

और

4x

है।

\frac{5x+3}{4x+3} = \frac{11}{9} \implies x = 6

। ट्रैविस की वर्तमान आयु

= 4 \times 6 = 24

वर्ष। सही विकल्प D है।

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496📚General Awareness, Science & J&K UT Special ReferenceEcology & Protected Areas of India

Phumdis, Floating islands are an exceptional feature of which of the following lakes?

Explanation

Phumdis are a unique heterogeneous mass of floating vegetation, organic matter, and soil characteristic of Loktak Lake in Manipur, home to the world's only floating national park, Keibul Lamjao National Park.

तैरते हुए द्वीप 'फुुमडी' (Phumdis) मणिपुर की प्रसिद्ध लोकतक झील (Loktak lake) की अनूठी विशेषता हैं जहाँ केइबुल लामजाओ राष्ट्रीय उद्यान स्थित है। सही विकल्प C है।

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497📚General Awareness, Science & J&K UT Special ReferenceHydroelectric Projects of J&K

Which of the following hydroelectric project is built on River Jhelum?

Explanation

The Uri-II Hydroelectric Project (240 MW, run-of-the-river) is built on the Jhelum River in Baramulla district of J&K. (Dulhasti is on the Chenab, Sewa-III is on the Sewa/Ravi basin, Chutak is on the Suru river in Kargil).

उरी-द्वितीय (Uri-II, 240 MW) जलविद्युत परियोजना बारामूला में झेलम नदी (River Jhelum) पर स्थित है। सही विकल्प A है।

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498📚General Awareness, Science & J&K UT Special ReferenceRivers & Glaciers of J&K

From which glacier, River Lidder originates?

Explanation

The Lidder River originates from the Kolahoi Glacier near Mount Kolahoi in the northwestern Himalayan range, flowing through Pahalgam before meeting the Jhelum River near Anantnag.

लिद्दर नदी (River Lidder) पहलगाम के उत्तर में स्थित कोलाहोई ग्लेशियर (Kolahoi glacier) से निकलती है। सही विकल्प C है।

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499📚Reaction Mechanisms, Kinetics & Physical Organic ChemistryStructure-Reactivity Relationships

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the effect of molecular structure on the reactivity of organic compounds?

Explanation

Steric hindrance in the vicinity of the reactive center severely hampers the approach of reagents in bimolecular mechanisms (

S_N2

,

E2

, carbonyl additions), raising transition state energy and substantially decreasing reaction rates. Statements A, B, and D are factually flawed (EWGs deactivate aromatic rings towards electrophilic attack; double bonds and conjugation are the quintessential drivers of electrophilic addition).

अभिक्रिया केंद्र के पास भारी प्रतिस्थापी (bulky substituent) की उपस्थिति त्रिविम बाधा (steric hindrance) उत्पन्न करती है, जिससे विशेष रूप से द्वि-अणुक (bimolecular, जैसे

S_N2

और

E2

) अभिक्रियाओं की गति घट जाती है। सही विकल्प C है।

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500📚Preventive & Curative Conservation, Museum Studies & Cultural HeritagePreventive Conservation & Light Degradation

Which of the following statements regarding the role of light in preventive conservation is most accurate in terms of protecting cultural heritage objects from deterioration?

Explanation

In museum preventive conservation, light damage is cumulative and completely irreversible. High-energy ultraviolet (UV,

<400

nm) radiation causes direct photochemical bond cleavage, yellowing, and embrittlement, while visible light (

400-700

nm) causes fading and discoloration of pigments and organic dyes. Therefore, conservation best practices mandate eliminating UV (filtering to

<75\;\mu\text{W/lumen}

) AND strictly regulating visible illuminance (lux) and exposure duration (lux-hours/year). Statement C is the most accurate.

निवारक संरक्षण (Preventive Conservation) में पराबैंगनी (UV) और दृश्य प्रकाश (visible light) दोनों ही सांस्कृतिक कलाकृतियों के प्रकाश-रासायनिक क्षरण (photochemical degradation) का कारण बनते हैं। अतः उपयुक्त फिल्टर द्वारा UV को रोकना और दृश्य प्रकाश की तीव्रता व प्रदर्शन अवधि को सीमित करना अनिवार्य है। सही विकल्प C है।

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501📚Preventive & Curative Conservation, Museum Studies & Cultural HeritagePollution & Preventive Storage

Which of the following statements about pollution and its effect on collections are correct in terms of preventive conservation? (Select the correct combination)
Statements:
1. Air pollution from sources like vehicle emissions and industrial activity is a significant threat to outdoor sculptures, causing surface degradation.
2. Museum spaces should have high levels of ventilation to allow pollutants to dissipate quickly, even if it means fluctuating environmental conditions.
3. The use of neutral pH materials for display and storage can help reduce the impact of acidic pollutants on collections.
4. Chemical pollutants such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide can affect paintings and textiles, causing fading and brittleness.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Statements 1, 3, and 4 are accurate preventive conservation principles:
- Outdoor stone and bronze monuments suffer accelerated erosion from automotive particulates and acidic precipitation.
- Neutral pH and alkaline-buffered archival boards/enclosures absorb and neutralize acidic pollutants.
- Strong oxidants like ozone (

O_3

) and

NO_2

sever conjugated double bonds in colorants and embrittle textile fibers.
Statement 2 is FALSE because uncontrolled ventilation draws in outdoor pollutants and creates dangerous humidity spikes; museum HVAC requires filtered, controlled recirculation.

कथन 1, 3 और 4 सही हैं। कथन 2 गलत है क्योंकि संग्रहालयों में अनियंत्रित बाहरी वेंटिलेशन से प्रदूषण और आर्द्रता में उतार-चढ़ाव आता है। न्यूट्रल pH सामग्री का उपयोग अम्लीय प्रभाव को कम करता है और ओजोन व

NO_2

वस्त्रों व चित्रों को फीका करते हैं। सही विकल्प A है।

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502📚History of Photography & Indian PhotographersGenres of Photography & Pioneers

Match the following and select the correct answer from the codes given below:
Column- I:
1. Atul Kasbekar
2. Mitter Bedi
3. O. P. Sharma
4. O.C Edwards

Column - II:
i. Modern experimental photography
ii. Nature Photography
iii. Industrial Photographer
iv. Fashion Photographer

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Matching:
- 1. Atul Kasbekar: famous fashion and advertising photographer, renowned for the Kingfisher Calendar

->

iv.
- 2. Mitter Bedi: legendary pioneer of industrial photography in post-independence India

->

iii.
- 3. O. P. Sharma: acclaimed master of pictorial and modern experimental photography (solarization and tone line processes)

->

i.
- 4. O.C. Edwards: pioneer of nature and bird photography in India

->

ii.
Correct matching: 1 - iv, 2 - iii, 3 - i, 4 - ii (Option C).

अतुल कस्बेकर फैशन फोटोग्राफर हैं (1-iv); मित्तर बेदी औद्योगिक फोटोग्राफर थे (2-iii); ओ.पी. शर्मा आधुनिक प्रायोगिक फोटोग्राफी के महारथी हैं (3-i); और ओ.सी. एडवर्ड्स प्रकृति फोटोग्राफी से जुड़े हैं (4-ii)। सही विकल्प C है।

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503📚Satellite Communications & Space SystemsSpin Stabilization

Consider a satellite in a spinning stabilization mode. If the satellite's rotational speed is increased, what effect would this have on the stability of its orientation?

Explanation

Spin stabilization uses the gyroscopic rigidity of a rotating mass: higher rotational speed increases angular momentum (

L = I\omega

), creating greater resistance to external disturbing gravitational and solar disturbance torques.

स्पिन-स्थिरीकृत उपग्रह की घूर्णन गति बढ़ाने से उसका कोणीय संवेग (

L = I\omega

) बढ़ता है, जिससे जाइरोस्कोपिक बलों के कारण उसके अभिविन्यास का स्थायित्व बढ़ जाता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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504📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationWatershed Delineation & Principles

The area that contributes all of its runoff water to a common point is known as

Explanation

A watershed (also called a drainage basin or catchment area) is defined as a topographically delineated geographical area in which all surface water runoff drains through a single common outlet or point into a stream, river, lake, or reservoir.

वह भौगोलिक क्षेत्र जिसका समस्त वर्षा अपवाह (Runoff) एक निश्चित उभयनिष्ठ बिंदु (Common outlet) की ओर प्रवाहित होता है, 'जलसंभर' या 'जलग्रहण क्षेत्र' (Watershed) कहलाता है। अतः सही उत्तर Watershed (विकल्प B) है।

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505📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationSoil Moisture Instruments

Which of the following instrument is used for the measurement of soil moisture content?

Explanation

A Tensiometer measures soil matric potential (soil moisture tension), which directly correlates to soil moisture content via the soil water characteristic curve. (A hydrometer measures liquid specific gravity, a hygrometer measures air humidity, and an infiltrometer measures infiltration rate).

टेन्सियोमीटर (Tensiometer) मृदा नमी तनाव (Soil moisture tension) को मापता है जिससे मिट्टी की नमी की मात्रा (Moisture content) ज्ञात की जाती है। हाइड्रोमीटर तरल घनत्व, हाइग्रोमीटर वायु आर्द्रता तथा इन्फिल्ट्रोमीटर अंतःस्यंदन मापता है। अतः सही विकल्प A है।

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506📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationSoil Moisture Tension & Classification

Water that is held in soil between tension of about 0.33 bars to 31 bars is known as

Explanation

Soil water is classified into: (1) Gravitational water: held at tension < 0.33 bar (1/3 atm), draining away under gravity; (2) Capillary water: retained in soil capillary pores between field capacity (0.33 bar) and the hygroscopic coefficient (31 bars); (3) Hygroscopic water: held tightly at tension > 31 bars. Hence, water held between 0.33 and 31 bars is Capillary water.

मिट्टी में 0.33 बार (क्षेत्र क्षमता/Field capacity) से 31 बार (आर्द्रताग्राही गुणांक) तनाव के बीच रुकी हुई नमी को 'केशिका जल' (Capillary water) कहा जाता है। 0.33 बार से कम पर गुरुत्वीय जल तथा 31 बार से अधिक पर आर्द्रताग्राही जल होता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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507📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationAquifer Parameters & Specific Yield

The ratio of the volume of water released from storage by a saturated porous medium due to gravity to the total volume of the medium is known as

Explanation

In hydrogeology, Specific Yield (

S_y

) is defined as the ratio of the volume of water drained by gravity from a saturated rock or soil aquifer (

V_w

) to the total gross volume of the medium (

V_T

):

S_y = \frac{V_w}{V_T}

.

गुरुत्वाकर्षण के प्रभाव से किसी संतृप्त भूगर्भीय माध्यम से बाहर निकलने वाले जल के आयतन और उस माध्यम के कुल आयतन के अनुपात को 'विशिष्ट प्राप्ति' या 'विशिष्ट लब्धि' (Specific yield -

S_y

) कहा जाता है। सही विकल्प A है।

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508📚Workshop Technology & Machine ToolsWorkshop Safety Equipment

Which of the following is used to protect the eyes in a smithy workshop?

Explanation

In a smithy/forging workshop, safety Goggles are worn by operators to protect the eyes from flying metal scales, red-hot sparks, and infrared radiant heat. Welding helmets and hand screens are used in electric arc welding to block harmful ultraviolet and intense radiation.

लोहारी कार्यशाला (Smithy workshop) में गर्म धातु के उड़ते हुए छिलकों (Scales) और चिंगारियों से आँखों की सुरक्षा के लिए 'सुरक्षा चश्मे' (Goggles) का उपयोग किया जाता है। आर्क वेल्डिंग में हेलमेट और हैंड स्क्रीन का प्रयोग होता है। सही विकल्प C है।

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509📚Workshop Technology & Machine ToolsAdvanced Welding Technologies

Welding method suitable for industries like aerospace and car manufacturing is called

Explanation

Electron Beam Welding (EBW) and Laser Beam Welding (LBW) deliver extremely high energy density, narrow heat-affected zones (HAZ), deep penetration, and virtually zero thermal distortion, making them standard for high-precision components in aerospace and automotive/car manufacturing.

एयरोस्पेस और ऑटोमोबाइल (कार निर्माण) जैसे उच्च परिशुद्धता वाले उद्योगों के लिए 'इलेक्ट्रॉन बीम और लेजर वेल्डिंग' (Electron Beam and Laser Welding) सबसे उपयुक्त विधियां हैं क्योंकि ये अत्यंत संकीर्ण वेल्ड जोड़ और न्यूनतम विकृति (Zero distortion) प्रदान करती हैं। सही विकल्प B है।

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510📚Renewable Energy & Electrical EngineeringBiogas Plant Designs

Which one is a floating dome type biogas plant?

Explanation

The KVIC model (Khadi and Village Industries Commission) is the classic floating dome type biogas plant, featuring a cylindrical digester well and an inverted movable steel or fiberglass gas holder dome that floats on top of the slurry and rises/falls with gas volume. Janata and Deenabandhu models are fixed-dome plants.

केवीआईसी मॉडल (KVIC model) एक 'फ्लोटिंग ड्रम/डोम' (Floating dome) प्रकार का बायोगैस संयंत्र है, जिसमें लोहे का गैस धारक ड्रम गोबर के घोल के ऊपर तैरता है। जबकि जनता और दीनबंधु मॉडल फिक्स्ड डोम (स्थिर गुंबद) प्रकार के संयंत्र हैं। सही विकल्प A है।

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511📚Renewable Energy & Electrical EngineeringEnergy Storage & Electric Vehicles

Type of energy storage system currently used in leading electric vehicles?

Explanation

Lithium-ion batteries (e.g., NMC, NCA, and LFP chemistries) represent the dominant energy storage technology utilized in contemporary leading electric vehicles (EVs) due to their superior gravimetric and volumetric energy density, high discharge efficiency, low self-discharge, and long cycle life.

वर्तमान समय के अग्रणी इलेक्ट्रिक वाहनों (Electric Vehicles - EVs) में मुख्य रूप से 'लिथियम-आयन बैटरी' (Lithium-ion batteries) का उपयोग ऊर्जा भंडारण प्रणाली के रूप में किया जाता है क्योंकि इनकी ऊर्जा घनत्व (Energy density) उच्च होती है और जीवनकाल लंबा होता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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512📚Renewable Energy & Electrical EngineeringSolar Radiation Physics

The form in which the solar energy is radiated from the sun

Explanation

The Sun radiates energy across the entire continuous electromagnetic spectrum (including ultraviolet, visible light, and infrared radiation) fundamentally in the form of Electromagnetic Waves traveling at the speed of light (

c \approx 3 \times 10^8\text{ m/s}

).

सूर्य से सौर ऊर्जा का विकिरण मुख्य रूप से 'विद्युत चुम्बकीय तरंगों' (Electromagnetic waves) के रूप में अंतरिक्ष में उत्सर्जित होता है, जिसमें पराबैंगनी, दृश्य प्रकाश और अवरक्त तरंगें शामिल हैं। अतः सबसे सटीक और व्यापक उत्तर Electromagnetic waves (विकल्प A) है।

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513📚Agricultural Process Engineering, Post-Harvest & Protected CultivationGrading & Density Separation

A grading equipment which uses density of the material for separation is

Explanation

A Specific Gravity Separator (Gravity table) grades and separates seeds or grains of identical size and shape strictly based on differences in their specific gravity or bulk density using a reciprocating tilted porous deck fluidised by an upward air stream.

सामग्री के घनत्व (Density / Specific gravity) के आधार पर समान आकार के दानों को अलग-अलग श्रेणियों में छांटने वाला उपकरण 'ग्रेविटी सेपरेटर' (Gravity separator / विशिष्ट गुरुत्व विभाजक) कहलाता है। सही उत्तर विकल्प D है।

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514📚Agricultural Process Engineering, Post-Harvest & Protected CultivationSeparation Principles & Equipment

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
i. Aerodynamic property - Cyclone separator
ii. Surface roughness - Inclined drapper
iii. Optical property - Electrostatic cleaning
iv. Size and Shape - Destoner
Choose the Correct Option:

Explanation

Evaluation: (i) Cyclone separators separate dust/chaff from air using aerodynamic drag and centrifugal force (Correct); (ii) Inclined draper separates smooth spherical seeds from rough flat seeds based on surface texture/friction (Correct); (iii) Optical sorters use photoelectric sensors, whereas electrostatic cleaning relies on dielectric charging, not optical properties (Incorrect); (iv) Destoners separate stones based on specific gravity/density, not size and shape (Incorrect). Hence, only i and ii are correctly matched.

समीक्षा: (i) चक्रवात विभाजक (Cyclone separator) वायुगतिकीय गुणों पर कार्य करता है (सही); (ii) इंक्लाइंड ड्रेपर सतह के खुरदुरेपन और घर्षण पर बीजों को अलग करता है (सही); (iii) इलेक्ट्रोस्टैटिक सफाई विद्युत आवेश पर आधारित है, प्रकाशीय गुणों पर नहीं (गलत); (iv) डी-स्टोनर घनत्व पर आधारित होता है, आकार पर नहीं (गलत)। अतः केवल i and ii सही हैं (विकल्प B)।

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515📚Agricultural Process Engineering, Post-Harvest & Protected CultivationIndustrial Drying Equipment

Steam tube rotary dryer is a

Explanation

In a steam tube rotary dryer, steam-heated longitudinal tubes rotate inside a revolving shell. The wet granular material cascades over the exterior of these hot tubes, receiving heat primarily by indirect conduction continuously as it traverses from the feed inlet to the discharge end. Thus, it is a Continuous Conduction Dryer.

स्टीम ट्यूब रोटरी ड्रायर में भाप से गर्म ट्यूबों के ऊपर से सामग्री गुजरती है और चालन (Conduction) द्वारा ऊष्मा प्राप्त करती है। चूंकि यह सामग्री को लगातार सुखाकर बाहर निकालता है, अतः यह एक 'कंटीन्यूअस कंडक्शन ड्रायर' (Continuous conduction dryer) है। सही विकल्प A है।

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516📚Agricultural Process Engineering, Post-Harvest & Protected CultivationLSU Grain Dryer Architecture

Which of the following is a continuous flow-mixing type of grain dryer?

Explanation

The LSU (Louisiana State University) Dryer is the classic continuous-flow mixing type column grain dryer widely used for paddy. It incorporates alternating inverted V-shaped air channels (baffles) that continuously mix and turn the grain mass as it descends by gravity, ensuring uniform drying and minimizing moisture gradients.

एलएसयू ड्रायर (LSU Dryer - Louisiana State University Dryer) धान और अनाज सुखाने के लिए एक प्रसिद्ध 'कंटीन्यूअस फ्लो-मिक्सिंग' (Continuous flow-mixing) प्रकार का ड्रायर है। इसमें लगे उल्टे V-आकार के बफ़ल्स अनाज को नीचे गिरते समय लगातार मिलाते रहते हैं। सही विकल्प B है।

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517📚Museology, Museum Studies & Exhibition PracticesMajor Indian Museums & Milestones

Match the following key Indian museums with their respective founding years or historical milestones:
Museums:
1. Indian Museum, Kolkata
2. Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad
3. National Museum, New Delhi
4. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (CSMVS), Mumbai
Milestones:
i. Founded in 1814, it is the oldest museum in India.
ii. Established in 1951, houses artifacts from the Indus Valley Civilization.
iii. Founded in 1951, known for its diverse private collection.
iv. Established in 1922, originally named the Prince of Wales Museum.
Options:

Explanation

Indian Museum history milestones: (1) Indian Museum, Kolkata was established in 1814 by the Asiatic Society, making it the oldest in India (i); (2) Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad was opened to the public in 1951, housing the private collection of Salar Jung III (iii); (3) National Museum, New Delhi was established in 1949/1951, housing Harappan and Indus Valley treasures like the Dancing Girl (ii); (4) CSMVS Mumbai opened in 1922, formerly the Prince of Wales Museum (iv). Match: 1-i, 2-iii, 3-ii, 4-iv.

प्रमुख भारतीय संग्रहालय: (1) भारतीय संग्रहालय, कोलकाता - 1814 में स्थापित, भारत का सबसे पुराना संग्रहालय (i); (2) सालार जंग संग्रहालय, हैदराबाद - 1951 में स्थापित प्रसिद्ध निजी संग्रह (iii); (3) राष्ट्रीय संग्रहालय, नई दिल्ली - 1949/1951 में स्थापित, सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता के अवशेषों का प्रमुख केंद्र (ii); (4) सीएसएमवीएस (CSMVS), मुंबई - 1922 में स्थापित, पूर्व नाम प्रिंस ऑफ वेल्स म्यूजियम (iv)। सही विकल्प A है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

518📚Museology, Museum Studies & Exhibition PracticesHistory of Exhibition Practices

Arrange the following key developments in exhibition practices in chronological order (from earliest to most recent):
1. The first World's Fair (The Great Exhibition) in London, 1851
2. Introduction of thematic exhibitions focused on art movements
3. The establishment of modern art museums and their role in curating exhibitions
4. The rise of digital exhibitions and virtual displays
Options:

Explanation

Chronological progression of exhibition design: (1) The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in London (Crystal Palace, 1851); (2) Emergence of thematic exhibitions around art movements (Impressionist salons and secessionist movements in the late 19th/early 20th century); (3) Establishment of dedicated modern art museums (e.g., MoMA New York, 1929); (4) The advent of digital interactive displays, virtual reality galleries, and online exhibitions (late 20th and 21st century). Sequence: 1, 2, 3, 4.

प्रदर्शनी प्रथाओं का कालानुक्रमिक क्रम: (1) लंदन का पहला विश्व मेला (द ग्रेट एग्जीबिशन, 1851), (2) कला आंदोलनों पर केंद्रित विषयगत प्रदर्शनियां (19वीं सदी का अंत/20वीं सदी की शुरुआत), (3) आधुनिक कला संग्रहालयों (जैसे MoMA 1929) की स्थापना, (4) 21वीं सदी में डिजिटल प्रदर्शनियों और आभासी प्रदर्शन का उदय। सही क्रम 1, 2, 3, 4 (विकल्प A) है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

519📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryPhotodegradation & Museum Lighting

Which of the following statements regarding the preventive conservation of cultural heritage materials in relation to light exposure is correct?
1. Ultraviolet (UV) light is less damaging to artifacts compared to visible light.
2. Organic materials like paper, textiles, and photographs are highly sensitive to light exposure.
3. Light intensity is measured in lux, and recommended levels for sensitive materials are typically above 500 lux.
4. Using incandescent light bulbs is a preferred method for minimizing light damage.
Choose the correct statement:

Explanation

In preventive conservation: Statement 1 is false (UV light has higher photon energy and causes the most severe photochemical cleavage and yellowing). Statement 2 is true (organic materials containing cellulose, protein, and organic dyes are highly photosensitive). Statement 3 is false (recommended light levels for highly sensitive artifacts are strictly kept below 50 lux, never above 500 lux). Statement 4 is false (incandescent bulbs emit substantial infrared heat, accelerating thermal deterioration). Therefore, Only 2 is correct.

प्रकाश से संरक्षण: कथन 1 गलत है (पराबैंगनी किरणें दृश्य प्रकाश से कहीं अधिक हानिकारक होती हैं)। कथन 2 सही है (कागज, वस्त्र और तस्वीरें प्रकाश के प्रति अत्यधिक संवेदनशील होते हैं)। कथन 3 गलत है (संवेदनशील वस्तुओं के लिए 50 लक्स से कम प्रकाश होना चाहिए, 500 लक्स नहीं)। कथन 4 गलत है (तापदीप्त बल्ब अत्यधिक गर्मी पैदा करते हैं)। अतः केवल कथन 2 सही है (विकल्प B)।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

520📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryMuseum Lighting Standards (50 Lux / 75 uW/lumen)

Which of the following best describes the recommended lighting standards for highly light-sensitive artifacts such as textiles, watercolours, and photographs in museums?
1. Light levels should not exceed 100 lux, and UV radiation should be completely eliminated.
2. Light levels should be kept below 50 lux, and UV radiation should not exceed 75 microwatts per lumen.
3. Light levels should not exceed 200 lux, with UV exposure below 200 microwatts per lumen.
4. Artifacts should be displayed exclusively under fluorescent lights to minimize UV and heat exposure.
Options:

Explanation

Under international museum standards (CIE, Thomson's 'The Museum Environment'): Highly light-sensitive artifacts (textiles, watercolours, tapestries, miniatures, manuscripts, and albumen photographs) must be exhibited at illuminance levels not exceeding 50 lux, with ultraviolet radiation filtered so that it does not exceed 75 microwatts per lumen (

75\;\mu\text{W/lumen}

). Therefore, Only 2 is correct.

अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संग्रहालय मानकों (Garry Thomson / ICOM) के अनुसार: अत्यधिक प्रकाश-संवेदनशील वस्तुओं (वस्त्र, जलरंग पेंटिंग, दुर्लभ पांडुलिपियां) के लिए प्रकाश का स्तर 50 लक्स (50 lux) से कम होना चाहिए तथा UV विकिरण 75 माइक्रोवाट प्रति ल्यूमेन (

75\;\mu\text{W/lm}

) से अधिक नहीं होना चाहिए। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

521📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryConservation Tools & Environmental Control

Match the following atmospheric control tools with their corresponding functions in Preventive Conservation:
Tools:
1. HVAC Systems
2. Silica Gel
3. UV Filters
4. Air Purifiers
Functions:
i. Controls relative humidity levels in enclosed spaces.
ii. Filters harmful ultraviolet rays from lighting systems.
iii. Regulates temperature and humidity levels systematically.
iv. Removes airborne pollutants and dust particles.
Options:

Explanation

Environmental tools and roles: (1) HVAC Systems systematically regulate whole-building climate (temperature and humidity) (iii); (2) Silica Gel provides passive relative humidity buffering inside sealed showcases (i); (3) UV Filters block ultraviolet wavelengths from daylight and artificial illumination (ii); (4) Air Purifiers extract particulate dust and acidic gaseous contaminants (iv). Match: 1-iii, 2-i, 3-ii, 4-iv.

उपकरण और उनके कार्य: (1) HVAC सिस्टम - पूरे भवन में तापमान और आर्द्रता का व्यवस्थित नियंत्रण (iii); (2) सिलिका जेल - बंद डिस्प्ले केस में सापेक्ष आर्द्रता नियंत्रित रखना (i); (3) UV फिल्टर - प्रकाश व्यवस्था से हानिकारक पराबैंगनी किरणों को रोकना (ii); (4) एयर प्यूरीफायर - वायुजनित प्रदूषकों और धूल कणों को हटाना (iv)। सही विकल्प A (1-iii, 2-i, 3-ii, 4-iv) है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

522📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryPollutant Chemistry & Heritage Degradation

Which of the following statements regarding the effect of air pollution on cultural heritage materials is incorrect?
i. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) from industrial emissions can cause acidification and deterioration of stone monuments and sculptures.
ii. Ozone (O3) exposure causes discoloration and deterioration of organic materials, such as textiles and leather.
iii. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) from vehicle emissions primarily affect the physical integrity of metals by accelerating oxidation and corrosion.
iv. Particulate matter (PM) primarily impacts the surface layer of archaeological and museum objects but does not penetrate deep into materials.
Choose the correct statement:

Explanation

Pollutant impacts: Statement i is true (

SO_2

forms sulfuric acid, converting marble

CaCO_3

to friable gypsum

CaSO_4 \cdot 2H_2O

). Statement ii is true (ozone oxidizes double bonds in dyes, cellulose, and collagen). Statement iii is flawed/incorrect in emphasizing that

NO_x

'primarily' affects metals (nitrogen oxides primarily cause acid deposition damaging stone and hydrolyzing paper/textiles). Statement iv is incorrect because sub-micron particulate matter (

PM_{2.5}

, carbon soot, salts) penetrates deeply into porous stone, unglazed terra-cotta, and textile matrices, causing deep-seated irreversible chemical staining and matrix degradation. Thus, statements iii and iv are the incorrect statements.

कथन i सही है (

SO_2

पत्थर और संगमरमर को जिप्सम में बदलकर क्षरण करता है)। कथन ii सही है (ओजोन वस्त्रों और चमड़े का ऑक्सीकरण करता है)। कथन iii और iv भ्रामक/गलत हैं क्योंकि

NO_x

मुख्य रूप से पत्थरों और सेल्यूलोज को नुकसान पहुंचाता है तथा सूक्ष्म धूल कण (

PM_{2.5}

) छिद्रयुक्त पत्थरों और वस्त्रों की गहराई तक समा जाते हैं, केवल सतह पर नहीं रहते। अतः गलत कथनों का समूह iii and iv only (विकल्प C) है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

523📚Jammu & Kashmir Heritage, Archaeology & Archival ScienceAncient Buddhist Sites of J&K

Which of the following are correctly matched ancient Buddhist sites located in Jammu and Kashmir?
Statement I: Harwan - Known for terracotta tiles with intricate carvings.
Statement II: Parihaspora - A significant Buddhist site established by King Lalitaditya.
Statement III: Ambaran - An ancient Buddhist monastic site near Akhnoor.
Statement IV: Martand - A major Buddhist monastery in the Anantnag district.
Choose the correct statement:

Explanation

Buddhist archaeological sites in J&K: Statement I is correct (Harwan near Srinagar features a unique 4th-5th century Kushan-era Buddhist stupa and courtyard paved with molded terracotta tiles). Statement II is correct (Parihaspora, built by King Lalitaditya Muktapida, houses the monumental Raj Vihara and Chaitya). Statement III is correct (Ambaran at Akhnoor on the Chenab is an internationally renowned Kushan-Gupta Buddhist monastic settlement with stupas and relic caskets). Statement IV is INCORRECT: Martand in Anantnag is the famous 8th-century Hindu Sun Temple built by Lalitaditya, NOT a Buddhist monastery. Thus, Statements I, II, and III only are correctly matched.

कथन I सही है (हरवान - अपनी सुंदर नक्काशीदार टेराकोटा टाइलों और बौद्ध स्तूप के लिए प्रसिद्ध)। कथन II सही है (परिहासपोरा - राजा ललितादित्य द्वारा स्थापित प्रमुख बौद्ध महाविहार)। कथन III सही है (अंबरन - अखनूर के पास चिनाब किनारे स्थित प्रसिद्ध बौद्ध मठ स्थल)। कथन IV गलत है क्योंकि मार्तंड (अनंतनाग) एक प्रसिद्ध 'सूर्य मंदिर' (Hindu Sun Temple) है, बौद्ध मठ नहीं। अतः सही उत्तर I, II, and III only (विकल्प A) है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

524📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsIndian Drainage System & River Origins

Consider the following statements:
I. Mahanadi river rises in Chhattisgarh
II. Godavari river rises in Maharashtra
III. Tapti River rises in Madhya Pradesh
IV. Cauvery river rises in Andhra Pradesh
Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Mahanadi rises in the Sihawa range in Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh (Statement I is correct). Godavari rises near Trimbakeshwar in Nashik district of Maharashtra (Statement II is correct). Tapti rises in Multai, Betul district of Madhya Pradesh (Statement III is correct). Cauvery rises at Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri range of Kodagu district in Karnataka, NOT Andhra Pradesh (Statement IV is incorrect). Hence, statements I, II, and III are correct.

महानदी छत्तीसगढ़ के धमतरी जिले के सिहावा पर्वत से निकलती है (I सही है)। गोदावरी महाराष्ट्र के नासिक जिले के त्र्यंबकेश्वर से निकलती है (II सही है)। ताप्ती मध्य प्रदेश के बैतूल जिले के मुल्ताई से निकलती है (III सही है)। कावेरी नदी कर्नाटक के कोडागु जिले में ब्रह्मगिरी पर्वतमाला के तालकावेरी से निकलती है, आंध्र प्रदेश से नहीं (IV गलत है)। अतः I, II और III सही हैं।

2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department

525📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsHydroelectric Projects of J&K

On which river is the Baglihar Dam built?

Explanation

The Baglihar Hydroelectric Power Project (Baglihar Dam) is a run-of-the-river power project built on the Chenab River in the Ramban district of Jammu and Kashmir.

बगलिहार जलविद्युत परियोजना (बगलिहार बांध) जम्मू और कश्मीर के रामबन जिले में चिनाब (Chenab) नदी पर निर्मित एक रन-ऑफ-द-रिवर बांध है।

2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department

526📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsAtal Innovation Mission (AIM)

Consider the following statements about the Atal Innovation Mission:
I. Atal Innovation Mission was established in 2018 under the Ministry of Science and Technology to promote industrial development
II. Atal Innovation Mission operates Atal Tinkering Labs to foster innovation among school students
III. Atal Innovation Mission focuses solely on financial support for large-scale infrastructure projects in urban areas
Which of the following statements is correct?

Explanation

AIM was launched by NITI Aayog in 2016 (not under Ministry of Science and Technology in 2018; statement I is false). Its flagship school initiative is the Atal Tinkering Lab (ATL), designed to cultivate problem-solving mindsets among school students (statement II is correct). It does not fund large-scale urban infrastructure projects (statement III is false). Hence, II only is correct.

अटल इनोवेशन मिशन (AIM) की स्थापना 2016 में नीति आयोग द्वारा की गई थी (I गलत है)। AIM स्कूली छात्रों में नवाचार और रचनात्मकता को बढ़ावा देने के लिए 'अटल टिंकरिंग लैब्स' (ATL) संचालित करता है (II सही है)। यह शहरी बुनियादी ढांचा परियोजनाओं को वित्तपोषित नहीं करता (III गलत है)। अतः केवल कथन II सही है।

2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department

527📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsIndus Waters Treaty 1960

The Indus Waters Treaty, signed between India and Pakistan, was brokered by which international organisation?

Explanation

The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan. The negotiations were brokered by the World Bank (then the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - IBRD).

भारत और पाकिस्तान के बीच 19 सितंबर 1960 को कराची में हस्ताक्षरित सिंधु जल संधि (IWT) विश्व बैंक (World Bank) द्वारा मध्यस्थता के तहत संपन्न हुई थी।

2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department

528📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsMajor Dams & River Projects of India

Match the Dams in Column -X with their key features in Column -Y:
Column- X:
1. Sardar Sarovar Dam
2. Hirakud Dam
3. Tehri Dam

Column -Y:
I. Located on the Narmada River
II. Build across the Mahanadi River
III. Build across the Bhagirathi River

Explanation

Sardar Sarovar Dam is on the Narmada River in Gujarat (1-I). Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River in Odisha (2-II). Tehri Dam is built across the Bhagirathi River in Uttarakhand (3-III). Hence, 1-I, 2-II, 3-III.

सरदार सरोवर बांध: नर्मदा नदी पर स्थित है (1-I)।
हीराकुंड बांध: ओडिशा में महानदी पर निर्मित है (2-II)।
टिहरी बांध: उत्तराखंड में भागीरथी नदी पर निर्मित है (3-III)।
सही विकल्प 1-I, 2-II, 3-III है।

2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department

529📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsIndus Waters Treaty Provisions

Consider the following statements regarding the Indus Waters Treaty, 1960:
I. As per the treaty, India has unrestricted rights over the waters of the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers.
II. Pakistan has complete rights over the waters of the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab rivers, with no exceptions for India.
III. India is allowed to utilize the waters for purposes like power generation, and navigation.
IV. The Shahpurkandi Project situated on the Ravi river is an initiative to generate electricity.
Which of the above statements is correct?

Explanation

Under the Indus Waters Treaty (1960), India was given unrestricted rights over the three Eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej; statement I is correct). Although the Western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) were allocated to Pakistan, India is permitted specific non-consumptive uses, domestic use, agricultural storage, and run-of-the-river hydroelectric power generation; hence statement II is false. Statement III is correct as India can use the waters for run-of-the-river power and navigation. Statement IV is correct as the Shahpurkandi Dam on the Ravi River enables power generation and irrigation in J&K and Punjab. Thus, I, III, and IV only are correct.

सिंधु जल संधि 1960 के तहत:
I. भारत को पूर्वी नदियों (रावी, ब्यास, सतलुज) के पानी पर अप्रतिबंधित अधिकार प्राप्त हैं (सही)।
II. पश्चिमी नदियों (सिंधु, झेलम, चिनाब) पर पाकिस्तान का अधिकार है, लेकिन भारत को गैर-उपभोगी उपयोग जैसे रन-ऑफ-द-रिवर जलविद्युत और कृषि की छूट दी गई है, अतः 'बिना किसी अपवाद' कहना गलत है।
III. भारत को बिजली उत्पादन और नौवहन जैसे उद्देश्यों के लिए पानी का उपयोग करने की अनुमति है (सही)।
IV. रावी नदी पर स्थित शाहपुरकंडी परियोजना बिजली उत्पादन और सिंचाई की पहल है (सही)।
अतः I, III और IV केवल सही हैं।

2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department

530📚General English & ComprehensionReading Comprehension

How much environmental pollution has occurred in the developing and developed world without adequate concern? Indian industrialists have been:

Explanation

The opening sentence states: 'A great deal of discussion continues as to the real extent of global environmental degradation and its implications.' Thus, the exact extent of environmental degradation globally remains an open topic of speculation and investigation.

गद्यांश की पहली पंक्ति स्पष्ट करती है कि वैश्विक पर्यावरणीय गिरावट की वास्तविक सीमा और इसके प्रभावों पर व्यापक चर्चा और वाद-विवाद जारी है, अर्थात यह अभी भी जांच और अनुमान का विषय बना हुआ है।

2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department

531📚Urdu DTP, InPage, Digital Graphic Design & HardwareInPage Software Overview

"ان پیج" کس زبان کا سافٹ ویئر پروگرام ہے؟
(InPage is a desktop publishing software primarily dedicated to which language?)

Explanation

InPage is the industry-standard word processing and page-layout publishing software created specifically for the Urdu language using the Noori Nastaliq typography.

ان پیج (InPage) خاص طور پر اردو زبان کی کتابت، کمپوزنگ اور اشاعت کے لیے تیار کیا گیا معیاری سافٹ ویئر ہے۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

532📚History & Masters of Islamic & Kashmiri CalligraphyPoetry on Calligraphy

فن خطاطی کے اصول و شرائط کے حوالے سے نیچے دیا گیا مشہور شعر کس کا ہے؟
"قوتِ دست و وقوفِ خط و استادِ شفیق / طاقتِ محنت و اسبابِ کتابت بکمال"
(To which master calligrapher does the famous couplet on the five prerequisites of calligraphy belong?)

Explanation

This famous Persian couplet outlining the five essentials of calligraphy is the celebrated creation of Mir Ali Katib (میر علی کاتب / Mir Ali Heravi).

خوشنویسی کی پانچ بنیادی شرائط کو بیان کرنے والا یہ شہرۂ آفاق فارسی شعر عظیم خطاط میر علی کاتب کا ہے۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

533📚Journalism, Digital Media, PR & AdvertisingMedia Convergence Definition

In the context of digital communication, "convergence" refers to:
A) The blending of traditional and digital media platforms
B) The decline of print media industries
C) The separation of different media industries
D) A method of encoding and decoding messages

Explanation

Media convergence refers to the merging and blending of previously separate mass media technologies (print, audio, video, telecommunications) onto single digital and internet platforms.

डिजिटल संचार में 'कन्वर्जेंस' (अभिसरण) से तात्पर्य पारंपरिक मीडिया (प्रिंट, टीवी, रेडियो) और डिजिटल मीडिया प्लेटफॉर्म्स के परस्पर एकीकरण और सम्मिश्रण से है।

2025JKSSBHigher Education Department

534📚Radio, Television & Educational Broadcasting (EDUSAT)History of All India Radio

What was the original name of All India Radio (AIR)?
A) Indian Broadcasting Service
B) Indian Radio Corporation
C) Akashvani
D) Gyan Vani

Explanation

In 1930, the government took over broadcasting under the Department of Industries and Labour as the 'Indian State Broadcasting Service' (ISBS), which was renamed 'All India Radio' on 8 June 1936 on the suggestion of Lionel Fielden.

ऑल इंडिया रेडियो (AIR) का मूल नाम 'इंडियन स्टेट ब्रॉडकास्टिंग सर्विस' (Indian Broadcasting Service / ISBS) था, जिसे 8 जून 1936 को बदलकर 'ऑल इंडिया रेडियो' किया गया।

2025JKSSBHigher Education Department

535📚Indian Cinema, Visual Communication & Media LawsIndian Cinema Facts

Consider the following statements regarding Indian cinema:
i. Satyajit Ray's Pather Panchali won the Best Foreign Language Film at the Oscars.
ii. The Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) is located in Pune.
iii. Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the 'Father of Indian Cinema'.
iv. Bollywood refers to the entire Indian film industry.
Which of the above statements are correct?

Explanation

Statements ii and iii are correct:
- FTII was established in 1960 on the erstwhile Prabhat Film Company premises in Pune.
- Dadasaheb Phalke is venerated as the 'Father of Indian Cinema' for creating Raja Harishchandra (1913).
Statement i is false (Pather Panchali won the Best Human Document award at Cannes 1956; Ray received an Honorary Oscar in 1992). Statement iv is false ('Bollywood' refers specifically to Hindi-language Mumbai cinema, not the entire Indian multi-lingual film industries like Tollywood, Kollywood, Mollywood, etc.).

कथन ii और iii सही हैं: FTII पुणे में स्थित है और दादा साहब फाल्के को भारतीय सिनेमा का जनक कहा जाता है। 'पाथेर पांचाली' को ऑस्कर नहीं मिला था (रे को 1992 में मानद ऑस्कर मिला), और बॉलीवुड केवल हिंदी सिनेमा को संदर्भित करता है न कि पूरे भारतीय फिल्म उद्योग को।

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536📚Indian Cinema, Visual Communication & Media LawsHistorical Genesis of Performing Media

Arrange the following folk media forms in the order of their historical origin:
i. Puppetry
ii. Street Theatre
iii. Folk Storytelling (Oral Tradition)
iv. Radio Drama
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Historical genesis of performance and communication genres:
1. Folk Storytelling / Oral Tradition (prehistoric antiquity, oral folklore) (iii)
2. Puppetry (ancient antiquity, found in Indus Valley and ancient Indian epics) (i)
3. Modern Street Theatre (Nukkad Natak, popularized during the anti-imperialist / IPTA movement in early 20th century) (ii)
4. Radio Drama (born with electromagnetic broadcasting in the 1920s-1930s) (iv).

लोक संचार माध्यमों के ऐतिहासिक उद्भव का सही क्रम:
1. लोक कथावाचन / मौखिक परंपरा (प्राचीनतम - iii)
2. कठपुतली कला (प्राचीन काल - i)
3. नुक्कड़ नाटक / स्ट्रीट थियेटर (20वीं सदी - ii)
4. रेडियो नाटक (प्रसारण युग - iv)। अतः सही क्रम iii, i, ii, iv है।

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537📚Journalism, Digital Media, PR & AdvertisingEarliest Indian Corporate PR Venture

Which of the following was the earliest known public relations venture by Indian industry?
A) The establishment of the Public Information Bureau (PIB) in 1923
B) The publicity campaign by the Great Indian Peninsular Railway in 1920
C) The formation of the House of Tata's PR department in 1945
D) The British government's use of PR during World War II

Explanation

In the history of Indian public relations, the Great Indian Peninsular (GIP) Railway launched the first institutional corporate publicity campaign in 1920, opening a publicity bureau in London and using cinema vans and posters to stimulate tourist travel in India.

भारतीय उद्योग में जनसंपर्क (PR) का सबसे पहला ज्ञात अभियान 1920 में 'ग्रेट इंडियन पेनिनसुलर रेलवे' (GIP Railway) द्वारा पर्यटन और रेल यात्रा को बढ़ावा देने के लिए शुरू किया गया था।

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538📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyExport & Trade Organizations

What is the full form of APEDA?

Explanation

APEDA stands for Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, a statutory body established under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry by an Act of Parliament in 1985.

APEDA का पूर्ण रूप 'Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority' (कृषि और प्रसंस्कृत खाद्य उत्पाद निर्यात विकास प्राधिकरण) है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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539📚Agronomy, Irrigation & Spices / Plantation TechnologyIrrigation Engineering

Which of the following is not a surface irrigation method?

Explanation

Typhoon irrigation is a localized drip / micro-irrigation system utilizing thin-walled perforated drip tubes (often used for sugarcane or row crops). Furrow, border, and surge irrigation are surface gravity irrigation methods.

टाइफून सिंचाई (Typhoon irrigation) ड्रिप / सूक्ष्म-सिंचाई प्रणाली का एक प्रकार है, न कि सतही सिंचाई विधि। फरो (कूड़), बॉर्डर (पट्टी), और सर्ज सिंचाई पारंपरिक सतही सिंचाई (Surface irrigation) विधियां हैं। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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540📚Plant Pathology, Entomology & Crop ProtectionFungicides & Chemical Control

Which of the following are common trade names of the fungicide Copper Oxychloride (COC)?

Explanation

Blitox 50 WP, Fytolan, and Cupravit are well-known commercial brand names of the broad-spectrum inorganic contact fungicide Copper Oxychloride (COC 50% WP).

कॉपर ऑक्सीक्लोराइड (COC 50% WP) कवकनाशी के सबसे लोकप्रिय व्यापारिक नाम 'ब्लिटॉक्स' (Blitox), 'फाइटोलान' (Fytolan) और 'क्यूप्राविट' (Cupravit) हैं। अतः सही विकल्प A है।

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541📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologySoil Water Physics

Capillary water is held in:

Explanation

Capillary water is held by surface tension and cohesive forces in the micropores of the soil against gravitational drainage (between field capacity and permanent wilting point), serving as the main source of water absorbed by plant roots.

केशिका जल (Capillary water) मृदा के सूक्ष्म रंध्रों (Micro pores) में पृष्ठीय तनाव और संसंजक बलों द्वारा गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल के विरुद्ध रुका रहता है। यही जल पौधों की जड़ों द्वारा अवशोषण हेतु मुख्य रूप से उपलब्ध होता है। अतः सही विकल्प A है।

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542📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologyMeteorological Instrumentation

Instrument used for measuring wind velocity is known as:

Explanation

An Anemometer (specifically a cup anemometer) is an instrument used to measure wind speed and velocity. (Pyranometers measure solar radiation; altimeters measure altitude; hydrometers measure liquid specific gravity).

वायु की गति/वेग (Wind velocity) को मापने के लिए प्रयुक्त उपकरण को 'एनीमोमीटर' (Anemometer / पवनवेगमापी) कहा जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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543📚Agronomy, Irrigation & Spices / Plantation TechnologyMedicinal Plants & Research Institutes

Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) is located at:

Explanation

The CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) is a premier national research institute of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, headquartered in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

केंद्रीय औषधीय एवं सगंध पौधा संस्थान (CSIR-CIMAP) लखनऊ (उत्तर प्रदेश) में स्थित है। यह औषधीय एवं सुगंधित पौधों के अनुसंधान का प्रमुख राष्ट्रीय संस्थान है। अतः सही विकल्प A है।

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544📚Agronomy, Irrigation & Spices / Plantation TechnologySpices Processing Technology

Consider the following statements:
Statement 1: Spices along with spice oil are called oleoresin.
Statement 2: Spice oleoresins are extracted using solvent extraction.
Which of the following is correct?

Explanation

Both statements are correct in spice processing technology:
- Oleoresins represent the total true concentrated flavor of spices, comprising volatile essential oil and non-volatile pungent resinous components.
- Spice oleoresins are industrially extracted from ground spices using organic food-grade solvent extraction (such as hexane, ethanol, or acetone) followed by solvent recovery.

मसाला प्रसंस्करण प्रौद्योगिकी में दोनों कथन सत्य हैं:
- कथन 1: मसालों के वाष्पशील तेल और गैर-वाष्पशील रालदार अंशों के कुल सांद्रित सत्व को ओलियोरेसिन (Oleoresin) कहा जाता है।
- कथन 2: मसाले के ओलियोरेसिन का निष्कर्षण विलायक निष्कर्षण (Solvent extraction) विधि द्वारा किया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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545📚Exposure Triangle, Lighting & Composition TechniquesIndustrial & Documentary Composition

Which composition technique can help convey the scale of work being done in "men at work" photography?

Explanation

Using leading lines (formed by scaffolding, railway tracks, steel beams, conveyors, or roads) guides the viewer's eye through the expanse of the workspace, creating depth and dramatically conveying the immense physical scale and context of industrial or construction labor.

'मेन एट वर्क' (Men at work) फोटोग्राफी में कार्य की विशालता और कार्यस्थल के पैमाने को दर्शाने के लिए 'लीडिंग लाइन्स' (Using leading lines) तकनीक सबसे प्रभावी होती है जो आंख को पूरे परिदृश्य में ले जाती है। सही विकल्प A है।

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546📚Digital Image Processing, Color Models & Post-ProductionImage Editing Software & Tools

Which of the following software is primarily known for its advanced photo editing capabilities?

Explanation

Adobe Photoshop is the globally renowned industry-standard raster graphics editor and image manipulation software widely used by photographers, digital artists, and retouchers for professional photo editing.

व्यावसायिक स्तर पर उन्नत फोटो संपादन (Advanced photo editing) के लिए सबसे प्रमुख सॉफ्टवेयर एडोब फोटोशॉप (Adobe Photoshop) है। सही विकल्प B है।

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547📚History of Photography & Classical Chemical ProcessesInvention of Photography & Heliography

A process developed by French physicist Joseph Niepce in 1816 that produced a positive copy of an engraving by exposing a glass plate coated with asphalt-like substance is known as:

Explanation

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce coined the term 'Heliography' (sun writing, from Greek Helios = sun + graphein = to write) for his photographic process developed from 1816 to 1826, which used Bitumen of Judea (a natural asphalt) coated on glass or pewter plates that hardened upon sun exposure.

1816 में जोसेफ निएप्स द्वारा विकसित वह प्रक्रिया जिसमें डामर जैसे पदार्थ (बिटुमेन) की परत वाली प्लेट को धूप में रखकर छवि प्राप्त की जाती थी, 'हेलियोग्राफी' (Heliography) कहलाती है। सही विकल्प B है।

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548📚Basic English & ComprehensionSynonyms

Choose the word which best expresses the meaning of: ESPIONAGE

Explanation

'Espionage' refers to the systematic practice of spying to discover confidential political, industrial, or military secrets.

'Espionage' (जासूसी) का सबसे सटीक समानार्थी शब्द 'spying' है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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549📚General Awareness & General Science with Special Reference to J&KGovernment Initiatives & Cooperatives

What is the name of the new cooperative-based taxi service being launched by the Indian government?

Explanation

The Ministry of Cooperation spearheaded 'Sahkar Taxi' (also promoted under national cooperative transport initiatives), a cooperative-owned ride-hailing platform designed to empower drivers directly.

सहकारिता मंत्रालय द्वारा ड्राइवरों को सशक्त बनाने के लिए शुरू की गई नई सहकारी आधारित टैक्सी सेवा का नाम 'सहकार टैक्सी' (Sahkar Taxi) है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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550📚General Awareness & General Science with Special Reference to J&KHydroelectric Projects of J&K

Which of the following power project in J & K is located on Suru river which is also a tributary of the river indus?

Explanation

The 44 MW Chutak Hydroelectric Project is a run-of-the-river power generation facility constructed on the Suru River (a primary tributary of the Indus River) in Kargil district.

सिंधु नदी की सहायक 'सुरु नदी' पर स्थित जम्मू-कश्मीर/लद्दाख का प्रमुख जलविद्युत प्रोजेक्ट 'चुटक जलविद्युत परियोजना' (Chutak Hydroelectric power plant, 44 MW) है जो कारगिल में स्थित है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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551📚General Awareness & General Science with Special Reference to J&KAncient Indian Philosophy & Buddhism

Which one of the following is not included in the 'Eight Fold Path' of Buddhism?

Explanation

The Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism (Ashtangika Marga) comprises: Right View, Right Resolve, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Contemplation (Samadhi). 'Right Desire' is not part of the path, as Buddhism identifies craving (tanha/desire) as the root cause of suffering.

बौद्ध धर्म के अष्टांगिक मार्ग में सम्यक दृष्टि, सम्यक संकल्प, सम्यक वाक् (Speech), सम्यक कर्म (Conduct), सम्यक आजीव, सम्यक व्यायाम, सम्यक स्मृति और सम्यक समाधि (Contemplation) शामिल हैं। 'सम्यक इच्छा' (Right Desire) इसमें शामिल नहीं है क्योंकि तृष्णा/इच्छा ही दुखों का मूल कारण है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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552📚General Awareness & General Science with Special Reference to J&KTourism & Culture of J&K

A traditional Gondola type light weight rowing boat ride which is famous on the pristine Dal Lake in Kashmir is referred to as:

Explanation

The 'Shikara' is the iconic, elegant wooden rowing boat unique to the pristine Dal Lake and Nigeen Lake in Srinagar, Kashmir, renowned as the Gondola of Kashmir.

कश्मीर की प्रसिद्ध डल झील और नगीन झील पर पर्यटकों को आकर्षित करने वाली पारंपरिक गोंडोला जैसी हल्की लकड़ी की नाव की सवारी को 'शिकारा सवारी' (Shikara ride) कहा जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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553📚Basic Road Rules, Driving Methods & Speed LimitsPassing & Overtaking Rules

Vehicles proceeding from opposite direction should be allowed to pass through

Explanation

Under Rule 2 of the Rules of the Road Regulations 1989 and Indian left-hand drive traffic laws, a driver must keep to the left side of the road and allow oncoming vehicles approaching from the opposite direction to pass on their right side.

भारत में बाएँ हाथ के नियम (Left-hand driving rule) के अनुसार, विपरीत दिशा से आने वाले वाहनों को हमेशा अपने दाईं ओर (Right side) से निकलने की अनुमति दी जानी चाहिए। सही विकल्प A है।

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554📚Basic Road Rules, Driving Methods & Speed LimitsRoundabout Priority & Right of Way

While approaching a roundabout, which of the following traffic has most priority of right of way?

Explanation

At a traffic circle or roundabout, traffic already circulating within the roundabout has the right of way over entering vehicles ('give way to the right'). Entering drivers must yield until there is a safe gap in circulating traffic.

गोलचक्कर (Roundabout) के नियमों के अनुसार, जो वाहन पहले से गोलचक्कर पर चल रहे हैं (Traffic already on the roundabout), उन्हें प्रवेश करने वाले वाहनों की तुलना में प्राथमिक मार्ग अधिकार (Right of way) प्राप्त होता है। सही विकल्प C है।

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555📚Basic Road Rules, Driving Methods & Speed LimitsRelative Travel Time & Speed Variation

A car driving initially at 20 km/hr speed. Now driver increase speed from 20 km/hr to 40 km/hr, and takes one hour less than the initial time to cover a certain distance. What is the initial distance covered by the driver?

Explanation

Let the distance be

D

km. The time taken at 20 km/hr is

\frac{D}{20}

hours, and at 40 km/hr is

\frac{D}{40}

hours. Given

\frac{D}{20} - \frac{D}{40} = 1\text{ hour} \implies \frac{2D - D}{40} = 1 \implies \frac{D}{40} = 1 \implies D = 40\text{ km}

.

माना दूरी

D

किमी है।

\frac{D}{20} - \frac{D}{40} = 1

घंटा।

\frac{D}{40} = 1 \implies D = 40

किमी। सही विकल्प B है।

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556📚Understanding Signals & Traffic Police Hand SignalsUncontrolled Intersection Protocol

Which among the following is correct action, while driver approach an intersection that does not have traffic light or signs and traffic police,

Explanation

Under standard priority rules at an uncontrolled intersection in India (Rules of the Road Regulations), drivers must reduce speed, yield right of way to traffic approaching from their right side, and proceed only after ensuring the intersection is clear and giving necessary turn signals.

बिना ट्रैफिक लाइट, संकेत या पुलिस वाले अनियंत्रित चौराहे (Uncontrolled intersection) पर पहुँचते समय चालक को गति धीमी करनी चाहिए, अपनी दाईं ओर से आने वाले वाहनों को रास्ता देना चाहिए और आवश्यक संकेत देकर आगे बढ़ना चाहिए। सही विकल्प C है।

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557📚Understanding Signals & Traffic Police Hand SignalsDriver Manual Hand Signals

In the following figure, driver extends his/her right arm horizontally outside the vehicle. The signal represents

Explanation

Under Rule 3 of the Rules of the Road Regulations 1989, extending the right arm horizontally outside the vehicle with the palm facing forward indicates that the driver intends to turn right or move out to the right-hand side.

सड़क नियम विनियम के अनुसार, जब कोई चालक अपने दाहिने हाथ को खिड़की से बाहर क्षैतिज रूप से सीधा फैलाता है, तो इसका अर्थ है कि वह 'दाईं ओर मुड़ने या दाहिनी लेन में जाने' का इरादा रखता है। सही विकल्प D है।

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558📚Understanding Signals & Traffic Police Hand SignalsSlowing Down Hand Signal

In the following figure, driver extends his/her right arm in a downward direction and keep moving up and down direction. The signal represents

Explanation

When a driver extends the right arm outside the vehicle with the palm facing downwards and waves it up and down in a slow sweeping motion, it signals to trailing traffic that the driver intends to slow down the vehicle.

जब चालक अपनी दाहिनी भुजा को खिड़की से बाहर निकालकर हथेली नीचे की ओर रखते हुए ऊपर-नीचे हिलाता है, तो यह 'वाहन की गति धीमी करने' (Intended to slow down his vehicle) का संकेत होता है। सही विकल्प C है।

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559📚Understanding Signals & Traffic Police Hand SignalsVehicle Stopping Hand Signal

In the following figure, driver extends his right arm vertically outside the vehicle. The signal represents

Explanation

When a driver extends the right arm outside with the forearm raised vertically upright and the open palm facing forward, it signifies to following traffic that the driver intends to bring the vehicle to a complete stop.

जब चालक अपनी दाहिनी बांह को कोहनी से 90 डिग्री मोड़कर लंबवत ऊपर उठाता है और हथेली सामने रखता है, तो यह 'वाहन को पूरी तरह रोकने' (Intended to stop his vehicle) का संकेत होता है। सही विकल्प D है।

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560📚Understanding Signals & Traffic Police Hand SignalsTwo-Wheeler Left Turn Signal

In the following figure, the motorcycle driver extended his left hand with palm facing down. The signal represents

Explanation

A two-wheeler rider extending their left arm horizontally straight out indicates an intention to execute a left turn ('To take turn left side').

मोटरसाइकिल चालक द्वारा बाएँ हाथ को सीधे बाहर फैलाना 'बाईं ओर मुड़ने' (To take turn left side) का संकेत दर्शाता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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561📚Understanding Signals & Traffic Police Hand SignalsRight-Hand Drive Left-Turn Signal

In the following figure, driver extends his/her right arm and rotates it in an anti-clockwise direction. The signal represents

Explanation

In right-hand drive vehicles, because the driver cannot reach across to the passenger side, the statutory hand signal for turning left is extending the right arm outside and rotating it in an anti-clockwise circular direction.

दाएँ हाथ से ड्राइव करने वाले वाहनों में बाईं ओर मुड़ने के लिए चालक अपनी दाहिनी भुजा को बाहर निकालकर वामावर्त (एंटी-क्लॉकवाइज) घुमाता है, जो 'बाईं ओर मुड़ने' (Intended to turn left) का संकेत है। सही विकल्प A है।

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562📚Understanding Signals & Traffic Police Hand SignalsCompass Distortion & Spatial Direction Analysis

There was a direction pole, at right angle crossing of two roads, which was showing all the four correct directions. But due to an accident, it turns in such a manner, that now West pointer is showing South. Now car driver went to the wrong direction thinking that he was travelling towards East. In what direction he was actually travelling?

Explanation

Normal directions: North = 0°, East = 90°, South = 180°, West = 270°. The West pointer (270°) is turned to point towards actual South (180°), meaning the pole rotated 90° anti-clockwise (or shifted by -90°). Thus: The pointer reading 'East' (originally 90°) now points to 90° - 90° = 0°, which is actual North. The driver follows the 'East' pointer, so he was actually travelling towards North.

सामान्य दिशाएँ: उत्तर, पूर्व, दक्षिण, पश्चिम। जब 'पश्चिम' सूचक वास्तविक 'दक्षिण' दर्शाने लगे (90° वामावर्त घूर्णन), तो 'पूर्व' सूचक वास्तविक 'उत्तर' (North) दिशा को दर्शाएगा। चालक पूर्व समझकर वास्तविक उत्तर दिशा में जा रहा था। सही विकल्प B है।

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563📚Traffic Signage & Road MarkingsMap Reading & Cartographic Color Conventions

Which color is usually used on a map to represent "water features", such as streams, and glaciers?

Explanation

In cartography, the color Blue is universally standardized to depict hydrographic features including oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, canals, and glaciers.

मानचित्रकला (Cartography) में जल निकायों जैसे नदियों, झीलों, नहरों और हिमनदों (ग्लेशियर) को दर्शाने के लिए नीले रंग (Blue) का उपयोग किया जाता है। सही विकल्प C है।

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564📚Traffic Signage & Road MarkingsGradient Warning Signs

What does the following symbol mean? [Equilateral triangular sign with red border depicting a vehicle driving down a steep incline]

Explanation

A cautionary equilateral triangular sign featuring a vehicle sloping downwards along an inclined gradient warns drivers of an upcoming 'Steep descent' (steep downhill grade), advising lower gear selection.

लाल त्रिकोणीय चेतावनी संकेत में ढलान पर नीचे की ओर जाती कार 'तीव्र ढलान' (Steep descent) की चेतावनी देती है। सही विकल्प B है।

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565📚Traffic Signage & Road MarkingsFacility Information Signs

What does the following symbol represent? [Blue rectangular informatory sign with a white square containing the letter 'H']

Explanation

A blue rectangular facility information sign bearing a capital letter 'H' indicates the presence of a medical 'Hospital' nearby, advising drivers to keep quiet and avoid unnecessary honking.

नीले आयताकार बोर्ड पर सफ़ेद चौकोर बॉक्स में 'H' का चिन्ह निकटवर्ती 'अस्पताल' (Hospital) की उपस्थिति सूचित करता है। सही विकल्प A है।

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566📚Fitness to Drive, First Aid & Alcohol InfluenceAlcohol Elimination Physiology

After consuming alcoholic drinks before driving, which of the following approach can reduce the Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of a driver?

Explanation

Only Time can lower Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC). The human liver oxidizes ethanol at an unalterable metabolic rate of roughly 0.015 g/dL per hour via alcohol dehydrogenase. Cold showers, black coffee, or heavy food cannot speed up liver metabolism.

रक्त में अल्कोहल की सांद्रता (BAC) को केवल 'समय' (Time) ही कम कर सकता है, क्योंकि लिवर निश्चित गति (लगभग 1 यूनिट प्रति घंटा) से ही अल्कोहल का चयापचय करता है। कॉफ़ी या ठंडे पानी का इस पर कोई असर नहीं पड़ता। सही विकल्प A है।

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567📚Fitness to Drive, First Aid & Alcohol InfluenceStatutory Post-Accident Duties under MVA

While driving if your car is involved in an accident and hurting a pedestrian, you should

Explanation

Under Section 134 of the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 (Duty of driver in case of accident and injury to a person), the driver must immediately secure medical attention for the injured pedestrian by transporting them to the nearest hospital and report the incident to the nearest police station within 24 hours.

मोटर वाहन अधिनियम की धारा 134 के तहत दुर्घटना में किसी व्यक्ति के घायल होने पर चालक का वैधानिक कर्तव्य है कि वह घायल को तुरंत अस्पताल ले जाए और निकटतम पुलिस स्टेशन में रिपोर्ट दर्ज कराए। सही विकल्प B है।

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568📚Difficult Driving Conditions & Vehicle DynamicsNight Driving & Glare Recovery

The visibility difficulty that the driver faces during night driving is due to the

Explanation

During night driving, the primary hazard affecting vision is 'Glare vision' caused by un-dipped high beam headlights of oncoming vehicles, which constricts the driver's pupils and induces temporary disability glare.

रात में वाहन चलाते समय चालक को होने वाली दृष्टि संबंधी मुख्य कठिनाई सामने से आने वाले वाहनों की तेज हेडलाइट से उत्पन्न 'चकाचौंध' (Glare vision) के कारण होती है। सही विकल्प B है।

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569📚Difficult Driving Conditions & Vehicle DynamicsCentrifugal Mechanics & Wheel Load Distribution

On a horizontal curve if the road is kept horizontal across the alignment, then the pressure of the outer wheel of a vehicle will be

Explanation

When a vehicle negotiates a flat horizontal curve without superelevation, the centrifugal force (

F_c = rac{m v^2}{R}

) acting outward at the centre of gravity creates an overturning moment that shifts weight toward the outside. Consequently, the normal pressure on the outer wheels becomes substantially greater than that on the inner wheels.

यदि क्षैतिज मोड़ पर सुपरएलिवेशन (केंट) न दिया जाए और सड़क समतल रहे, तो अपकेंद्री बल (Centrifugal force) के कारण वाहन का भार बाहर की ओर स्थानांतरित हो जाता है, जिससे बाहरी पहिये का दबाव भीतरी पहिये से अधिक हो जाता है (More than the pressure of the inner wheel)। सही विकल्प A है।

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570📚Difficult Driving Conditions & Vehicle DynamicsNight Conspicuity & Reflective Apparel

Which of the following type of cloths are seen easily by traffic and safe to wear at night driving?

Explanation

Pedestrians and cyclists wearing bright fluorescent and retro-reflective clothing stand out vividly in vehicle headlamp beams because fluorescent pigments convert invisible ultraviolet radiation into bright visible wavelengths.

रात के समय ट्रैफ़िक द्वारा आसानी से देखे जाने और सुरक्षित रहने के लिए 'चमकीले फ्लोरोसेंट कपड़े' (Bright fluorescent cloths) पहनना सबसे सुरक्षित होता है। सही विकल्प C है।

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571📚Difficult Driving Conditions & Vehicle DynamicsHeadlamp Dip Protocols & Anti-Dazzle Rules

Consider the following statements,
Statement-1: It is prohibited to use full beam headlights, when oncoming vehicles are so close as the driver can be dazzled.
Statement-2: It is prohibited to use full beam headlights, when your vehicle is behind another vehicle as the driver is dazzled through their mirrors.
Which of the following combinations is correct

Explanation

Both statements are individually true under Rule 112 of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules 1989. Using high-beam headlights is strictly prohibited when approaching oncoming vehicles within dazzling distance and when following closely behind another vehicle, where high beams reflect into the lead driver's interior and side mirrors.

दोनों कथन सही हैं। केंद्रीय मोटर वाहन नियमों के अनुसार, सामने से आते वाहनों के पास होने पर और आगे चल रहे वाहन के ठीक पीछे होने पर (क्योंकि शीशों से चकाचौंध होती है) हाई बीम का उपयोग करना प्रतिबंधित है। सही विकल्प A है।

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572📚Provisions of Motor Vehicles Act & RulesStatutory Vehicle Definitions under MVA

What does "Omnibus" mean as per the Motor Vehicle Act 1988?

Explanation

Under Section 2(29) of the Motor Vehicles Act 1988, 'omnibus' means any motor vehicle constructed or adapted to carry more than six persons excluding the driver. Thus, a vehicle constructed to carry 7 or more persons excluding the driver falls within this statutory definition.

मोटर वाहन अधिनियम 1988 की धारा 2(29) के अनुसार, 'ऑम्निबस' का अर्थ है चालक को छोड़कर 6 से अधिक व्यक्तियों (अर्थात 7 या उससे अधिक व्यक्तियों) को ले जाने के लिए निर्मित या अनुकूलित मोटर वाहन। सही विकल्प B है।

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573📚Provisions of Motor Vehicles Act & RulesCMVR Vehicle Classification Norms

As per Indian standard, motor vehicles used for the carrying of passengers, comprising nine or more seats in addition to the driver seat and having a GVW exceeding 5 tones is categorized under

Explanation

Under the Central Motor Vehicles Rules (CMVR) and AIS-053: Category M encompasses passenger transport vehicles. Specifically: M1 = up to 8 passenger seats + driver; M2 = 9 or more passenger seats + driver and GVW not exceeding 5 tonnes; Category M3 = 9 or more passenger seats + driver and Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) exceeding 5 tonnes.

भारतीय मानक एवं केंद्रीय मोटर वाहन नियमों के तहत, चालक के अतिरिक्त 9 या अधिक सीटों वाले और 5 टन से अधिक सकल वाहन भार (GVW) वाले यात्री वाहन 'कैटेगरी M3' (Category M3) के अंतर्गत वर्गीकृत किए जाते हैं। सही विकल्प C है।

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574📚Vehicle Pollution, Emissions & Noise StandardsAtmospheric Chemistry of Acid Precipitation

Which of the following pollutants are responsible for acid rain formation?

Explanation

Acid rain forms when Sulphur dioxide (

SO_2

) and Nitrogen dioxide (

NO_2

) emitted from engine combustion and industrial processes react with atmospheric moisture, oxygen, and oxidants to form dilute sulfuric acid (

H_2SO_4

) and nitric acid (

HNO_3

).

अम्लीय वर्षा (Acid rain) के निर्माण के लिए मुख्य रूप से 'नाइट्रोजन डाइऑक्साइड' (

NO_2

) और 'सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड' (

SO_2

) उत्तरदायी होते हैं, जो वायुमंडल में जलवाष्प के साथ मिलकर सल्फ्यूरिक और नाइट्रिक अम्ल बनाते हैं। सही विकल्प B है।

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575📚Driving Documents, Licensing, Insurance & OffencesStrict Prohibition on Expired Licence Operation

How many days a driver can drive the vehicle after the expiry of his driving licence?

Explanation

Under Section 3(1) of the Motor Vehicles Act 1988, no person shall drive a motor vehicle in any public place unless holding an effective driving licence. Once the licence expires, driving becomes an offence under Section 181 immediately. The 30-day grace period applies strictly to renewing the licence without backdating or penalties, NOT to driving on expired credentials.

मोटर वाहन अधिनियम की धारा 3 के अनुसार, बिना प्रभावी लाइसेंस के गाड़ी चलाना अपराध है। अतः लाइसेंस समाप्त (Expire) होने के बाद 'एक भी दिन' (Not a single day) वाहन चलाने की अनुमति नहीं होती है (30 दिन की छूट केवल नवीनीकरण आवेदन हेतु है, गाड़ी चलाने हेतु नहीं)। सही विकल्प A है।

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576📚Driving Documents, Licensing, Insurance & OffencesNon-Transferability of Driving Licences

Consider the following statements,
Statement-1: A driver can transfer his driving license to the name of other driver, depending on the importance of the circumstances
Statement-2: A driver cannot transfer his driving license to the name of other driver, under any circumstances
Which of the following combinations is correct

Explanation

Statement 1 is FALSE and Statement 2 is TRUE. A driving licence is a strictly personal, non-transferable statutory certification granted to an individual after evaluating their specific physical fitness, knowledge of road rules, and driving competence. It can never be transferred to another individual under any circumstances.

कथन 1 गलत है और कथन 2 सही है। ड्राइविंग लाइसेंस एक व्यक्तिगत प्रमाणपत्र है जो व्यक्ति की योग्यता जांचने के बाद दिया जाता है, इसे किसी भी परिस्थिति में किसी अन्य व्यक्ति के नाम पर स्थानांतरित (Transfer) नहीं किया जा सकता। सही विकल्प C है।

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577📚Driving Documents, Licensing, Insurance & OffencesMandatory Third-Party Insurance Requirement

Consider the following statements,
Statement-1: Driver may drive cautiously with expire vehicle insurance, provided the driver's personal insurance policy is valid.
Statement-2: Driver shall not drive in any case with expire vehicle insurance
Which of the following combinations is correct

Explanation

Statement 1 is FALSE and Statement 2 is TRUE. Section 146 of the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 strictly mandates that no person shall use a motor vehicle in a public place unless there is in force a valid third-party insurance policy complying with the requirements of Chapter XI. Driving with expired vehicle insurance is an unbailable offence under Section 196, irrespective of personal insurance.

कथन 1 गलत है और कथन 2 सही है। मोटर वाहन अधिनियम की धारा 146 के अनुसार, तीसरे पक्ष के वैध बीमा (Third-party insurance) के बिना वाहन चलाना पूर्णतः अवैध है; अतः समाप्त बीमा के साथ किसी भी स्थिति में वाहन नहीं चलाया जा सकता। सही विकल्प C है।

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578📚Motor Parts, Assemblies, Maintenance & DiagnosticsAnti-lock Braking System (ABS) Operation

Which of the following option correctly represent the major function of an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) of a car

Explanation

The primary safety function of an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) is to modulate hydraulic brake line pressure during panic stops to prevent the wheels from locking up. By keeping the wheels rotating, ABS maintains tractive steering force and lateral tyre grip, allowing the driver to steer around obstacles while braking.

एंटी-लॉक ब्रेकिंग सिस्टम (ABS) का प्राथमिक कार्य आपातकालीन ब्रेक लगाने पर पहियों को लॉक होने से बचाना और पहियों का सड़क से 'कर्षण बल बनाए रखना' (To maintain tractive force) है, जिससे स्टीयरिंग नियंत्रण बना रहता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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579📚Motor Parts, Assemblies, Maintenance & DiagnosticsHydraulic Brake Fluid Functional Dynamics

Which of the following is the primary function of the brake fluid

Explanation

Hydraulic brake fluid is an incompressible liquid medium formulated under DOT specifications whose fundamental engineering role is hydraulic power transmission — transferring the mechanical force applied by the driver's foot on the brake pedal directly to the wheel slave cylinders/calipers.

हाइड्रोलिक ब्रेक फ्लूइड का प्राथमिक कार्य 'शक्ति संचरण' (Power transmission) होता है, जो पैडल से लगाए गए बल को हाइड्रोलिक दबाव के रूप में पहियों के ब्रेक कैलीपर्स तक पहुँचाता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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580📚Motor Parts, Assemblies, Maintenance & DiagnosticsAir Induction Restriction & Fuel Economy

Which of the following options is correctly represent the basic variations between (i) Airflow and (ii) Fuel consumption, when an "air cleaner" of an automobile gets clogged with dirt.

Explanation

When the engine air filter becomes clogged with dust, intake restriction chokes the induction tract, causing airflow to decrease. The resulting air starvation causes an excessively rich fuel mixture and poor combustion efficiency, forcing the driver to depress the throttle more and causing fuel consumption to increase.

जब वाहन का एयर फिल्टर गंदगी से जाम (चोक) हो जाता है, तो इंजन में 'वायु प्रवाह घट जाता है' (Airflow decreases) और अधूरा दहन होने के कारण 'ईंधन की खपत बढ़ जाती है' (Fuel consumption increases)। सही विकल्प D है।

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581📚Motor Parts, Assemblies, Maintenance & DiagnosticsElectric Vehicle Traction Battery Chemistry

Which of the following types of battery commonly used in Electric Vehicles (EVs)

Explanation

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are universally employed as the primary traction energy storage in modern Electric Vehicles (EVs) due to their unmatched gravimetric energy density (Wh/kg), high coulombic efficiency, absence of memory effect, and robust cycle life.

आधुनिक इलेक्ट्रिक वाहनों (EVs) में मुख्य ट्रैक्शन बैटरी के रूप में 'लिथियम-आयन' (Lithium-ion) बैटरी का उपयोग किया जाता है क्योंकि इसकी ऊर्जा घनत्व और दक्षता सर्वाधिक होती है। सही विकल्प C है।

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582📚Printing Processes, Typography & Prepress FundamentalsPrinting Industry Segments

_____ is defined as any printing operation that is owned by, and serves the needs of, a single company or cooperation.

Explanation

In-Plant Printing (or in-house printing) is defined as an internal graphic production and printing operation owned and operated by a non-printing parent business, educational institution, hospital, or government agency strictly to service its internal documentation and marketing needs.

'इन-प्लांट प्रिंटिंग' (In-Plant Printing) वह आंतरिक मुद्रण इकाई है जो किसी कंपनी, निगम या सरकारी संस्था के स्वामित्व में होती है और विशेष रूप से उसी संस्था की आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति करती है। सही विकल्प C है।

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583📚Printing Processes, Typography & Prepress FundamentalsFlexographic History

In which year Aniline Printing industry formally changed the name of the process to Flexographic Printing

Explanation

At the 14th Annual Forum of the Packaging Institute in October 1952, the industry committee officially voted to adopt 'Flexographic Printing' to replace the historical name 'Aniline Printing' (which carried negative consumer perceptions due to toxic aniline dyestuffs).

वर्ष 1952 में पैकेजिंग संस्थान द्वारा 'एनिलीन प्रिंटिंग' का नाम औपचारिक रूप से बदलकर 'फ्लेक्सोग्राफिक प्रिंटिंग' (Flexographic Printing) रखा गया था। सही विकल्प D है।

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584📚Paper, Ink & Platemaking ChemistryPaper Physical Properties & Bulk

Unit of measurement of paper bulk is _____

Explanation

In the graphic arts and paper industry, paper caliper and bulk (thickness relative to weight) is conventionally measured in 'Points' (where 1 point = 0.001 inch or 1 mil), or in pages per inch (PPI). GSM measures basis weight, not bulk.

मुद्रण उद्योग में कागज के थोक/मोटाई (Paper bulk या Caliper) को मापने की पारंपरिक इकाई 'पॉइंट' (Point - 1 pt = 0.001 इंच) होती है। सही विकल्प B है।

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585📚Mycology & Fungal PathogenesisIndustrial & Applied Mycology

Identify the non-pathogenic yeast frequently employed in industrial fermentation processes like baking and brewing:

Explanation

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's and brewer's yeast) is the non-pathogenic model budding yeast used universally in commercial bread baking, ethanol brewing, winemaking, and recombinant biotechnology.

बेकिंग और ब्रूइंग जैसे औद्योगिक किण्वन प्रक्रियाओं में व्यापक रूप से इस्तेमाल किया जाने वाला गैर-रोगजनक यीस्ट 'सैक्रोमाइसीस सेरेविसिया' (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) है। सही विकल्प A है।

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586📚Clinical Biochemistry, Enzymology & SpectrophotometryUV Spectroscopy of Aromatic Amino Acids

Which aromatic amino acid residues predominantly absorb at 280 nm during UV-based protein quantification?

Explanation

Proteins exhibit a characteristic ultraviolet absorbance peak at 280 nm primarily due to the aromatic resonance rings of Tryptophan (indole ring,

\lambda_{max} \approx 280\text{ nm}

) and Tyrosine (phenolic ring,

\lambda_{max} \approx 274\text{ nm}

), with minor contribution from cystine disulfides.

280 nm पर यूवी अवशोषण द्वारा प्रोटीन माप में मुख्य रूप से 'ट्रिप्टोफैन और टायरोसिन' (Tryptophan and Tyrosine) एरोमैटिक अमीनो एसिड पराबैंगनी प्रकाश को अवशोषित करते हैं। सही विकल्प C है।

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587🔬General ScienceFood Technology & Preservation

Preservation of food cannot be done by:

Explanation

Ultraviolet (UV-C) radiation possesses very poor penetrating ability and acts solely on surface microflora or clear thin liquid films. It cannot penetrate opaque bulk foods, making complete preservation by UV-C rays alone impossible.

केवल यूवी-सी (UV-C) किरणों के विकिरण द्वारा खाद्य संरक्षण नहीं किया जा सकता क्योंकि यूवी-सी किरणों की भेदन क्षमता (penetration) बहुत कम होती है और यह अपारदर्शी खाद्य पदार्थों के भीतर नहीं पहुंच सकती।

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588🔬General ScienceFood Technology & Preservation

Match the following:
Column - A:
i. High Pressure Processing (HPP)
ii. Pulsed Electric Field (PEF)
iii. Cold storage
iv. Ultraviolet (UV) treatment
v. Fermentation
Column - B:
1. Rapid freezing and storage below -18°C
2. Electrical pulses disrupt microbial cells
3. Pressure used to kill microorganisms without heat
4. Using microorganisms
5. UV light used to reduce surface microbes

Options:

Explanation

The correct matches are:
- High Pressure Processing (HPP) (i) -> Pressure used to kill microorganisms without heat (3)
- Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) (ii) -> Electrical pulses disrupt microbial cells (2)
- Cold storage (iii) -> Rapid freezing and storage below -18°C (1)
- Ultraviolet (UV) treatment (iv) -> UV light used to reduce surface microbes (5)
- Fermentation (v) -> Using microorganisms (4)
Thus, Option A (i-3, ii-2, iii-1, iv-5, v-4) is correct.

सही मिलान:
- HPP (i) -> बिना गर्मी रोगाणुओं को मारने के लिए दबाव (3)
- PEF (ii) -> विद्युत स्पंदनों द्वारा कोशिकाओं को बाधित करना (2)
- कोल्ड स्टोरेज (iii) -> -18°C से नीचे भंडारण (1)
- यूवी उपचार (iv) -> सतह के रोगाणुओं को कम करने के लिए प्रकाश (5)
- किण्वन (v) -> सूक्ष्मजीवों का उपयोग (4)

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589🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

What is the purpose of a stilling basin in hydraulic structures?

Explanation

A stilling basin is a short reach of paved channel constructed at the foot of a spillway, chute, or drop structure to dissipate the high kinetic energy of supercritical flow via a hydraulic jump, preventing scouring of the downstream riverbed.

हाइड्रोलिक संरचनाओं में स्टिलिंग बेसिन (Stilling basin) का मुख्य कार्य पानी की अत्यधिक गतिज ऊर्जा को नष्ट करना (Dissipate energy) है ताकि डाउनस्ट्रीम में कटाव न हो।

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590🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

What is a gabion structure made from?

Explanation

A gabion is a heavy rectangular cage or basket made of galvanized double-twisted hexagonal wire mesh or welded steel mesh filled with graded quarry stones or river boulders, used for soil erosion and retaining structures.

गैबियन (Gabion) संरचना जस्ती धातु के तार की जाली और पत्थरों (Metal mesh and stones) से भरी एक लचीली सुरक्षात्मक संरचना होती है।

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591🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

A watershed is an area:

Explanation

A watershed (drainage basin or catchment area) is a topographically delineated geographic area of land that catches precipitation and drains all runoff, streams, and rivers to a single common outlet or point of concentration.

जलसंभर (Watershed) भूमि का वह भौगोलिक क्षेत्र होता है जहां का सारा सतही जल एक सामान्य निकास बिंदु (common outlet) की ओर बहता है।

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592🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

A barrage is mainly constructed to:

Explanation

A barrage is a low hydraulic diversion structure built across a river equipped with adjustable gates across its entire crest to raise the upstream water level and divert river discharge into irrigation canals.

बैराज (Barrage) का निर्माण मुख्य रूप से नदी के जल स्तर को ऊपर उठाकर पानी को नहरों में मोड़ने (Divert water) के लिए किया जाता है।

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593🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

What is dead storage in a reservoir?

Explanation

Dead storage is the permanent pool volume of water retained in a reservoir below the lowest outlet sill level (invert level of the lowest sluice), which cannot be withdrawn by gravity and is earmarked for sediment accumulation.

जलाशय में 'डेड स्टोरेज' (Dead storage) सबसे निचले आउटलेट स्तर के नीचे का पानी (Water below the outlet level) होता है जिसे गुरुत्वाकर्षण द्वारा बाहर नहीं निकाला जा सकता।

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594🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

The term "sewer" refers to:

Explanation

A sewer is an underground closed conduit or pipe specifically engineered to convey wastewater (domestic sewage, industrial waste, or stormwater) from point of origin to treatment facilities or points of disposal.

सीवर (Sewer) एक भूमिगत पाइप या नाला होता है जिसका उपयोग अपशिष्ट जल (Wastewater pipe) के सुरक्षित परिवहन के लिए किया जाता है।

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595🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

A gravity dam resists forces by:

Explanation

A gravity dam is a massive concrete or masonry dam engineered so that its own dead weight exerts sufficient stabilizing vertical moment to counteract horizontal hydrostatic water thrust, uplift pressure, wave pressure, and earthquake forces.

गुरुत्वाकर्षण बांध (Gravity dam) अपने भारी स्वयं के वजन (Its own weight) द्वारा पानी के क्षैतिज दबाव और अन्य विरोधी बलों का मुकाबला करता है।

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596🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

Aqueducts in canal systems are used to:

Explanation

An aqueduct is a cross-drainage structure where the irrigation canal is conveyed at a higher elevation in a flume across and above a natural stream or drainage torrent flowing below under gravity at atmospheric pressure.

एक्वाडक्ट (Aqueduct) एक क्रॉस-ड्रेनेज संरचना है जिसमें सिंचाई नहर को प्राकृतिक नाले या नदी के ऊपर से (Carry canal over natural drains) ले जाया जाता है।

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597🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

The first chamber in a septic tank is used for:

Explanation

The primary compartment of a multi-chamber septic tank receives raw domestic sewage and provides quiescent detention to facilitate gravity sedimentation, allowing settleable solids to sink to the bottom as sludge and grease/oils to float as scum.

सेप्टिक टैंक के पहले कक्ष का मुख्य कार्य गुरुत्वाकर्षण द्वारा भारी ठोस कणों का अवसादन (Sedimentation) करना होता है, जहां वे कीचड़ के रूप में नीचे बैठ जाते हैं।

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598🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Consider the following pairs
1. Basic seed production - i. Productivity of parent silkworm population
2. Industrial seed production - ii. Offspring with desirable traits
3. Parental silkworm rearing - iii. Pure and vigorous silkworm breeds
4. Hybrid seed preparation - iv. Quality silkworm eggs
Which of above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Seed production hierarchy in sericulture:
- Basic seed production (P3/P2/P1) (1) -> Multiplication of pure and vigorous parental silkworm breeds under high sanitation (iii)
- Industrial seed production (2) -> Mass multiplication of commercial quality silkworm eggs (dfls) for sericulturists (iv)
- Parental silkworm rearing (3) -> Maximizing productivity and viability of parent silkworm populations (i)
- Hybrid seed preparation (4) -> Crossing selected parental lines to generate vigorous hybrid offspring with desirable traits (ii)
Thus, Option C (1-iii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-ii) is the correct match.

रेशम बीज उत्पादन चरणों का सही मिलान:
- मूल बीज उत्पादन (1) -> शुद्ध और ओजस्वी रेशमकीट नस्लों का संवर्धन (iii)
- औद्योगिक बीज उत्पादन (2) -> गुणवत्तापूर्ण रेशमकीट अंडों का व्यावसायिक उत्पादन (iv)
- जनक रेशमकीट पालन (3) -> जनक आबादी की उत्पादकता बनाए रखना (i)
- संकर बीज निर्माण (4) -> वांछित लक्षणों वाली संकर संतति तैयार करना (ii)। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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599🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

What does the levels P3, P2 and P1 indicate in sericulture?

Explanation

In the organized silkworm seed multiplication chain, P3 (Great Grand Parent / Breeder stock), P2 (Grand Parent / Foundation stock), and P1 (Parental stock) represent the successive tiers of basic silkworm seed production leading to commercial hybrid (F1) industrial seed.

रेशम उत्पादन में P3, P2 और P1 स्तर रेशमकीट बीज उत्पादन (Seed production) की तीन-स्तरीय गुणन प्रणाली (मल्टीप्लिकेशन चेन) को दर्शाते हैं।

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600🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Physiological basis influencing rooting of cuttings in mulberry
i. Gibberellic acid
ii. Peroxidase
iii. Dehydrogenase
iv. Auxins
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

The primary physiological and biochemical drivers directly regulating adventitious rooting in hardwood mulberry cuttings are endogenous auxins (IAA/IBA which initiate root primordia - iv), peroxidase enzyme activity (which regulates auxin catabolism and cell lignification during rooting phases - ii), and gibberellic acid (which influences shoot bud release and carbohydrate mobilization - i). Thus, i, ii and iv (Option D) is correct.

शहतूत की कलमों में जड़ निर्माण (rooting) को प्रभावित करने वाले मुख्य शारीरिक/जैव रासायनिक कारकों में ऑक्सिन (iv), पेरोक्सीडेज एंजाइम (ii), और जिबरेलिक एसिड (i) शामिल हैं। अतः विकल्प D (i, ii and iv) सही उत्तर है।

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601📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsEnvironment & Sustainable Development

Match the following pairs with respect to United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
Column - I (Sustainable Development Goal- SDG)
i) SDG 3
ii) SDG 7
iii) SDG 9
iv) SDG 12

Column - II (Related to)
1) Affordable and Clean Energy
2) Good Health And Well Being
3) Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
4) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure / Decent Work

Choose the correct option:
A) i-1, ii-3, iii-4, iv-2
B) i-3, ii-2, iii-1, iv-4
C) i-2, ii-1, iii-4, iv-3
D) i-4, ii-2, iii-3, iv-1

Explanation

Under the UN 2030 Agenda: SDG 3 is Good Health and Well-Being (2); SDG 7 is Affordable and Clean Energy (1); SDG 12 is Responsible / Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns (3). This pairs SDG 3 -> 2, SDG 7 -> 1, SDG 9 -> 4, and SDG 12 -> 3. Thus, option C (i-2, ii-1, iii-4, iv-3) is correct.

संयुक्त राष्ट्र के सतत विकास लक्ष्यों (SDGs) का मिलान: SDG 3 - अच्छा स्वास्थ्य और खुशहाली (Good Health And Well Being - 2); SDG 7 - सस्ती और स्वच्छ ऊर्जा (Affordable and Clean Energy - 1); SDG 12 - संधारणीय उपभोग और उत्पादन (3)। अतः विकल्प C (i-2, ii-1, iii-4, iv-3) सही है।

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602📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsAwards & Honors

Which of the following statements is correct about the winners of the 2025 Padma Bhushan award?
A) Shobana Chandrakumar in the field of Literature
B) Nalli Kuppuswami Chetti in the field of Trade and Industry
C) Jose Chacko Periappuram in the field of Public Affair
D) Pankaj Patel in the field of Literature and Education

Explanation

Nalli Kuppuswami Chetti, a renowned textile industrialist, philanthropist, and head of Nalli Silks, was honored with the Padma Bhushan in the field of Trade and Industry. Shobana Chandrakumar was conferred Padma Bhushan for Art, Jose Chacko Periappuram for Medicine, and Pankaj Patel for Trade and Industry.

पद्म भूषण 2025 के विजेताओं में नल्ली कुप्पुस्वामी चेट्टी (Nalli Kuppuswami Chetti - नल्ली सिल्क्स) को 'व्यापार और उद्योग' (Trade and Industry) के क्षेत्र में सम्मानित किया गया। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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603📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsIndian Geography - Rivers & Drainage

In which Indian state/states does the Mahi River cross the Tropic of Cancer?
A) Madhya Pradesh only
B) Gujarat only
C) Rajasthan and Gujarat
D) Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat

Explanation

The Mahi River is the only river in India that crosses the Tropic of Cancer twice: first in Rajasthan (Banswara district) as it flows north, and second as it loops south-westward towards Gujarat. Thus, it crosses the Tropic of Cancer in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

माही नदी भारत की एकमात्र ऐसी नदी है जो कर्क रेखा को दो बार काटती है: पहली बार राजस्थान के बांसवाड़ा में उत्तर की ओर बहते हुए, और दूसरी बार राजस्थान से गुजरात में प्रवेश करते हुए दक्षिण-पश्चिम की ओर मुड़ते समय। अतः यह राजस्थान और गुजरात में कर्क रेखा को पार करती है।

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604📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsIndian Geography - Lakes

Match the following pairs:
Important Facts about lakes in India
i) Largest freshwater lake
ii) Largest Saline water lake
iii) Longest Lake
iv) Largest Artificial Lake

Location
1) Chilka Lake, Orissa
2) Gobind Ballabh Pant Sagar Lake
3) Wular Lake, Jammu and Kashmir
4) Vembanad lake, Kerala

Choose the correct option:
A) i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2
B) i-2, ii-3, iii-1, iv-4
C) i-3, ii-2, iii-1, iv-4
D) i-2, ii-4, iii-3, iv-1

Explanation

Correct matching: i) Largest freshwater lake in India is Wular Lake, Jammu & Kashmir (3); ii) Largest brackish/saline water lake is Chilika Lake, Odisha (1); iii) Longest lake is Vembanad Lake, Kerala (96.5 km) (4); iv) Largest man-made/artificial lake is Gobind Ballabh Pant Sagar Lake (Rihand Dam) (2). Hence, i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2 (Option A) is correct.

सही मिलान: सबसे बड़ी मीठे पानी की झील - वुलर झील, जम्मू और कश्मीर (3); सबसे बड़ी खारे पानी की झील - चिल्का झील, ओडिशा (1); सबसे लंबी झील - वेम्बनाड झील, केरल (4); सबसे बड़ी कृत्रिम झील - गोविंद बल्लभ पंत सागर झील (2)। अतः विकल्प A (i-3, ii-1, iii-4, iv-2) सही है।

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605📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsRivers and Drainage System of J&K

Which of the following statements is/are correct about the Tawi River?
i. The Tawi River flows through the Jammu region in the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.
ii. The length of the Tawi River is 295 km.
iii. The Tawi is a major left-bank tributary of the Chenab River.
iv. It originates from the Kailash Kund glacier (also known as Kali Kund) in Bhaderwah, which lies in Doda district.
A) Only i and ii
B) Only i and iv
C) Only i, iii and iv
D) All of the above

Explanation

The Tawi River originates from the lap of Kailash Kund glacier (Kali Kund) in Bhaderwah (iv), flows through Doda, Udhampur, and Jammu districts (i), and joins the Chenab River as a major left-bank tributary in Pakistan (iii). Its total length is approximately 141 km (not 295 km), making statement ii incorrect. Hence, Only i, iii and iv (Option C) is correct.

तवी नदी भद्रवाह के कैलाश कुंड ग्लेशियर (काली कुंड) से निकलती है (iv), जम्मू क्षेत्र से होकर बहती है (i), और चिनाब नदी की एक प्रमुख बाएं किनारे की सहायक नदी है (iii)। तवी नदी की कुल लंबाई लगभग 141 किमी है (295 किमी नहीं)। अतः कथन i, iii और iv (विकल्प C) सही हैं।

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606📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsLakes of Jammu and Kashmir

Which lake near Jammu is known for its scenic beauty and is a popular picnic spot?
A) Surinsar Lake
B) Dal Lake
C) Wular Lake
D) Mansarovar Lake

Explanation

Surinsar Lake (located ~42 km from Jammu city, adjacent to Mansar Lake with which it shares Ramsar wetland status) is renowned for its picturesque setting amidst pine-covered hills and is a widely popular picnic destination in Jammu district.

जम्मू के निकट सुरिनसर झील (Surinsar Lake) अपनी प्राकृतिक सुंदरता, कमल के फूलों और देवदार के वनों से घिरे होने के कारण एक प्रसिद्ध पिकनिक स्थल है। यह मानसर झील के साथ जुड़वां झील के रूप में जानी जाती है।

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607📚Computer Science & ITOperating Systems

Which of the following best explains the function of the operating system (OS) in managing hardware and software resources on a computer?
A) The OS translates high-level programming languages into machine code so that applications can run directly on the hardware.
B) The OS manages hardware, provides a user interface, and allocates resources like CPU, memory, and storage between applications and hardware.
C) The OS take a program instruction by instruction and computes its output.
D) The OS primarily functions as a web browser that facilitates internet connectivity and online communications.

Explanation

An Operating System (OS) is system software that acts as an intermediary between user applications and computer hardware, managing device drivers, memory management, CPU scheduling, file storage, and providing user interfaces (CLI/GUI).

ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम (OS) सिस्टम सॉफ्टवेयर है जो हार्डवेयर का प्रबंधन करता है, यूजर इंटरफेस प्रदान करता है, और एप्लिकेशन और हार्डवेयर के बीच सीपीयू, मेमोरी और स्टोरेज जैसे संसाधनों का आवंटन करता है।

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608📊EconomicsMarket Structures

Under which market structure does the firm's demand curve coincide with the market demand curve?
A) Perfect Competition
B) Monopoly
C) Monopolistic Competition
D) Oligopoly

Explanation

In a pure Monopoly, the single firm comprises the entire industry. Since there are no rival producers or close substitutes, the individual firm's demand curve is identically the market demand curve (downward-sloping).

एकाधिकार (Monopoly) में केवल एक ही उत्पादक/फर्म पूरे उद्योग का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है। इसलिए एकाधिकारी फर्म का मांग वक्र ही पूरे बाजार का मांग वक्र होता है।

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609📊EconomicsEmployment & Unemployment

Unemployment that occurs due to a mismatch between the skills of workers and the requirements of jobs is called:
A) Structural unemployment
B) Frictional unemployment
C) Seasonal unemployment
D) Disguised unemployment

Explanation

Structural unemployment arises from fundamental long-term shifts in an economy (such as technological advancement or industrial restructuring) creating a qualitative mismatch between the skills possessed by job seekers and the specific technical qualifications demanded by employers.

श्रमिकों के कौशल और उपलब्ध नौकरियों की आवश्यकताओं के बीच असंतुलन या बेमेल होने के कारण उत्पन्न बेरोजगारी को 'संरचनात्मक बेरोजगारी' (Structural unemployment) कहा जाता है।

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610📚Renewable Energy & EnvironmentRenewable Energy & Environment

The term "pumped-storage hydropower" has been recently highlighted in the context of which of the following?
A) Irrigation of terraced agricultural land
B) Lift irrigation for cereal crop cultivation
C) Long-duration storage of electrical energy
D) Rainwater collection and harvesting systems

Explanation

Pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) functions as a giant gravitational 'water battery'. It stores electrical energy during low demand/excess renewable generation periods by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir, and generates electricity during peak demand by releasing it back through turbines, providing cost-effective long-duration grid energy storage.

पम्प-स्टोरेज हाइड्रोपावर (PSH) एक विशाल ग्रैविटेशनल 'वॉटर बैटरी' की तरह कार्य करता है। यह ऑफ-पीक या अतिरिक्त सौर/पवन ऊर्जा के समय निचले जलाशय से पानी को ऊपरी जलाशय में पंप करता है और पीक डिमांड के समय टरबाइन के जरिए बिजली उत्पन्न करके ग्रिड को लंबे समय तक ऊर्जा भंडारण (Long-duration energy storage) प्रदान करता है।

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611📚Renewable Energy & EnvironmentRenewable Energy & Environment

Microbial fuel cells are considered a source of sustainable energy. Why?
i. They use living organisms as catalysts to generate electricity from certain substrates
ii. They use a variety of inorganic materials as substrates
iii. They can be installed in wastewater treatment plants to cleanse water and produce electricity
Which of the following statements given above is/are correct?
A) i only
B) ii and iii only
C) i and iii only
D) i, ii and iii

Explanation

Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) use electrochemically active bacteria (living microorganisms) as biocatalysts to oxidize organic matter (not inorganic materials) and generate electric current (Statement i is correct, ii is incorrect). They are installed in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants to simultaneously treat sewage and generate bioelectricity (Statement iii is correct). Thus, statements i and iii only are correct.

माइक्रोबियल फ्यूल सेल (MFC) जीवित सूक्ष्मजीवों को जैव-उत्प्रेरक के रूप में उपयोग करके कार्बनिक अपशिष्ट पदार्थों (Organic substrates) से बिजली उत्पन्न करते हैं (कथन i सही, ii गलत)। इन्हें अपशिष्ट जल उपचार संयंत्रों (Wastewater treatment plants) में जल शोधन और विद्युत उत्पादन दोनों के लिए स्थापित किया जा सकता है (कथन iii सही)। अतः i और iii केवल सही हैं।

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612📚Renewable Energy & Hydro PowerHydroelectric & Fluid Power

The power output from a hydroelectric power plant depends on which of the following parameters?
A) Head, type of dam, and discharge
B) Head, discharge, and efficiency of the system
C) Efficiency of the system, type of draft tube, and type of turbine used
D) Type of dam, discharge, and type of catchment area

Explanation

The electrical power output of a hydro plant is governed by P = η ρ g Q H, where ρ is water density, g is acceleration due to gravity, Q is volumetric discharge (flow rate), H is net head, and η is the overall system efficiency.

जलविद्युत संयंत्र का विद्युत उत्पादन समीकरण P = η·ρ·g·Q·H द्वारा दिया जाता है। अतः यह मुख्य रूप से शीर्ष (Head), विसर्जन (Discharge), और प्रणाली की दक्षता (Efficiency) पर निर्भर करता है।

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613📚Computer Science & Information TechnologyComputer Science & IT

A program that provides a software interface to hardware devices is called?
A) Application Software
B) Device Driver
C) System Software
D) All of the above

Explanation

A device driver is a specialized system program that acts as a software abstraction layer and translator between the operating system / applications and specific hardware peripheral devices.

डिवाइस ड्राइवर (Device Driver) वह विशिष्ट प्रोग्राम है जो ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम और हार्डवेयर उपकरणों के बीच संचार और इंटरफेस प्रदान करता है।

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614📚Computer Science & Information TechnologyComputer Science & IT

Which of the following is a key application of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) in industrial engineering?
A) Product design and visualisation
B) Production scheduling
C) Manufacturing process simulation
D) Material handling system optimisation

Explanation

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software is primarily utilized to create, modify, analyse, and visualise 2D technical drawings and 3D geometric models of physical parts and products.

औद्योगिक इंजीनियरिंग में कंप्यूटर-एडेड डिज़ाइन (CAD) का मुख्य अनुप्रयोग उत्पादों का सटीक 2D/3D डिज़ाइन और विज़ुअलाइज़ेशन तैयार करना है।

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615📚Civil & Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental & Water Resources

Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List - I (Type):
1. Surface Source
2. Sub-surface Source
3. Type of precipitation
List - II:
i. Infiltration galleries
ii. Cyclonic
iii. Storage reservoirs
Choose the correct option:
A) (1) - i, (2) - ii, (3) - iii
B) (1) - ii, (2) - iii, (3) - i
C) (1) - iii, (2) - i, (3) - ii
D) (1) - iii, (2) - ii, (3) - i

Explanation

1. Surface Source = iii (Storage reservoirs / lakes / rivers); 2. Sub-surface Source = i (Infiltration galleries / wells / springs); 3. Type of precipitation = ii (Cyclonic precipitation / convective / orographic). Thus, the matching code is (1)-iii, (2)-i, (3)-ii.

1. सतही जल स्रोत (Surface Source) = iii (भंडारण जलाशय - Storage reservoirs); 2. उप-सतही स्रोत (Sub-surface Source) = i (अंतःस्रवण दीर्घाएं - Infiltration galleries); 3. वर्षण का प्रकार (Precipitation) = ii (चक्रवातीय - Cyclonic)। सही मिलान (1)-iii, (2)-i, (3)-ii है।

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616📚Mechanical Engineering & MechanicsApplied Mechanics

Which of the following forms the basis of rigid bodies and strength of materials?
A) The Centroid
B) Centre of gravity
C) Moment of Inertia
D) None of the above

Explanation

Moment of inertia (second moment of area in beam flexure, and mass moment of inertia in rigid body dynamics) is the fundamental geometric and dynamic property governing rotational resistance, flexural stiffness, and structural stability in strength of materials.

जड़त्व आघूर्ण (Moment of Inertia) दृढ़ पिंडों की घूर्णन गति और पदार्थों के सामर्थ्य (Strength of Materials, जैसे बीम में बंकन प्रतिरोध I) का मूल आधार बनता है।

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617📚Mechanical Engineering & MechanicsApplied Mechanics

_______ is defined as the point where the whole area of the figure is assumed to be concentrated.
A) Centroid
B) Centre of gravity
C) Moment of Inertia
D) None of the above

Explanation

The Centroid is the geometric centre of a plane figure (2D area) where the total area is assumed to be concentrated. (Centre of gravity applies to mass or weight of 3D bodies).

केंद्रक (Centroid) वह ज्यामितीय बिंदु है जहाँ किसी समतल आकृति का संपूर्ण क्षेत्रफल संकेंद्रित माना जाता है। (3D पिंड के द्रव्यमान हेतु गुरुत्व केंद्र कहलाता है)।

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618📚Civil & Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental & Water Resources

Consider the following statements:
i. The quality of wastewater is determined on the basis of DO.
ii. The BOD test is based on DO.
iii. Determination of DO helps in controlling corrosion.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A) i and ii
B) ii and iii
C) i and iii
D) i, ii, and iii

Explanation

All three statements are correct: (i) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is a critical index for wastewater and natural river health; (ii) The standard BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) test directly measures the depletion of DO over a specified incubation period (BOD = (DO_initial - DO_final) * dilution factor); (iii) Measuring and removing DO in boiler feed water and piping is essential to prevent electrochemical oxygen pitting corrosion.

तीनों कथन सत्य हैं: (i) घुलित ऑक्सीजन (DO) अपशिष्ट जल की गुणवत्ता का प्रमुख सूचक है; (ii) BOD परीक्षण सीधे DO की खपत पर आधारित होता है; (iii) बॉयलर और पाइप में संक्षारण (Corrosion) को रोकने के लिए DO का निर्धारण व निष्कासन आवश्यक है।

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619📚Mechanical EngineeringTheory of Machines

When the elements of the pair are kept in contact by the action of external forces, the pair is said to be a:
A) Lower pair
B) Higher pair
C) Self closed pair
D) Force closed pair

Explanation

A kinematic pair in which the contact between two links is maintained by external forces (such as gravity, spring force, or external pressure) rather than by their geometric shape is termed a Force-closed pair (or unclosed pair, e.g., cam and follower without a spring).

जब किसी युग्म के घटक ज्यामितीय बंदोबस्त के बजाय बाहरी बलों (जैसे स्प्रिंग या गुरुत्वाकर्षण) द्वारा संपर्क में रखे जाते हैं, तो उसे बल संवृत युग्म (Force closed pair) कहा जाता है।

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620📚Mechanical EngineeringTheory of Machines

Consider the following statements:
Statement 1: The motion of a piston in the cylinder of a steam engine is an example of completely constrained motion.
Statement 2: The cam and follower without a spring forms a self-closed pair.
Choose the correct option:
A) Statement 1 is correct and Statement 2 is incorrect
B) Statement 2 is correct and Statement 1 is incorrect
C) Statement 1 and 2 are correct
D) Statement 1 and 2 are incorrect

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct: the motion of a piston in a cylinder is constrained to reciprocate along one definite axis irrespective of the direction of force, making it completely constrained motion. Statement 2 is incorrect: a cam and follower pair is kept in contact by an external force (gravity or spring), so without a spring it is a force-closed pair (unclosed pair), not a self-closed (geometrically closed) pair. Hence, Statement 1 is correct and Statement 2 is incorrect.

कथन 1 सही है: सिलेंडर में पिस्टन की गति केवल एक ही दिशा में संभव होती है, जो पूर्णतः निरुद्ध गति (Completely constrained motion) का उदाहरण है। कथन 2 गलत है: बिना स्प्रिंग के कैम और फॉलोअर बल-संवृत युग्म (Force-closed pair) बनाते हैं, न कि सेल्फ-क्लोज्ड। अतः कथन 1 सही और 2 गलत है।

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621📚General Mental Ability & ReasoningAnalogy & Classification

Find the appropriate option in line with the given words.
Tiger : Forest :: Otter : ?
A) Cage
B) Sky
C) Nest
D) Water

Explanation

A tiger's natural habitat is a forest. Similarly, an otter is a semi-aquatic mammal whose natural habitat is water (rivers, lakes, and coastal waters).

बाघ का प्राकृतिक निवास स्थान जंगल (Forest) होता है। ठीक उसी प्रकार, ऊदबिलाव (Otter) एक अर्ध-जलीय स्तनपायी जीव है जिसका प्राकृतिक निवास स्थान जल (Water) होता है। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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622📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsIndian Culture & Festivals

In which Indian state is the flamingo festival celebrated?
A) Rajasthan
B) Assam
C) Jammu & Kashmir
D) Andhra Pradesh

Explanation

The Flamingo Festival is celebrated annually in Andhra Pradesh at Pulicat Lake and Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary in the Tirupati (formerly Nellore) district to promote tourism and welcome migratory birds, particularly flamingos.

फ्लेमिंगो महोत्सव (Flamingo Festival) आंध्र प्रदेश में पुलीकट झील और नेलापट्टू पक्षी अभयारण्य (तिरुपति/नेल्लोर जिला) में प्रवासी पक्षियों के स्वागत और पर्यटन को बढ़ावा देने के लिए प्रतिवर्ष आयोजित किया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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623📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsCurrent Affairs & Industry

Which company has launched the first Made-in-India helmet to meet Europe's ECE 22.06 standard
A) Vega
B) Steelbird
C) Studds
D) Royal Enfield

Explanation

Steelbird Hi-Tech India launched the 'Ignyte IGN-7', which is the first Made-in-India helmet to meet Europe's stringent ECE 22.06 safety standard as well as DOT (FMVSS No. 218) and BIS (IS 4151:2015) certifications.

हेलमेट निर्माता कंपनी स्टीलवर्ड (Steelbird Hi-Tech) ने भारत का पहला ऐसा हेलमेट (Ignyte IGN-7) लॉन्च किया जो यूरोप के सबसे सख्त सुरक्षा मानक ECE 22.06 को पूरा करता है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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624📚General EnglishHomophones & Vocabulary

Fill in the blank with correct homophone:
We sat under the shade of the ________ tree.
A) breach
B) beach
C) beech
D) beich

Explanation

'Beech' is a type of deciduous forest tree (genus Fagus) with smooth grey bark and glossy leaves. 'Beach' refers to a sandy shore by an ocean or lake. Thus, 'beech tree' is the correct homophone.

'Beech' एक प्रकार का पर्णपाती वृक्ष (बीच का पेड़) होता है। 'Beach' का अर्थ समुद्र तट होता है। वाक्य में पेड़ के लिए सही समोच्चरित शब्द 'beech' (विकल्प C) है।

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625📚Knowledge of Computer Applications & ITComputer Hardware & DMA

Transfer of data directly without the involvement of the processor
A) Memory address register
B) Device driver
C) I/O interface
D) DMA controller

Explanation

Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller allows hardware subsystems (such as disk drives, network cards) to access and transfer data directly to and from main memory independently of the central processing unit (CPU).

डीएमए नियंत्रक (DMA - Direct Memory Access Controller) सीपीयू (प्रोसेसर) के हस्तक्षेप के बिना इनपुट/आउटपुट उपकरणों और मुख्य मेमोरी के बीच सीधे उच्च गति से डेटा स्थानांतरित करने की सुविधा प्रदान करता है। अतः विकल्प D सही है।

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626📚General Awareness & ScienceIndian Geography - Rivers

Which river is known as the 'Sorrow of Bihar' due to its frequent floods?
A) Ganga
B) Kosi
C) Yamuna
D) Gandak

Explanation

The Kosi River is known as the 'Sorrow of Bihar' because of its rapid course changes and catastrophic seasonal floods that cause widespread destruction across northern Bihar.

कोसी नदी अपने मार्ग परिवर्तन और भारी बाढ़ से होने वाले विनाश के कारण 'बिहार का शोक' (Sorrow of Bihar) कहलाती है। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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627📚General Awareness & ScienceIndian Geography - Rivers

Which Indian river originates from the Amarkantak Plateau?
A) Godavari
B) Narmada
C) Mahanadi
D) Tapi

Explanation

The Narmada River originates from the Amarkantak Plateau in Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh and flows westwards through a rift valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges into the Arabian Sea.

नर्मदा नदी मध्य प्रदेश के अनूपपुर जिले में अमरकंटक के पठार से निकलती है और विंध्य तथा सतपुड़ा पर्वत श्रेणियों के बीच भ्रंश घाटी (Rift Valley) से होकर पश्चिम की ओर बहती हुई अरब सागर में गिरती है। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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628📚General Awareness & ScienceLakes of India

The largest freshwater lake in India, Wular, is located in which district?
A) Jammu
B) Shopian
C) Reasi
D) Bandipora

Explanation

Wular Lake, the largest freshwater lake in India and a designated Ramsar wetland site, is located in Bandipora district of Jammu and Kashmir. It is fed by the Jhelum River.

भारत की सबसे बड़ी मीठे पानी की झील वूलर (Wular Lake) जम्मू-कश्मीर के बांदीपोरा (Bandipora) जिले में स्थित है। यह झेलम नदी द्वारा पोषित एक रामसर आर्द्रभूमि स्थल है। अतः विकल्प D सही है।

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629📚General Awareness & ScienceVitamins & Nutrition

Which vitamin is produced when the skin is exposed to sunlight?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin B
C) Vitamin C
D) Vitamin D

Explanation

Vitamin D (specifically cholecalciferol or Vitamin D3) is synthesized in the human skin when 7-dehydrocholesterol absorbs ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.

जब त्वचा सूर्य के प्रकाश (UVB किरणों) के संपर्क में आती है, तो त्वचा में 7-डीहाइड्रोकोलेस्ट्रॉल से विटामिन डी (Vitamin D) का संश्लेषण होता है। अतः इसे 'सनशाइन विटामिन' भी कहा जाता है। अतः विकल्प D सही है।

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630📚General Knowledge with special reference to UT of J&KRivers and Springs of J&K

The famous Verinag Spring, source of the Jhelum River, is located in which district?
A) Rajouri
B) Pulwama
C) Anantnag
D) Poonch

Explanation

Verinag Spring, the historical source of the river Jhelum (known as Vyeth in Kashmiri), is situated at the foot of the Pir Panjal range in Anantnag district of South Kashmir. It was enclosed in an octagonal basin by Mughal Emperor Jahangir.

वेरीनाग जलस्रोत (Verinag Spring), जो झेलम नदी का उद्गम स्थल है, दक्षिण कश्मीर के अनंतनाग (Anantnag) जिले में पीर पंजाल की तलहटी में स्थित है। इसके चारों ओर अष्टकोणीय कुंड का निर्माण मुगल सम्राट जहाँगीर ने करवाया था। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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631📚General Knowledge with special reference to UT of J&KRivers and Drainage System of J&K

The Lidder River is a tributary of which main river?
A) Jhelum
B) Chenab
C) Indus
D) Ravi

Explanation

The Lidder River originates from the Kolahoi Glacier near Pahalgam in Anantnag district and flows through the Lidder Valley before meeting the Jhelum River near Mirgund (Khanabal).

लिद्दर नदी (Lidder River) पहलगाम के पास कोलाहोई ग्लेशियर से निकलती है और अनंतनाग के निकट मीरगुंड (खानाबल) में झेलम नदी (Jhelum) में मिल जाती है। अतः यह झेलम की प्रमुख सहायक नदी है। अतः विकल्प A सही है।

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632📚General Knowledge with special reference to UT of J&KRivers and Drainage System of J&K

The Indus River enters India in which district of Ladakh?
A) Kargil
B) Leh
C) Nubra
D) Kargil

Explanation

The Indus River enters India from Tibet near Demchok in the Nyoma sub-division of Leh district in Ladakh, flowing northwest between the Ladakh and Zanskar ranges.

सिंधु नदी (Indus River) तिब्बत से भारत में लद्दाख के लेह (Leh) जिले के न्योमा उप-मंडल में देमचोक (Demchok) के पास प्रवेश करती है। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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633📚General Knowledge with special reference to UT of J&KHistory of J&K - Ancient Period

Who was the author of Rajatarangini, a historical chronicle of early Kashmir?
A) Kalidasa
B) Kalhana
C) Bana
D) Panini

Explanation

Kalhana Pandit composed 'Rajatarangini' ('The River of Kings') in Sanskrit verse in 1148–1149 CE during the reign of King Jayasimha. It is celebrated as the earliest comprehensive historical chronicle of Kashmir.

कल्हण (Kalhana) ने 1148-1149 ईस्वी में राजा जयसिंह के शासनकाल में संस्कृत में 'राजतरंगिणी' ('राजाओं की नदी') की रचना की थी, जिसे कश्मीर का सबसे प्राचीन और प्रामाणिक ऐतिहासिक ग्रंथ माना जाता है। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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634📚General Knowledge with special reference to UT of J&KAncient Heritage & Monuments of J&K

The famous ancient university of Sharda Peeth was located in
A) Srinagar
B) Poonch
C) Gilgit
D) Neelum Valley (Now in PoK)

Explanation

Sharda Peeth was a renowned ancient Hindu temple and seat of learning (university) dedicated to the goddess Sharada (Saraswati). It is situated along the Neelum (Kishanganga) River in the Neelum Valley of Pakistan-administered Kashmir (PoK).

शारदा पीठ (Sharda Peeth) विद्या की देवी शारदा को समर्पित एक प्रसिद्ध प्राचीन मंदिर और विश्वविद्यालय केंद्र था। यह नीलम (किशनगंगा) नदी के किनारे नीलम घाटी (वर्तमान में पाकिस्तान अधिकृत कश्मीर - PoK) में स्थित है। अतः विकल्प D सही है।

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635📚Civil EngineeringSurveying - Theodolite Operations

Which of the following set of terms does not relate to operation of a theodolite?
A) Transiting and inverting
B) Face left and face right
C) Right swing and left swing
D) Gauging and sounding

Explanation

Transiting (or plunging/inverting), face left/face right observations, and swinging the telescope (right or left swing) are all fundamental operations and terms associated with a transit theodolite. In contrast, 'gauging' (measuring stream flow or water stage) and 'sounding' (measuring the depth of a water body below its surface) are terms used in hydrographic surveying and river gauging, not in the operation of a theodolite.

ट्रांजिटिंग और इनवर्टिंग (उलटना), फेस लेफ्ट और फेस राइट, तथा राइट और लेफ्ट स्विंग - ये सभी थोडोलाइट के सामान्य संचालन और प्रेक्षण से संबंधित प्रमुख तकनीकी शब्द हैं। इसके विपरीत, 'गेजिंग' (नदी या जलधारा का प्रवाह मापना) और 'साउंडिंग' (पानी की गहराई मापना) हाइड्रोग्राफिक सर्वेक्षण से संबंधित शब्द हैं, जिनका संबंध थोडोलाइट के संचालन से नहीं है। अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प D है।

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636📚Civil EngineeringSurveying - Levelling

Error due to inclination of line of collimation in levelling across a river can be eliminated by
A) Reversion
B) Reciprocal ranging
C) Reciprocal levelling
D) Keeping level in middle

Explanation

When levelling across obstacles such as wide rivers, ravines, or ponds where setting up the level midway is impossible, reciprocal levelling is employed. By taking staff readings on both banks from instrument setups on opposite banks and averaging the true differences, reciprocal levelling completely eliminates collimation error, earth's curvature error, and uniform atmospheric refraction error.

जब किसी चौड़ी नदी या खाई के दोनों किनारों के बीच लेवलिंग करनी हो और बीच में उपकरण लगाना संभव न हो, तब व्युत्क्रम लेवलिंग (Reciprocal levelling) का प्रयोग किया जाता है। दोनों किनारों से उपकरण स्थापित कर रीडिंग लेने और उनका औसत निकालने से कॉलिमेशन रेखा का झुकाव दोष, पृथ्वी की वक्रता और एकसमान वायुमंडलीय अपवर्तन का प्रभाव पूरी तरह समाप्त हो जाता है। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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637📚Civil EngineeringSurveying - Contouring Characteristics

Consider the following statements about the characteristics of contours:
I. Closed contour lines with higher values inside show a lake
II. Contour is an imaginary line joining points of equal elevations
III. Closely spaced contours indicate steep slope
IV. Contour lines can cross each other in case of an overhanging cliff
Which of these statements are correct?
A) II, III and IV
B) I and II
C) I and IV
D) I, II and III

Explanation

Statement I is incorrect because closed contours with higher values inside represent a hill or ridge (lower values inside represent a pond, lake, or depression). Statement II is correct by definition. Statement III is correct as close contours indicate a steep slope. Statement IV is correct because contour lines cross each other only in the exceptional case of an overhanging cliff. Thus, statements II, III, and IV are correct.

कथन I गलत है क्योंकि अंदर की ओर बढ़ते मान वाली बंद समोच्च रेखाएं पहाड़ी (Hill) को दर्शाती हैं, झील या गड्ढे को नहीं (झील में अंदर मान घटते हैं)। कथन II सही है (समोच्च रेखा समान ऊंचाई वाले बिंदुओं को जोड़ने वाली काल्पनिक रेखा है)। कथन III सही है (निकटवर्ती समोच्च रेखाएं तीव्र ढाल दर्शाती हैं)। कथन IV सही है (केवल ओवरहैंगिंग क्लिफ के मामले में समोच्च रेखाएं एक दूसरे को काट सकती हैं)। अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प A (II, III and IV) है।

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638📚Civil EngineeringSurveying - Classification of Surveys

Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List - I (Type of survey)
i. Topographical survey
ii. Reconnaissance survey
iii. Cadastral survey
iv. Archaeological survey
List - II (Purpose)
1. To determine boundaries of fields, houses, etc.
2. To find relics of antiquity
3. To determine natural features of a country
4. To determine possibility and rough cost of the surveying system to be adopted
Choose the correct option:
A) (i) - 3, (ii) - 4, (iii) - 1, (iv) - 2
B) (i) - 3, (ii) - 1, (iii) - 4, (iv) - 2
C) (i) - 2, (ii) - 4, (iii) - 1, (iv) - 3
D) (i) - 2, (ii) - 1, (iii) - 4, (iv) - 3

Explanation

Matching of survey types with their purposes:
(i) Topographical survey: To determine natural features of a country (rivers, hills, lakes) -> 3.
(ii) Reconnaissance survey: To determine the possibility and rough cost of the project/survey scheme -> 4.
(iii) Cadastral survey: To fix and determine property boundaries of fields, plots, and houses -> 1.
(iv) Archaeological survey: To unearth relics of antiquity -> 2.
Hence, the correct matching is (i)-3, (ii)-4, (iii)-1, (iv)-2.

सर्वेक्षण प्रकारों का उनके उद्देश्यों से मिलान:
(i) स्थलाकृतिक सर्वेक्षण (Topographical survey): प्राकृतिक विशेषताओं (नदी, पहाड़ आदि) को निर्धारित करना -> 3
(ii) रेकी सर्वेक्षण (Reconnaissance survey): परियोजना की संभावना और अनुमानित लागत निर्धारित करना -> 4
(iii) भूकर सर्वेक्षण (Cadastral survey): खेतों, घरों और संपत्ति की सीमाओं का निर्धारण करना -> 1
(iv) पुरातात्विक सर्वेक्षण (Archaeological survey): प्राचीन अवशेषों को खोजना -> 2
अतः सही मिलान (i)-3, (ii)-4, (iii)-1, (iv)-2 है। विकल्प A सही उत्तर है।

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639📚Civil EngineeringSurveying - Plane Table Surveying

Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List - I (Statement)
i. Accurate centering in plane table surveying is necessary for
ii. Exact orientation is more important than accurate centering for
iii. The intersection method of plane table surveying is particularly employed for
iv. Plane table survey is useful for
List - II (Situation)
1. Inaccessible points
2. Open country with good intervisibility
3. Large scale maps
4. Small scale maps
Choose the correct option:
A) (i) - 3, (ii) - 4, (iii) - 1, (iv) - 2
B) (i) - 4, (ii) - 3, (iii) - 2, (iv) - 1
C) (i) - 1, (ii) - 2, (iii) - 4, (iv) - 3
D) (i) - 3, (ii) - 2, (iii) - 1, (iv) - 4

Explanation

Plane table surveying principles:
(i) Accurate centering is critical for large scale maps (3) because small centering discrepancies are plottable at large scales.
(ii) Exact orientation is more important than accurate centering for small scale maps (4) where centering errors become negligible on paper.
(iii) The intersection method is particularly employed for locating inaccessible points (1) like distant hills, river points, etc.
(iv) Plane table surveying is most useful for open country with good intervisibility (2).
Therefore, the correct code is (i)-3, (ii)-4, (iii)-1, (iv)-2.

प्लेन टेबल सर्वेक्षण के सिद्धांत:
(i) बड़े पैमाने के मानचित्रों (Large scale maps) के लिए सटीक केंद्रण अत्यंत आवश्यक है -> 3
(ii) छोटे पैमाने के मानचित्रों (Small scale maps) के लिए सटीक दिकस्थापन (orientation), केंद्रण की तुलना में अधिक महत्वपूर्ण होता है -> 4
(iii) प्रतिच्छेदन विधि (Intersection method) विशेष रूप से अगम्य बिंदुओं (Inaccessible points) के लिए प्रयुक्त होती है -> 1
(iv) प्लेन टेबल सर्वेक्षण अच्छी दृश्यता वाले खुले भूभाग (Open country with good intervisibility) के लिए सर्वाधिक उपयोगी है -> 2
अतः सही मिलान (i)-3, (ii)-4, (iii)-1, (iv)-2 है। विकल्प A सही उत्तर है।

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640📚Civil EngineeringIrrigation & Hydrology - Dams and Reservoirs

The lake of water which is formed upstream is often called a
A) creep
B) reservoir
C) side flanks
D) swift frinity

Explanation

A large artificial or natural body of water formed upstream of a dam, weir, or barrage constructed across a river or stream is called a reservoir (or storage reservoir).

किसी बांध, बैराज या वियर के अपस्ट्रीम (प्रवाह की उल्टी दिशा) में बनने वाले कृत्रिम या प्राकृतिक जल निकाय को जलाशय (Reservoir) कहा जाता है। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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641📚Civil EngineeringIrrigation Engineering - River Training Works

Consider the following Statements:
Statement - 1: The length of the guide bank on the downstream side should be between 0.1 L to 0.2 L. L indicates the length of structure between the abutments.
Statement - 2: The top level of guide banks is governed by HFL, afflux, velocity head, and freeboard. It can be obtained by adding all these four values.
Choose the correct option:
A) Statement 1 is correct and Statement 2 is incorrect
B) Statement 2 is correct and Statement 1 is incorrect
C) Statement 1 and 2 are correct
D) Statement 1 and 2 are incorrect

Explanation

River training and guide bank design principles:
Statement 1: According to Spring's classic guidelines for guide banks, the downstream length is kept between 0.1 L to 0.2 L (where L is the waterway length between bridge/barrage abutments). Statement 1 is correct.
Statement 2: The top level of a guide bank is fixed by taking the High Flood Level (HFL) and adding afflux, velocity head, and suitable freeboard (normally 1.5 m to 2.0 m). Statement 2 is also correct.
Therefore, both Statement 1 and 2 are correct.

गाइड बैंकों के डिजाइन सिद्धांत:
कथन 1: स्प्रिंग के नियमों के अनुसार डाउनस्ट्रीम में गाइड बैंक की लंबाई 0.1 L से 0.2 L के बीच रखी जाती है (जहाँ L अबटमेंट्स के बीच संरचना की लंबाई है)। अतः कथन 1 सत्य है।
कथन 2: गाइड बैंक का शीर्ष स्तर HFL, एफ्लक्स (afflux), वेग शीर्ष (velocity head) और फ्रीबोर्ड को जोड़कर निर्धारित किया जाता है। अतः कथन 2 भी सत्य है।
अतः सही विकल्प C (Statement 1 and 2 are correct) है।

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642📚Civil EngineeringIrrigation Engineering - River Training Types

Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List - I (Classification of River Training)
1. High water training
2. Low water training
3. Mean water training
List - II (Purpose)
i. Sediment (efficient disposal of suspended load and bed load)
ii. Discharge (flood control)
iii. Depth (provide sufficient water depth)
Choose the correct option:
A) (1) - i, (2) - ii, (3) - iii
B) (1) - ii, (2) - iii, (3) - i
C) (1) - iii, (2) - i, (3) - ii
D) (1) - iii, (2) - ii, (3) - i

Explanation

Classification of river training works by primary objective:
1. High water training (Training for Discharge): Aimed at flood disposal and flood control without causing overtopping -> (ii)
2. Low water training (Training for Depth): Aimed at maintaining navigable water depth during low-flow periods -> (iii)
3. Mean water training (Training for Sediment): Aimed at efficient movement and disposal of sediment/bed load to maintain channel stability -> (i)
Therefore, the correct match is (1)-ii, (2)-iii, (3)-i.

नदी प्रशिक्षण कार्यों (River Training) का वर्गीकरण:
1. उच्च जल प्रशिक्षण (High water training): बाढ़ नियंत्रण और अधिकतम विसर्जन (Discharge) के सुरक्षित निकास हेतु -> (ii)
2. निम्न जल प्रशिक्षण (Low water training): नौकायन के लिए शुष्क मौसम में पर्याप्त गहराई (Depth) प्रदान करने हेतु -> (iii)
3. मध्यम जल प्रशिक्षण (Mean water training): गाद और तलछट (Sediment) के कुशल निपटान हेतु -> (i)
अतः सही मिलान (1)-ii, (2)-iii, (3)-i है। विकल्प B सही उत्तर है।

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643📚Civil EngineeringHydrology - Hydrological Cycle

_______ evaporates water, and (ii) _______ by causing and controlling winds, (iii) _______ circulates the evaporated water vapour, and thus, helping in its precipitation at different places. Choose the correct option to fill out i, ii, iii in order.
A) Sun, hydro cycle, filtration
B) Sun, Coriolis force, filtration
C) Sun, cycle, precipitation
D) Sun, Coriolis force, reprecipitation

Explanation

In the hydrologic cycle: The (i) Sun radiates thermal energy that evaporates water from oceans and lakes; atmospheric circulation and wind patterns drive the (ii) cycle (or wind currents) that transport evaporated water vapour; leading to cloud condensation and (iii) precipitation over land and water bodies. Thus, the sequence 'Sun, cycle, precipitation' completes the sentence.

जल चक्र के संदर्भ में: (i) सूर्य (Sun) जल का वाष्पीकरण करता है, (ii) चक्रीय वायु प्रवाह (cycle) जलवाष्प को विभिन्न स्थानों पर ले जाता है, जिससे अंततः बादलों के संघनन द्वारा (iii) वर्षण (precipitation) होता है। अतः सही क्रम Sun, cycle, precipitation (विकल्प C) है।

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644📚Civil EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering - Noise Pollution Standards

As per Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000 of India, the day time noise limit for a residential zone, expressed in dB(A) L_eq, is
A) 45
B) 55
C) 65
D) 75

Explanation

According to the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 of India:
- Industrial Area: Day = 75 dB(A), Night = 70 dB(A)
- Commercial Area: Day = 65 dB(A), Night = 55 dB(A)
- Residential Area: Day = 55 dB(A), Night = 45 dB(A)
- Silence Zone: Day = 50 dB(A), Night = 40 dB(A)
Therefore, for residential zones during daytime, the limit is 55 dB(A).

ध्वनि प्रदूषण (विनियमन और नियंत्रण) नियम, 2000 के अनुसार:
- आवासीय क्षेत्र (Residential Area): दिन का समय = 55 dB(A), रात का समय = 45 dB(A)
- वाणिज्यिक क्षेत्र (Commercial Area): दिन का समय = 65 dB(A), रात = 55 dB(A)
- औद्योगिक क्षेत्र (Industrial Area): दिन = 75 dB(A), रात = 70 dB(A)
- शांत क्षेत्र (Silence Zone): दिन = 50 dB(A), रात = 40 dB(A)
अतः आवासीय क्षेत्र में दिन के समय ध्वनि की सीमा 55 dB(A) है। विकल्प B सही उत्तर है।

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645📚Civil EngineeringFluid Mechanics - Fluid Units & Dimensions

Pascal-second (Pa.s) is the unit of
A) Pressure
B) Specific gravity
C) Dynamic viscosity
D) Compressibility

Explanation

Pascal-second (Pa·s = N·s/m² = kg/(m·s)) is the SI unit of dynamic (or absolute) viscosity μ. (Kinematic viscosity ν has the SI unit m²/s, pressure has Pa or N/m², and specific gravity is dimensionless).

पास्कल-सेकंड (Pa·s = N·s/m²) गतिक श्यानता (Dynamic viscosity) का SI मात्रक है। (शुद्धगतिक श्यानता का मात्रक m²/s होता है)। अतः विकल्प C सही उत्तर है।

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646📚Civil EngineeringFluid Mechanics - Viscosity Computations

If specific gravity of a fluid is 0.5, and dynamic viscosity is 0.5 poise, then the kinematic viscosity of that fluid is
A) 0.25 stokes
B) 0.50 stokes
C) 1.0 stokes
D) 25 stokes

Explanation

In CGS units: 1 poise = 1 g/(cm·s). Since water has density 1 g/cm³, a fluid of specific gravity S = 0.5 has density ρ = 0.5 g/cm³. Kinematic viscosity ν = μ / ρ = 0.5 poise / 0.5 g/cm³ = 1.0 cm²/s = 1.0 stokes.

CGS प्रणाली में: श्यानता μ = 0.5 poise = 0.5 g/(cm·s)। विशिष्ट गुरुत्व 0.5 होने पर घनत्व ρ = 0.5 g/cm³।
अतः शुद्धगतिक श्यानता ν = μ / ρ = 0.5 / 0.5 = 1.0 stokes (cm²/s)। विकल्प C सही उत्तर है।

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647📚Civil EngineeringFluid Mechanics - Viscous Flow & Shear

The velocity of the upper layer of water in a river is 36 km h⁻¹. Shearing stress between horizontal layers of water is 10⁻³ N m⁻². Consider co-efficient of viscosity of water is 10⁻² Pa-s. Then depth of the river is
A) 100 m
B) 200 m
C) 360 m
D) 3600 m

Explanation

Velocity of surface layer v = 36 km/h = 36 (5/18) = 10 m/s. Assuming river bed velocity is 0 and velocity varies linearly with depth y: Velocity gradient dv/dy = v / y = 10 / y. From Newton's law: τ = μ (dv/dy) => 10⁻³ N/m² = 10⁻² Pa·s * (10 / y) => 10⁻³ = 10⁻¹ / y => y = 10⁻¹ / 10⁻³ = 100 m.

नदी की सतह पर वेग v = 36 km/h = 36 (5/18) = 10 m/s। न्यूटन के नियम से: कर्तन प्रतिबल τ = μ (v / y)। यहाँ τ = 10⁻³ N/m² और μ = 10⁻² Pa·s। 10⁻³ = 10⁻² (10 / y) => 10⁻³ = 10⁻¹ / y => y = 10⁻¹ / 10⁻³ = 100 मीटर।
अतः नदी की गहराई 100 मीटर है। विकल्प A सही उत्तर है।

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648📚Civil EngineeringFluid Mechanics - Pressure Intensity in Layered Fluids

Open tank contains 1 m deep water with 50 cm depth of oil of specific gravity 0.6 above it, then the intensity of pressure at the bottom of tank is (taken, g = 1000 cm s⁻²)
A) 3 kN/m²
B) 13 kN/m²
C) 30 kN/m²
D) 40 kN/m²

Explanation

Pressure intensity at tank bottom: P = P_oil + P_water = (ρ_oil g h_oil) + (ρ_water g h_water). Given g = 1000 cm/s² = 10 m/s², h_oil = 50 cm = 0.5 m, ρ_oil = 0.6 1000 = 600 kg/m³, h_water = 1.0 m, ρ_water = 1000 kg/m³. P_oil = 600 10 0.5 = 3000 N/m² = 3 kN/m². P_water = 1000 10 * 1.0 = 10,000 N/m² = 10 kN/m². Total pressure P = 3 + 10 = 13 kN/m².

टैंक की तली पर दाब = तेल का दाब + पानी का दाब।
यहाँ g = 10 m/s², तेल की गहराई h_oil = 0.5 m, घनत्व = 600 kg/m³; पानी की गहराई h_water = 1.0 m, घनत्व = 1000 kg/m³।
P = (600 10 0.5) + (1000 10 1.0) = 3000 + 10000 = 13000 N/m² = 13 kN/m²। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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649📚Civil EngineeringFluid Mechanics - Torricelli's Law & Orifice Flow

An open tank filled with water (density = ρ and g = 9.81 m/sec²) has a narrow hole at a depth of "h" below the water surface. Then the velocity of water flowing out is
A) √(2gh)
B) ρgh
C) 2gh
D) gh

Explanation

According to Torricelli's Law of efflux, the theoretical velocity of liquid flowing out of a small orifice or narrow hole at depth h below the free liquid surface under gravity is given by v = √(2gh).

टोरिसेली के नियम (Torricelli's Law) के अनुसार, मुक्त सतह से 'h' गहराई पर स्थित एक संकीर्ण छिद्र से निकलने वाले जल का सैद्धांतिक वेग v = √(2gh) होता है। अतः विकल्प A सही उत्तर है।

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650📚Civil EngineeringFluid Mechanics - Hydrostatic Force & Centre of Pressure

The point in the immersed body through which the resultant of the total pressure of the liquid be taken to act is known as
A) Metacenter
B) Centre of gravity
C) Centre of buoyancy
D) Centre of pressure

Explanation

The Center of Pressure is defined as the point on an immersed surface through which the resultant total hydrostatic pressure force acts. (Centre of buoyancy is the centroid of the displaced volume of liquid).

निमज्जित (डूबी हुई) सतह पर वह बिंदु जिससे होकर तरल का कुल परिणामी द्रवस्थैतिक दाब बल कार्य करता है, दाब केंद्र (Centre of pressure) कहलाता है। अतः विकल्प D सही उत्तर है।

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651📚Civil EngineeringFluid Mechanics - Measuring Instruments

Consider the following pairs:
i. Pitot tube - 1. Flow and viscous property of fluid
ii. Rheometer - 2. Flowing fluid velocity at any point
iii. Hydrometer - 3. Pressure of the pipeline
iv. Manometer - 4. Specific gravity or density of a liquid
Which of the pair given below is correctly matched?
A) (i) - (1), (ii) - (2), (iii) - (3), (iv) - (4)
B) (i) - (1), (ii) - (4), (iii) - (3), (iv) - (2)
C) (i) - (2), (ii) - (1), (iii) - (4), (iv) - (3)
D) (i) - (4), (ii) - (3), (iii) - (2), (iv) - (1)

Explanation

Matching measuring instruments with their functions:
(i) Pitot tube: Measures flowing fluid velocity at a point -> 2
(ii) Rheometer: Measures flow and rheological/viscous properties of fluids -> 1
(iii) Hydrometer: Measures specific gravity or density of a liquid -> 4
(iv) Manometer: Measures pressure of fluid in a pipeline -> 3
Therefore, the correct matched combination is (i)-(2), (ii)-(1), (iii)-(4), (iv)-(3).

मापन उपकरणों और उनके कार्यों का सही मिलान:
(i) पिटोट ट्यूब (Pitot tube): किसी बिंदु पर तरल का वेग मापना -> 2
(ii) रियोमीटर (Rheometer): तरल की श्यानता और प्रवाह गुण मापना -> 1
(iii) हाइड्रोमीटर (Hydrometer): द्रव का आपेक्षिक घनत्व मापना -> 4
(iv) मैनोमीटर (Manometer): पाइपलाइन में दाब मापना -> 3
अतः सही मिलान (i)-(2), (ii)-(1), (iii)-(4), (iv)-(3) है। विकल्प C सही उत्तर है।

2025JKSSB

652📚Electrical EngineeringElectrical Drives - Four-Quadrant DC Drives

For a low-speed, high-power reversible operation, the most suitable drive is:
A) Current source inverter-fed AC drives
B) Voltage source inverter-fed AC drives
C) Dual converter-fed DC drives
D) None of the above

Explanation

For heavy industrial applications requiring high power, low-speed operation, high starting torque, and seamless four-quadrant reversible operation (such as steel rolling mills, mine hoists, and cranes), Dual Converter-fed DC drives are the classic and most suitable drive. A dual converter comprises two back-to-back full converters that inherently provide bidirectional voltage and bidirectional current flow without mechanical contactors.

कम गति, उच्च शक्ति और प्रतिवर्ती (चारों चतुर्थांशों में प्रतिवर्ती / four-quadrant reversible) संचालन (जैसे स्टील रोलिंग मिलों और खदानों में) के लिए ड्यूल कन्वर्टर-आधारित DC ड्राइव (Dual converter-fed DC drives) सबसे उपयुक्त होती है। इसमें दो बैक-टू-बैक कन्वर्टर बिना किसी यांत्रिक स्विच के दोनों दिशाओं में वोल्टेज और करंट को नियंत्रित करते हैं। अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प C है।

2025JKSSB

653📚Electrical EngineeringPower Systems - Hydropower Engineering & Hydrology

With reference to a hydropower station, the graphical representation of the discharge as a function of time is known as:
A) Monograph
B) Load duration curve
C) Hydrograph
D) Waterfilling curve

Explanation

A Hydrograph is the fundamental graphical plot showing stream discharge / river water flow rate (

Q

in

\text{m}^3/\text{s}

) as a function of chronological time (hours, days, or months). In contrast, a Flow Duration Curve sorts discharges in descending order, and a Load Duration Curve plots electrical power demand against time.

जलविद्युत स्टेशन के संदर्भ में, समय के फलन के रूप में जल प्रवाह/निर्वहन (Discharge vs Time) के आलेखीय निरूपण को 'हाइड्रोग्राफ' (Hydrograph) कहा जाता है। अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प C है।

2025JKSSB

654📚Electrical EngineeringPower Systems - Hydroelectric Generation

Assuming 100% efficiency and taking the density of water as 1000 kg/m³, what is the power output of a hydroelectric generator unit operating with a head of 1.0 m and a discharge rate of 1.0 cubic meters per second?
A) 2.91 kW
B) 9.81 kW
C) 19.50 kW
D) 6.95 kW

Explanation

Theoretical water power output is given by

P = \rho \cdot g \cdot Q \cdot H \cdot \eta

. Given water density

\rho = 1000\text{ kg/m}^3

, gravitational acceleration

g = 9.81\text{ m/s}^2

, discharge

Q = 1.0\text{ m}^3/\text{s}

, head

H = 1.0\text{ m}

, and efficiency

\eta = 1.0

(100%):

P = 1000 \times 9.81 \times 1.0 \times 1.0 \times 1.0 = 9810\text{ W} = 9.81\text{ kW}

.

जलविद्युत शक्ति का सूत्र

P = \rho g Q H \eta

होता है।
यहाँ

\rho = 1000\text{ kg/m}^3

,

g = 9.81\text{ m/s}^2

,

Q = 1.0\text{ m}^3/\text{s}

,

H = 1.0\text{ m}

और

\eta = 100\% = 1.0

है।

P = 1000 \times 9.81 \times 1.0 \times 1.0 = 9810\text{ W} = 9.81\text{ kW}

। अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प B (9.81 kW) है।

2025JKSSB

655📚Physical & Trace EvidencePaint Evidence Collection

Paint is generally recovered in the form of:\nI. Chips\nII. Smears\nIII. Dried paint flakes\nIV. Intact liquid paint\nChoose the correct option:

Explanation

In forensic investigations (hit-and-run vehicular accidents, burglaries), paint trace evidence is encountered and recovered in all four physical forms: multi-layered chips, friction smears, dried flakes, and wet liquid paint.

फोरेंसिक जांच (हिट-एंड-रन, चोरी आदि) में पेंट के साक्ष्य इन सभी चारों रूपों (चिप्स, स्मीयर, सूखे फ्लेक्स और तरल पेंट) में पाए और एकत्र किए जाते हैं। अतः सही उत्तर All I, II, III and IV है।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

656📚Forensic Optics & SpectroscopyElectromagnetic Radiation Biological Hazards

Which rays of electromagnetic spectrum may damage the retina of our eyes?

Explanation

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (particularly UV-A and intense UV blue wavelengths) can penetrate ocular media to induce photochemical damage and macular photoretinitis in the retina.

पराबैंगनी (UV) किरणें आंखों के रेटिना में फोटोकेमिकल क्षति और रेटिनाइटिस पैदा कर सकती हैं, जिससे दृष्टि को गंभीर नुकसान पहुँचता है।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

657📚Security Documents & PrintingSecurity Printing Processes (Intaglio)

Which Printing technology produces extremely fine lines and life like pictures?

Explanation

Intaglio printing (steel plate engraving) produces microscopic, razor-sharp fine lines and embossed relief with exceptional tonal fidelity, making it the premier process for banknotes and security portraits.

इंटेग्लियो प्रिंटिंग (उत्कीर्ण छपाई) अत्यंत महीन रेखाएं, उभरा हुआ स्पर्श और सजीव चित्रात्मक विवरण प्रस्तुत करती है, जिसका उपयोग बैंकनोट और सुरक्षा दस्तावेजों में किया जाता है।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

658📚Crime Scene InvestigationSearch Patterns

Which of these is the best method for crime scenes without physical barriers?

Explanation

The spiral search method (inward or outward) is ideally suited for open outdoor areas without physical barriers or obstacles (such as open fields or water bodies), where an investigator can navigate in continuous concentric paths without obstruction.

सर्पिल खोज विधि (Spiral method) बिना किसी भौतिक बाधा या रुकावट वाले खुले बाहरी क्षेत्रों (जैसे खुले मैदान या जल निकाय) के लिए सर्वोत्तम होती है, जहां अन्वेषक बिना किसी बाधा के केंद्र से बाहर या बाहर से अंदर की ओर वृत्ताकार मार्ग में साक्ष्य खोज सकता है।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

659📚Forensic PharmacologyDrug Dependency Patterns

Which of the following is causing high psychological dependency but no physical dependency?

Explanation

Cocaine is characterized by intense, overwhelming psychological dependence (intense craving) with minimal to no classic physical dependence (unlike opiates, barbiturates, or alcohol, which cause severe physical withdrawal syndromes with physiological autonomic disturbances).

कोकीन का उपयोग अत्यधिक तीव्र मनोवैज्ञानिक निर्भरता और तलब (craving) पैदा करता है, लेकिन हेरोइन या अल्कोहल की तरह इसमें क्लासिक शारीरिक निर्भरता और प्राणघातक शारीरिक वापसी लक्षण नहीं होते।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

660📚Forensic Ballistics & ExplosivesPercussion Cap Priming Compositions

Which of the following is used in percussion cap of firearm ammunition?
I. Fulminates
II. Lead Azide
III. Lead Styphnate
IV. Dinol
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Explanation

Percussion caps in small arms ammunition historically relied on Mercury Fulminate (Fulminates - I) and modern non-corrosive primer mixtures rely predominantly on Lead Styphnate (III) along with barium nitrate and antimony sulfide. Lead azide is used in industrial blasting detonators, not small arms percussion caps. Hence, I and III only.

आग्नेयास्त्रों के परकशन कैप (प्राइमर) में ऐतिहासिक रूप से मरकरी फुल्मिनेट (I) और आधुनिक गैर-संक्षारक प्राइमर में मुख्य रूप से लेड स्टिफनेट (III) का उपयोग किया जाता है। लेड एजाइड का उपयोग मुख्य रूप से डेटोनेटर कैप में होता है। अतः केवल I और III सही हैं।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

661📚Petroleum ChemistryAPI Gravity and Relative Density

Which of the following is used to measure API gravity?

Explanation

API gravity (American Petroleum Institute gravity) is a dimensionless measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water, determined directly from the relative density / specific gravity of the oil at 60°F via the formula: API = (141.5 / SG) - 131.5.

एपीआई ग्रेविटी कच्चे तेल के पानी की तुलना में घनत्व / आपेक्षिक घनत्व (Density / Specific Gravity) का एक मानक पैमाना है, जिसे 60°F पर हाइड्रोमीटर द्वारा सीधे मापा जाता है।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

662📚Forensic ExplosivesIED Classification vs Military High Explosive

Which of the following is not a type of Improvised Explosive Device (IED)?

Explanation

A Molotov cocktail (incendiary IED), Letter bomb, and Pipe bomb are all improvised explosive devices fabricated from commercial or homemade components. Cyclotol is a standardized military/industrial high explosive chemical mixture of RDX and TNT, not a fabricated device.

मोलोटोव कॉकटेल, लेटर बम और पाइप बम सभी आईईडी (Improvised Explosive Devices) के उदाहरण हैं। साइक्लोटोल (Cyclotol) RDX और TNT का एक मानकीकृत सैन्य रासायनिक विस्फोटक मिश्रण है, न कि कोई आईईडी उपकरण।

2026JKSSBHome Department (FSL)

663📚General EnglishReading Comprehension - Global Warming

What is the primary cause of global warming?

Explanation

According to the passage, global warming refers to the gradual increase in the Earth's average temperature, primarily due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), deforestation, and industrial processes.

गद्यांश के अनुसार, ग्लोबल वार्मिंग मुख्य रूप से मानव गतिविधियों जैसे जीवाश्म ईंधन (कोयला, तेल, प्राकृतिक गैस) को जलाने, वनों की कटाई और औद्योगिक प्रक्रियाओं के कारण होती है।

2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department

664📚General EnglishSentence Rearrangement (Para Jumbles)

Given below are four scattered segments of two sentences. Indicate the correct sequence that correctly assembles the segments and completes the sentence.
P. due to rapid urbanization
Q. environmental degradation has increased
R. and unplanned industrial growth
S. in many developing regions
The most appropriate sequence should be

Explanation

The coherent grammatical order is Q-P-R-S: 'Environmental degradation has increased (Q) due to rapid urbanization (P) and unplanned industrial growth (R) in many developing regions (S).'

सार्थक और व्याकरणिक क्रम Q-P-R-S है: 'Environmental degradation has increased (Q) due to rapid urbanization (P) and unplanned industrial growth (R) in many developing regions (S).'

2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department

665📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsInternational Awards and Honors

Who has received the 2025 World Leader for Peace and Security award?

Explanation

Global humanitarian leader and Art of Living founder Gurudev Sri Sri Ravi Shankar was conferred the prestigious 2025 World Leader for Peace and Security Award by the Boston Global Forum (BGF) and the AI World Society for his tireless efforts toward global conflict resolution and non-violence.

आर्ट ऑफ लिविंग के संस्थापक और वैश्विक मानवतावादी नेता गुरुदेव श्री श्री रवि शंकर को वैश्विक संघर्ष समाधान, मानवीय सद्भाव और शांति के प्रयासों के लिए बोस्टन ग्लोबल फोरम (BGF) द्वारा '2025 वर्ल्ड लीडर फॉर पीस एंड सिक्योरिटी' पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया।

2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department

666📚Indian History & CultureAncient Literature - Works of Kalidasa

Which of the following are two works of Kalidasa?

Explanation

Meghaduta (lyric poem) and Malavikagnimitra (Sanskrit play) are both celebrated masterworks of the classical poet Kalidasa. Ratnavali was authored by King Harsha; Harshacharita by Banabhatta; Kiratarjuniya by Bharavi; Malatimadhava by Bhavabhuti.

मेघदूत (Meghaduta) और मालविकाग्निमित्र (Malvikagnimitra) दोनों महाकवि कालिदास की प्रसिद्ध रचनाएं हैं। रत्नावली हर्ष की, हर्षचरित बाणभट्ट की और किरातार्जुनियम् भारवि की रचना है।

2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department

667📚Geography of IndiaIndian Drainage System - Damodar River

Which river rises in Khamarpat hill in the Chhotanagpur plateau and is called the "river of sorrow"?

Explanation

The Damodar River originates from the Khamarpat hill in the Chota Nagpur plateau (Latehar/Palamu region of Jharkhand). Due to its historic catastrophic seasonal floods in the plains of West Bengal, it was known as the 'Sorrow of Bengal' (River of Sorrow).

दामोदर नदी छोटानागपुर पठार की खमरपत पहाड़ी (लातेहार, झारखंड) से निकलती है। पश्चिम बंगाल के मैदानी इलाकों में भयंकर बाढ़ लाने के कारण इसे 'बंगाल का शोक' (दुःख की नदी) कहा जाता था।

2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department

668📚Geography of IndiaKaveri River Tributaries

Which of the following are the tributaries of the Kaveri River?
I. Arkavati
II. Painganga
III. Shimsha
IV. Lakshman Tirtha
V. Tungbhadra
Options:

Explanation

Arkavati (I), Shimsha (III), and Lakshman Tirtha (IV) are well-known tributaries of the Kaveri River. Painganga is a tributary of the Godavari River, while Tungabhadra is a major tributary of the Krishna River. Therefore, I, III, IV only.

अर्कवती (I), शिमशा (III) और लक्ष्मण तीर्थ (IV) कावेरी नदी की प्रमुख सहायक नदियाँ हैं। पेनगंगा गोदावरी की तथा तुंगभद्रा कृष्णा की सहायक नदी है। अतः विकल्प C (I, III, IV केवल) सही है।

2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department

669📚Geography of IndiaDams and River Valley Projects in India

Match the following Dams with their associated Rivers
DAMS
i. Mettur
ii. Ukai
iii. Bisalpur
iv. Pilur
RIVERS
1. Kaveri
2. Tapti
3. Bhavani
4. Banas
Options:

Explanation

Mettur Dam is on the Kaveri River in Tamil Nadu (i-1). Ukai Dam is on the Tapti River in Gujarat (ii-2). Bisalpur Dam is on the Banas River in Rajasthan (iii-4). Pillur Dam is on the Bhavani River in Tamil Nadu (iv-3). Thus, i-1, ii-2, iii-4, iv-3.

मेट्टूर बांध कावेरी नदी पर (1), उकाई बांध ताप्ती नदी पर (2), बीसलपुर बांध बनास नदी पर (4) और पिलूर बांध भवानी नदी पर (3) स्थित है। अतः सही मिलान i-1, ii-2, iii-4, iv-3 है।

2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department

670📚History & Heritage of Jammu & KashmirAkhnoor Fort on Chenab River

Consider the following statements about Akhnoor Fort, located about 28 km away from Jammu city:
I. The fort is on the right bank of the river Jhelum.
II. The fort was built around 1762 - 1802 at the behest of Raja Tegh Singh
How many of the above statements are correct?

Explanation

Statement I is incorrect because Akhnoor Fort is perched on the right bank of the Chenab River (not Jhelum). Statement II is correct as the fort's construction began under Raja Tegh Singh around 1762 and was completed by Raja Alam Singh in 1802. Therefore, II only is correct.

कथन I गलत है क्योंकि अखनूर किला चिनाब नदी (Chenab River) के दाहिने तट पर स्थित है, झेलम पर नहीं। कथन II सही है क्योंकि इसका निर्माण राजा तेघ सिंह द्वारा 1762 में शुरू कराया गया था और 1802 में पूरा हुआ। अतः केवल II सही है।

2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department

671📚Culture of Jammu & KashmirFairs and Festivals - Purmandal and Jhiri Mela

Consider the following statements about the fairs and festivals of Jammu & Kashmir.
I. Purmandal Mela is organized on Shivaratri (February-March).
II. Jhiri mela (October-November) is held around the legend of Baba Jitu.
How many of the above statements are correct?

Explanation

Both statements are correct. Purmandal Mela (Chhoti Kashi) is celebrated during Maha Shivaratri (February-March) along the sacred Devika river. The Jhiri Mela is held annually during Kartik Purnima (October-November) in Jhiri village to honor the peasant martyr Baba Jitu (Baba Jitto).

दोनों कथन सत्य हैं। पुरमंडल मेला महाशिवरात्रि (फरवरी-मार्च) के अवसर पर देविका नदी के तट पर आयोजित होता है। झीरी मेला कार्तिक पूर्णिमा (अक्टूबर-नवंबर) पर किसान शहीद बाबा जीतो के बलिदान की स्मृति में आयोजित किया जाता है।

2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department

672📚General EnglishReading Comprehension

Based on the passage on Social Forestry, what is the central distinction between commercial forestry and social forestry?
A) The type of soil required for planting.
B) The focus on local community needs versus industrial timber.
C) The involvement of government officials in management.
D) The geographical location of the forest reserves.

Explanation

The passage states explicitly: 'Unlike commercial forestry, which prioritises timber for industry, social forestry focuses on providing "the five F's": Fuel, Food, Fodder, Fibre, and Fertiliser' for local community subsistence.

गद्यांश में स्पष्ट रूप से उल्लेख है: 'Unlike commercial forestry, which prioritises timber for industry, social forestry focuses on providing the five F's', यानी स्थानीय समुदाय की आवश्यकताओं (ईंधन, चारा आदि) की पूर्ति बनाम उद्योगों के लिए लकड़ी।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

673📚General EnglishReading Comprehension

How does the author's description of the "five F's" serve the overall argument of the passage?
A) It provides a technical classification for botanical study.
B) It illustrates the shift from an industrial priority to a subsistence priority.
C) It highlights the economic profit potential for global timber markets.
D) It proves that social forestry is more expensive than traditional forestry.

Explanation

The author contrasts commercial forestry (which produces timber for industry) with social forestry (providing fuel, food, fodder, fibre, and fertilizer). This illustrates the fundamental shift from commercial/industrial exploitation to meeting local livelihood and subsistence needs.

लेखक व्यावसायिक वानिकी (उद्योगों के लिए लकड़ी) की तुलना सामाजिक वानिकी (ईंधन, भोजन, चारा आदि) से करता है, जिससे यह सिद्ध होता है कि प्राथमिकता औद्योगिक उत्पादन से हटकर ग्रामीण समुदाय की निर्वाह आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति पर केंद्रित हो गई है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

674📚General EnglishReading Comprehension

According to the passage, how does social forestry protect traditional forests?
A) By imposing strict fines on villagers for entering reserves.
B) By replacing natural forests with industrial plantations.
C) By providing alternative, localised sources for fuel and fodder.
D) By creating a physical barrier between villages and forests.

Explanation

The passage explains that rural demand for fuelwood and fodder forces villagers to exploit natural forests. By planting fast-growing trees on communal lands, social forestry creates a localized resource base, reducing the pressure on natural forests.

गद्यांश में बताया गया है कि ग्रामीणों को ईंधन और चारे की आवश्यकता प्राकृतिक वनों के दोहन के लिए मजबूर करती है। सामुदायिक भूमि पर वृक्षारोपण करके स्थानीय स्तर पर चारा व ईंधन उपलब्ध कराने से पारंपरिक वनों पर दबाव घटता है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

675📚General EnglishReading Comprehension

What is identified as the most critical factor for the success of social forestry?
A) High-quality industrial equipment.
B) The speed at which the trees grow.
C) Active participation from the local population.
D) The amount of government funding allocated.

Explanation

The passage concludes by emphasizing that 'the success of these programs hinges on "people's participation." Without the active involvement of the local population in protecting saplings and managing resources, the long-term sustainability... remains in jeopardy.'

गद्यांश के अंतिम पैराग्राफ में स्पष्ट कहा गया है कि इन कार्यक्रमों की सफलता 'लोगों की भागीदारी' (people's participation) पर निर्भर करती है। स्थानीय लोगों के सक्रिय सहयोग के बिना यह सतत नहीं हो सकता।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

676📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsModern Indian History (Freedom Struggle)

Arrange the following events in correct chronological order:
I. Poorna Swaraj Resolution
II. Launch of Civil Disobedience Movement
III. Poona Pact
IV. Second Round Table Conference
Choose the correct option:
A) I - II - III - IV
B) I - II - IV - III
C) II - I - IV - III
D) II - I - III - IV

Explanation

Chronology of events:
I. Poorna Swaraj Resolution: Adopted at the Lahore session of the Indian National Congress in December 1929.
II. Launch of Civil Disobedience Movement: Commenced with the Dandi March on March 12, 1930 (breaking of salt law on April 6, 1930).
IV. Second Round Table Conference: Held in London between September 7 and December 1, 1931 (attended by Mahatma Gandhi).
III. Poona Pact: Signed between Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and representatives of caste Hindus on September 24, 1932.
Chronological order: I - II - IV - III.

घटनाओं का सही कालक्रम:
I. पूर्ण स्वराज प्रस्ताव: दिसंबर 1929 (लाहौर कांग्रेस अधिवेशन)।
II. सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन का शुभारंभ: 12 मार्च - 6 अप्रैल 1930 (दांडी मार्च)।
IV. द्वितीय गोलमेज सम्मेलन: सितंबर - दिसंबर 1931 (जिसमें महात्मा गांधी ने भाग लिया था)।
III. पूना पैक्ट: 24 सितंबर 1932 (डॉ. बी.आर. अंबेडकर और महात्मा गांधी/हिंदू नेताओं के बीच समझौता)।
अतः सही कालक्रम I - II - IV - III है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

677📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsPhysical Geography (Glaciers of India)

Match the following Glaciers with their States/UT:
Glaciers:
i. Kangto Glacier
ii. Rimo Glacier
iii. Zemu Glacier
iv. Bara Shigri

States/UT:
a. Ladakh
b. Arunachal Pradesh
c. Sikkim
d. Himachal Pradesh

Choose the correct match:
A) i-a, ii-b, iii-c, iv-d
B) i-b, ii-c, iii-d, iv-a
C) i-b, ii-a, iii-c, iv-d
D) i-a, ii-c, iii-b, iv-d

Explanation

- Kangto Glacier is located near Mount Kangto in Arunachal Pradesh (i -> b).
- Rimo Glacier is located in the Karakoram range in Ladakh, feeding the Shyok River (ii -> a).
- Zemu Glacier is located at the base of Kangchenjunga in Sikkim, source of the Teesta River (iii -> c).
- Bara Shigri is the second longest glacier in the Himalayas, located in Lahaul-Spiti, Himachal Pradesh, feeding the Chandra river (iv -> d).
Matching: i-b, ii-a, iii-c, iv-d.

- कांगतो हिमनद: अरुणाचल प्रदेश में कांगतो पर्वत पर स्थित है (i -> b)।
- रिमो हिमनद: लद्दाख में काराकोरम श्रेणी में स्थित है, जो श्योक नदी को जल प्रदान करता है (ii -> a)।
- ज़ेमू हिमनद: सिक्किम में कंचनजंगा के आधार पर स्थित है, जो तीस्ता नदी का उद्गम स्रोत है (iii -> c)।
- बारा शिगरी हिमनद: हिमाचल प्रदेश के लाहौल-स्पीति जिले में स्थित है, जो चंद्रा नदी का स्रोत है (iv -> d)।
अतः सही मिलान i-b, ii-a, iii-c, iv-d है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

678📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsGeography of Jammu & Kashmir

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
I. Bagh-e-Bahu - Tawi River
II. Nagin Lake - Jhelum River
III. Sasher Kangri - Nubra River
Choose the correct match:
A) I only
B) I and III only
C) I and II only
D) I, II and III

Explanation

- Pair I: Bagh-e-Bahu is laid around the historic Bahu Fort, located right on the banks of the Tawi River in Jammu (Correct).
- Pair II: Nagin Lake is hydro-geographically situated in Srinagar within the drainage basin of the Jhelum River system, connected via water channels (Tsunt Kol/Amir Khan Nallah) that feed into the Jhelum (Matched in local geography syllabi).
- Pair III: Saser Kangri is situated in the Saser Muztagh of the Karakoram Range, overlooking the Shyok River basin.
Hence, Pairs I and II are accepted as correctly matched.

- युग्म I: बाग-ए-बाहू जम्मू में तवी नदी के किनारे ऐतिहासिक बाहू किले के चारों ओर विकसित किया गया है (सही)।
- युग्म II: नगीन झील श्रीनगर में झेलम नदी घाटी जल निकासी प्रणाली का हिस्सा है और जलमार्गों द्वारा झेलम से जुड़ी हुई है (सही)।
- युग्म III: सासेर कांगड़ी काराकोरम में श्योक नदी घाटी क्षेत्र में स्थित है।
अतः युग्म I और II सही सुमेलित हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

679📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsNational Parks of Jammu & Kashmir

Which of the following National Parks encompasses the catchment area of Kiber, Nanth, and Kiyar Nallas, all of which drain south-west into the Marwah river, locally called Mariv Sudir?
A) Dachigam National Park
B) Kishtwar National Park
C) Kazinag National Park
D) Salim Ali National Park

Explanation

Kishtwar National Park, located in the Kishtwar district of Jammu and Kashmir, encompasses the high-altitude catchments of Kiyar, Nanth, and Kibber Nallas. All three major streams drain south-west into the Marwah River (locally known as the Mariv Sudir), a principal tributary of the Chenab River.

किश्तवाड़ राष्ट्रीय उद्यान (Kishtwar High Altitude National Park) जम्मू-कश्मीर के किश्तवाड़ जिले में स्थित है। यह कियार, नांथ और किबेर नालों के जलग्रहण क्षेत्र को शामिल करता है, जो दक्षिण-पश्चिम दिशा में बहते हुए मारवाह नदी (स्थानीय नाम मारिव सुदिर) में मिलते हैं, जो चिनाब की सहायक नदी है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

680📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsRivers and Drainage System of J&K

Which tributary of the river Jhelum originates from Lolab Valley in north south direction and joins the waters of the outfall channel of river Jhelum about 6.5 Km. downstream of Sopore town?
A) Doodhganga
B) Pohru
C) Lidder
D) Rambiara

Explanation

The Pohru River originates from the high mountains surrounding the Lolab Valley in Kupwara district. It flows generally north-to-south through Kupwara and Handwara, receiving the Kahmil, Mawer, and Lolab streams, and discharges into the Jhelum outfall channel near Doabgah, approximately 6.5 km downstream of Sopore town.

पोहरू नदी (Pohru River) कुपवाड़ा जिले की प्रसिद्ध लोलाब घाटी के पर्वतों से निकलती है। यह उत्तर से दक्षिण दिशा में बहते हुए कहमिल और मावर नालों का जल ग्रहण करती है और सोपोर से लगभग 6.5 किमी नीचे दोआबगाह के पास झेलम के आउटफॉल चैनल में मिल जाती है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

681📚Mental Ability & ReasoningDirection Sense Test

Ravi walks 15 m east, then 12 m north, then 15 m west, and finally 5 m south. In which direction is Ravi now with respect to his starting point?
A) North
B) North-West
C) South
D) North-East

Explanation

Track Ravi's coordinates from origin (0, 0):
1. 15 m east -> (15, 0)
2. 12 m north -> (15, 12)
3. 15 m west -> (0, 12)
4. 5 m south -> (0, 7).
Since his final coordinate is (0, 7), he is 7 m directly North of the starting point.

प्रारंभिक बिंदु (0, 0) से विस्थापन:
1. 15 मी पूर्व -> (+15, 0)
2. 12 मी उत्तर -> (+15, +12)
3. 15 मी पश्चिम -> (0, +12)
4. 5 मी दक्षिण -> (0, +7)।
चूंकि वह (0, +7) पर है, अतः वह प्रारंभिक बिंदु से ठीक उत्तर (North) दिशा में है।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

682📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsGeography & Wetlands of J&K (Ramsar Sites)

How many of the following pairs are correct regarding Wetlands and their major associated Districts in J&K UT?
- Hokersar wetland : Srinagar district
- Mansar lake : Samba district
- Wular lake : Bandipora district
- Hygam wetland : Baramulla district
Choose the correct option:
A) One pair only
B) Two pairs only
C) Three pairs only
D) All of the above

Explanation

All 4 pairs are correctly matched:
- Hokersar Wetland: Ramsar site located in Srinagar/Budgam.
- Mansar Lake: Ramsar site in Samba District, Jammu division.
- Wular Lake: Asia's largest freshwater lake and Ramsar site in Bandipora District.
- Hygam Wetland: Designated Ramsar site in Baramulla District.
Hence, All of the above are correct.

चारों युग्म सही सुमेलित हैं:
- होकेरसर आर्द्रभूमि: श्रीनगर जिले में स्थित रामसर स्थल।
- मानसर झील: सांबा जिले में स्थित रामसर स्थल।
- वुलर झील: बांदीपोरा जिले में स्थित एशिया की सबसे बड़ी मीठे पानी की झीलों में से एक।
- हाइगाम आर्द्रभूमि: बारामूला जिले में स्थित रामसर स्थल।
अतः सभी युग्म सही हैं।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

683📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsRivers and Drainage System of J&K

Which of the following rivers are tributaries of the river Jhelum?
I. Niki Tawi
II. Veshaw river
III. Brengi river
IV. Jajhar
V. Rambiara river
Choose the correct option:
A) I, II and III only
B) II, III and IV only
C) II, III and V only
D) II, III, IV and V only

Explanation

- Veshaw River (originating from Kousarnag Lake), Brengi River (originating from Sinthan), and Rambiara River (originating from Pir Panjal near Pir Ki Gali) are major tributaries that feed the Jhelum River in Kashmir.
- Niki Tawi and Jajhar stream (Jhajjar Kotli) flow in the Jammu region and are part of the Tawi/Chenab river basin.
Therefore, tributaries of Jhelum are II, III and V only.

- वैशव नदी (कौसरनाग से), ब्रेंगी नदी (सिंथन से) और राम्बियारा नदी (पीर पंजाल से) कश्मीर घाटी में बहने वाली झेलम की प्रमुख सहायक नदियाँ हैं।
- निक्की तवी और झज्जर नाला जम्मू क्षेत्र में तवी/चिनाब नदी तंत्र का हिस्सा हैं।
अतः झेलम की सहायक नदियाँ केवल II, III और V हैं।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

684📚Basic SciencePhysics - Gravitation

If the distance between two masses is doubled, the gravitational force becomes:
A) Double
B) Four times
C) Half
D) One-fourth

Explanation

According to Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation, the force between two masses separated by distance r is inversely proportional to the square of the distance (F ∝ 1/r²). When the distance is doubled (r' = 2r), the gravitational force becomes F' = F / (2)² = F / 4, which is one-fourth of the initial force.

न्यूटन के सार्वभौमिक गुरुत्वाकर्षण नियम के अनुसार, दो द्रव्यमानों के बीच गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल उनकी दूरी के वर्ग के व्युत्क्रमानुपाती होता है (F ∝ 1/r²)। जब दूरी को दोगुना किया जाता है, तो बल घटकर प्रारंभिक बल का एक-चौथाई (One-fourth) रह जाता है।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

685📚Basic Computer ApplicationsComputer Hardware & Memory

In a computer laboratory, a system boots normally and successfully compiles a program, but the program does not execute and no error message is displayed. The most likely cause is:
A) Faulty keyboard or mouse
B) Insufficient RAM
C) Disconnected network cable
D) Corrupted printer driver

Explanation

Compilation generates the executable file on disk. When execution begins, the OS loader must allocate memory and map the binary into physical RAM. If RAM is completely exhausted or unavailable to allocate the process, execution cannot proceed. Peripheral devices like keyboards, printers, or network cables do not affect local CPU execution.

प्रोग्राम के निष्पादन (execution) के लिए ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम को प्रोग्राम कोड और डेटा को मुख्य मेमोरी (RAM) में लोड करना पड़ता है। यदि RAM अपर्याप्त है, तो प्रोग्राम मेमोरी में लोड नहीं हो पाएगा और निष्पादित नहीं होगा।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

686📚Basic Computer ApplicationsHardware Diagnostics & POST

A school computer lab has 20 identical computers. Recently, several systems started showing some issue: the computer powers on (fans spin and lights turn on), but nothing appears on the monitor and no startup sound is heard. The monitors and cables have been tested and are working fine. A technician swaps the operating system drive from a working computer into one of the faulty systems, but the problem still persists. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the issue?
A) The operating system is corrupted and needs to be reinstalled
B) The graphics driver is outdated and incompatible with the monitor
C) A hardware failure in a core internal component
D) The monitor resolution settings are unsupported by the operating system.

Explanation

Because fans and LEDs turn on but there is no display output, no BIOS splash, no POST beep, and swapping working storage drives has no effect, the failure occurs during the pre-boot hardware phase (POST failure), pointing directly to a core internal hardware component fault (such as RAM, motherboard, CPU, or power regulation rail).

सिस्टम चालू होने पर पंखे चलना लेकिन डिस्प्ले और स्टार्टअप साउंड न आना, तथा चालू हार्ड ड्राइव लगाने पर भी समस्या का ठीक न होना यह दर्शाता है कि POST (Power-On Self-Test) विफल हो रहा है। यह मुख्य आंतरिक हार्डवेयर (रैम, मदरबोर्ड या सीपीयू) की विफलता का संकेत है।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

687📚Basic Computer ApplicationsSystem Software - Device Drivers

A video editor installs a new high-end graphics card in her computer to speed up video rendering. After installation, the computer detects the card physically. Still, video editing software cannot use its advanced features until it installs an additional component that allows the operating system and applications to communicate properly with the hardware. What does she need to install?
A) Hardware synchronization module
B) Digital performance translator
C) System interface accelerator
D) Device driver

Explanation

A device driver is specialized system software that enables the operating system and software applications to communicate with and control specific hardware devices (such as graphics cards). Without the manufacturer's dedicated GPU driver, advanced rendering capabilities cannot be utilized.

डिवाइस ड्राइवर (Device driver) एक विशेष सिस्टम सॉफ्टवेयर है जो ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम और एप्लिकेशन सॉफ्टवेयर को हार्डवेयर (ग्राफिक्स कार्ड) की उन्नत सुविधाओं का उपयोग करने और संवाद करने में सक्षम बनाता है।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

688📚General EnglishVocabulary - Homonyms

In which sentence is the word "bank" used as a homonym when compared to its use in the sentence below?
She deposited the cheque at the bank.
A) The pilot had to bank the aircraft sharply during the landing.
B) The children played on the bank of the river after school.
C) The bank approved the loan after a detailed review.
D) He works at a multinational bank in the city.

Explanation

In the prompt sentence, "bank" refers to a financial depository. In option B, "bank" is a homonym meaning the land alongside a body of water (riverbank) — sharing the identical spelling and pronunciation but having a completely unrelated etymology and meaning.

मूल वाक्य में 'bank' का अर्थ वित्तीय संस्थान (बैंक) है। विकल्प B में 'bank' का अर्थ नदी का किनारा (river bank) है, जो समान वर्तनी और उच्चारण वाला लेकिन पूर्णतः भिन्न अर्थ वाला शब्द (Homonym) है।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

689📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KWorld Geography - Cities and Countries

Consider the following pairs:
City — Respective Country
I. Maracaibo — Ukraine
II. Tabriz — Venezuela
III. Nuuk — Greenland
IV. Donetsk — Iran

How many of the pairs are correct?
A) Only one pair
B) Only two pairs
C) Only three pairs
D) All of the above

Explanation

Evaluating the pairs:
- Maracaibo is a major city in Venezuela (not Ukraine).
- Tabriz is an ancient historic city in Iran (not Venezuela).
- Nuuk is the capital and largest city of Greenland (Correct).
- Donetsk is an industrial city in eastern Ukraine (not Iran).
Therefore, only one pair (III) is correct.

युग्मों का सही मिलान:
- माराकाइबो: वेनेज़ुएला में स्थित है (यूक्रेन नहीं)।
- तबरेज़: ईरान में स्थित है (वेनेज़ुएला नहीं)।
- नूक: ग्रीनलैंड की राजधानी है (सही)।
- डोनेट्स्क: यूक्रेन में स्थित है (ईरान नहीं)।
अतः केवल एक युग्म (III) सही है।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

690📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KEcology - Wetlands and National Parks

Consider the following pairs:
Wetlands — States
I. Kolleru Lake — Tamil Nadu
II. Tawa Reservoir — Madhya Pradesh
III. Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary — Andhra Pradesh
IV. Sultanpur National Park — Haryana

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
A) One pair only
B) Two pairs only
C) Three pairs only
D) All of the above

Explanation

Evaluating wetland locations:
- Kolleru Lake is in Andhra Pradesh (between Krishna and Godavari deltas), not Tamil Nadu.
- Tawa Reservoir is in Hoshangabad district, Madhya Pradesh (Correct).
- Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary (Ramsar site) is located in Tiruppur district, Tamil Nadu, not Andhra Pradesh.
- Sultanpur National Park is in Gurugram district, Haryana (Correct).
Thus, exactly two pairs (II and IV) are correctly matched.

स्थानों का विश्लेषण:
- कोलेरू झील: आंध्र प्रदेश में है (तमिलनाडु नहीं)।
- तवा जलाशय: मध्य प्रदेश में है (सही)।
- नंजरायन पक्षी अभयारण्य: तमिलनाडु के तिरुप्पुर में है (आंध्र प्रदेश नहीं)।
- सुल्तानपुर राष्ट्रीय उद्यान: हरियाणा के गुरुग्राम में है (सही)।
अतः केवल दो युग्म (II और IV) सही सुमेलित हैं (Two pairs only)।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

691📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KTransport and National Waterways

Which of the following statements about India's National Waterways are correct?
I. National Waterway 2 (NW-2) is the Brahmaputra River stretch from Dhubri to Sadiya in Assam, covering about 891 km.
II. National Waterway 3 (NW-3) is the West Coast Canal, which connects Kollam and Kottapuram in Kerala.
III. National Waterway 97 (NW-97) runs on the Zuari River, connecting Sanvordem Bridge to Marmugao Port.
IV. National Waterways 111 (NW-111) is operational in the Sunderbans Region.

Choose the correct option:
A) I only
B) I and II only
C) I, II and III only
D) All of the above

Explanation

Evaluating India's National Waterways:
- Statement I is correct: NW-2 spans the Brahmaputra River between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km) in Assam.
- Statement II is correct: NW-3 is the West Coast Canal (Kottapuram to Kollam) along with Champakara and Udyogmandal canals in Kerala (205 km).
- Statements III and IV are swapped: NW-97 is the Sunderbans Waterway in West Bengal (172 km), while NW-111 is the Zuari River waterway in Goa (50 km).
Thus, only statements I and II are correct.

कथन I और II सही हैं। कथन III और IV गलत हैं क्योंकि NW-97 पश्चिम बंगाल के सुंदरबन जलमार्ग से संबंधित है, जबकि NW-111 गोवा की जुआरी नदी से संबंधित है। अतः विकल्प B (I and II only) सही है।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

692📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KMonuments and Heritage of J&K

Consider the following statements about Bahu Fort in Jammu:
I. The ancient Bahu Fort in Jammu is believed to have been originally built by Raja Bahu Lochan about 3,000 years ago.
II. It was refurbished by the Dogra rulers in the 19th century.
III. Just beneath the fort is the terraced Bagh-e-Bahu Garden laid in the style of Mughal gardens.

Which of the above statements are correct?
A) I only
B) I and II only
C) II and III only
D) I, II and III

Explanation

All three statements are historically accurate: Bahu Fort was originally constructed by Raja Bahu Lochan (brother of Raja Jambu Lochan), later restored and rebuilt by Maharaja Gulab Singh and Dogra rulers in the 19th century, houses the revered Bawe Wali Mata temple, and overlooks the sprawling terraced Bagh-e-Bahu garden beside the Tawi River.

बाहू किले के संदर्भ में तीनों कथन सत्य हैं: यह राजा बाहू लोचन द्वारा स्थापित माना जाता है, 19वीं सदी में डोगरा शासकों द्वारा पुनर्निर्मित किया गया, और इसके नीचे तवी नदी किनारे सीढ़ीदार बाग-ए-बाहू उद्यान स्थित है। अतः विकल्प D सही है।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

693📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KMughal Gardens of Kashmir

Which of the following statements about Mughal Gardens in Kashmir are correct?
I. Nishat Bagh laid out in the 17th century, is located directly along the eastern bank of the Dal Lake.
II. The two most important structures within the Shalimar Bagh are the Pink Pavilion, in the Diwan-i-Aam zone of the garden, and the Black Pavilion, located in the Diwan-i-Khas.
III. Achabal Bagh was also known as Sahebabad during the Mughal period, in memory of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir.

Choose the correct option:
A) I, II and III
B) I and II only
C) I and III only
D) II and III only

Explanation

Evaluating Mughal Gardens:
- Statement I is correct: Nishat Bagh was designed by Asif Khan (Nur Jahan's brother) in 1633 on the eastern bank of Dal Lake.
- Statement II is correct: Shalimar Bagh features the Diwan-i-Aam with its pinkish sandstone hall and the Diwan-i-Khas featuring the famed Black Marble Pavilion supported by fluted pillars.
- Statement III is incorrect: Achabal was designed and developed by Empress Nur Jahan in 1620 and was historically named 'Begamabad' (not Sahebabad).
Thus, statements I and II only are correct.

कथन I और II सत्य हैं। कथन III असत्य है क्योंकि नूरजहाँ द्वारा विकसित अच्छाबल बाग को मुगल काल में 'बेगमाबाद' कहा जाता था, साहिबाबाद नहीं। अतः सही विकल्प B (I and II only) है।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

694📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KGeography of Jammu and Kashmir

Which of the following statements about the geographic characteristics of the Jammu region are correct?
I. Jammu city is situated on a series of uneven ridges of low heights in the Shivalik Hills.
II. It is surrounded by the Ladakh range to the north, east, and southeast, while the Trikuta Range borders it in the northwest.

Choose the correct option:
A) I only
B) II only
C) Both of the above
D) Neither of the above

Explanation

Statement I is correct: Jammu city (the city of temples) lies on a series of uneven ridges of the sub-Himalayan Shivalik Range on the banks of the Tawi River. Statement II is completely false because the Ladakh Range is a trans-Himalayan range lying far to the north across the Great Himalayas in the UT of Ladakh, nowhere near Jammu city.

कथन I सही है: जम्मू शहर शिवालिक पहाड़ियों के टीलों पर तवी नदी के किनारे बसा है। कथन II गलत है क्योंकि लद्दाख पर्वतमाला महान हिमालय के पार लद्दाख में स्थित है, जम्मू के आसपास नहीं। अतः विकल्प A (I only) सही है।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

695📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KRivers and Drainage System of J&K

Which of the following rivers are tributaries of the river Chenab?
I. Ujh river
II. Tawi river
III. Poonch river
IV. Neeru river

Choose the correct option:
A) I and II only
B) II and IV only
C) I, II and III only
D) II, III and IV only

Explanation

Evaluating tributaries:
- Tawi River (II) is a major left-bank tributary of the Chenab.
- Neeru River (IV) originates in Bhaderwah and drains into the Chenab near Pul Doda.
- Ujh River (I) is a tributary of the Ravi River.
- Poonch River (III) is a tributary of the Jhelum River (draining into Mangla reservoir).
Thus, II and IV only are tributaries of the Chenab.

तवी नदी (II) और नीरू नदी (IV) चिनाब नदी की सहायक नदियाँ हैं। उझ नदी रावी की सहायक नदी है और पुंछ नदी झेलम की सहायक नदी है। अतः विकल्प B (केवल II और IV) सही है।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

696📚Basic Concepts of ComputersHardware and Software Classification

Which of the following correctly classifies hardware and system software?
A) Device Driver - Hardware; Keyboard - System Software
B) Compiler - Hardware; RAM - System Software
C) CPU - Hardware; Operating System - System Software
D) Adobe Scan - Hardware; Monitor - System Software

Explanation

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is a physical electronic chip (Hardware), while the Operating System (e.g., Windows, Linux) is essential system software that manages hardware and provides an execution environment for applications.

सीपीयू (CPU) एक भौतिक घटक यानी हार्डवेयर है, जबकि ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम (OS) सिस्टम सॉफ्टवेयर है। अतः विकल्प C सही वर्गीकरण प्रस्तुत करता है।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

697📚Basic ReasoningAnalogies

Island : Ocean :: Oasis : ?
A) River
B) Forest
C) Desert
D) Mountain

Explanation

An island is a body of land completely surrounded by an ocean; an oasis is an isolated area of vegetation and water completely surrounded by a desert.

जिस प्रकार द्वीप महासागर से घिरा होता है, उसी प्रकार नखलिस्तान (ओएसिस) रेगिस्तान (Desert) के बीच स्थित एक जल व हरियाली युक्त क्षेत्र होता है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

698📚Basic ReasoningDirection Sense

Ravi starts from his house and walks 15 m towards South to reach point A. From A, he turns left and walks 10 m to reach point B. From B, he again turns left and walks 15 m to reach point C. Where is point C with respect to Ravi's house?
A) 10 m East
B) 10 m West
C) 15 m West
D) 15 m East

Explanation

House at (0, 0). South 15m to A: (0, -15). Left turn (East) 10m to B: (10, -15). Left turn (North) 15m to C: (10, -15 + 15) = (10, 0). Point C is exactly 10 m East of Ravi's house.

घर (0, 0) से दक्षिण 15m -> A(0, -15)। बाएँ (पूर्व) 10m -> B(10, -15)। बाएँ (उत्तर) 15m -> C(10, 0)। बिंदु C घर से ठीक 10 मीटर पूर्व में स्थित है।

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699📚Basic EnglishVerbs - Inchoative Verbs

Which of the following sentences contains an inchoative verb?
A) He writes poetry in the evening.
B) She knew the answer to the question.
C) They built a new bridge across the river.
D) The sky darkened before the storm arrived.

Explanation

An inchoative verb expresses the beginning of a process or a change of state (e.g., to become dark, to redden, to freeze). In sentence D, "darkened" means "began to become dark" or "entered the state of darkness".

इनकोएटिव क्रिया (Inchoative verb) वह क्रिया है जो किसी नई अवस्था की शुरुआत या परिवर्तन को दर्शाती है (जैसे dark से darken = अंधकारमय होना)। वाक्य D में 'darkened' एक इनकोएटिव क्रिया है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

700📚General Awareness & ScienceDefense and Technology

Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Mark-1 has been developed by which organization?
A) Defense Research and Development Organization
B) Bharat Dynamics Limited
C) Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
D) Air India

Explanation

The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas was designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under DRDO and developed and manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for the Indian Air Force.

तेजस लाइट कॉम्बैट एयरक्राफ्ट (LCA) मार्क-1 को हिंदुस्तान एयरोनॉटिक्स लिमिटेड (HAL) द्वारा निर्मित और विकसित किया गया है। इसका डिजाइन एयरोनॉटिकल डेवलपमेंट एजेंसी (ADA) द्वारा तैयार किया गया था।

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701📚General Awareness & ScienceIndian Geography - Rivers

Which of the following options of left-bank tributaries of the river Ganga are correctly arranged from West to East?
A) Ramganga- Gomti- Ghaghar- Gandak
B) Ramganga- Ghagar- Gomti- Gandak
C) Ramganga- Gomti- Gandak- Ghaghar
D) Ramganga- Ghaghar- Gandak- Gomti

Explanation

The left-bank tributaries of River Ganga arranged sequentially from West to East are: Ramganga -> Gomti -> Ghaghara -> Gandak -> Kosi -> Mahananda. Therefore, Option A is the correct arrangement.

गंगा नदी की बाएं किनारे की सहायक नदियों का पश्चिम से पूर्व की ओर क्रम है: रामगंगा -> गोमती -> घाघरा -> गंडक -> कोसी -> महानंदा। अतः विकल्प A सही उत्तर है।

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702📚General Awareness & ScienceIndian Culture and Music

With reference to Indian Music, which of the following statements are correct?
I. The Carnatic School of music mainly belongs to South India whereas Hindustani classical music is associated with North India.
II. Dhrupad and Khayal are genres associated with the Carnatic school of music.
III. Bihu songs are sung in Assam during harvest festivals.
Choose the correct option:
A) I and II only
B) III only
C) II and III only
D) I and III only

Explanation

Statements I and III are correct. Carnatic music flourished in southern India while Hindustani classical developed in northern India. Bihu songs are seasonal folk songs of Assam sung during Rongali and other Bihu festivals. Statement II is incorrect because Dhrupad and Khayal are classical vocal genres of Hindustani music, not Carnatic music.

कथन I और III सही हैं। कर्नाटक संगीत दक्षिण भारत तथा हिंदुस्तानी संगीत उत्तर भारत से संबंधित है। बिहू गीत असम के लोक उत्सवों में गाए जाते हैं। कथन II गलत है क्योंकि ध्रुपद और ख्याल हिंदुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत की प्रमुख शैलियाँ हैं, कर्नाटक संगीत की नहीं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

703📚General Awareness & ScienceIndian Architecture and Temples

Which statements with reference to the Brihadeswara Temple in India are correct?
I. It was built by the Chola king Rajaraja I.
II. The temple is an example of Dravidian-style architecture.
III. The temple is located in the city of Hampi.
Choose the correct option:
A) I and III only
B) II and III only
C) I and II only
D) All of the above

Explanation

Statements I and II are correct. The Brihadisvara Temple was commissioned by Chola Emperor Rajaraja I (completed in 1010 CE) and represents the zenith of Dravidian temple architecture. Statement III is incorrect because it is situated in Thanjavur (Tanjore), Tamil Nadu, not in Hampi (Karnataka).

कथन I और II सही हैं। बृहदेश्वर मंदिर का निर्माण चोल सम्राट राजराज प्रथम ने करवाया था और यह द्रविड़ स्थापत्य शैली का उत्कृष्ट उदाहरण है। कथन III गलत है क्योंकि यह मंदिर तमिलनाडु के तंजावुर (तंजौर) में स्थित है, हम्पी में नहीं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

704📚General Awareness & ScienceMedieval Indian History

Who founded the Vijaynagar Empire in the 14th Century?
A) Bahman Shah
B) Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq
C) Krishnadevaraya
D) Harihara and Bukka

Explanation

The Vijayanagara Empire was founded in 1336 CE on the southern banks of the Tungabhadra River by two brothers, Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty, under the spiritual guidance of Saint Vidyaranya.

विजयनगर साम्राज्य की स्थापना 1336 ई. में तुंगभद्रा नदी के तट पर संगम वंश के दो भाइयों हरिहर और बुक्का राय ने संत विद्यारण्य के आशीर्वाद से की थी।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

705📚General Awareness & ScienceGeography of Jammu and Kashmir

Jhelum River originates from?
A) Dal Lake
B) Wular Lake
C) Verinag Spring
D) Mapchachungo Glacier

Explanation

The Jhelum River (known as Vitasta in ancient texts and Vyeth in Kashmiri) originates from a deep spring at Verinag, located at the foot of the Pir Panjal range in Anantnag district of Jammu & Kashmir.

झेलम नदी (प्राचीन नाम वितस्ता, कश्मीरी में व्येथ) जम्मू और कश्मीर के अनंतनाग जिले में पीर पंजाल पर्वत श्रृंखला की तलहटी में स्थित वेरीनाग झरने (स्प्रिंग) से निकलती है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

706📚Environment, Ecology & ForestryWater Pollution and Aquatic Ecosystems

Select the correct statements about Eutrophication.
I. It is a general term describing a process in which nutrients accumulate in a body of water, resulting in increased growth of organisms.
II. It leads to an increase in levels of dissolved oxygen, favoring fish growth.
A) I only
B) II only
C) Both I and II
D) Neither I nor II

Explanation

Statement I is correct: Eutrophication is the progressive enrichment of water bodies with nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), triggering algal blooms. Statement II is incorrect because subsequent microbial decomposition of dense algae depletes dissolved oxygen (hypoxia), resulting in suffocation and death of fish.

कथन I सही है: सुपोषण जल निकायों में पोषक तत्वों (नाइट्रोजन व फास्फोरस) के जमा होने से शैवाल की अत्यधिक वृद्धि की प्रक्रिया है। कथन II गलत है क्योंकि शैवाल के अपघटन से घुली हुई ऑक्सीजन का स्तर घट जाता है (hypoxia), जिससे जलीय जीवों और मछलियों की मृत्यु होने लगती है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

707📚Environment, Ecology & ForestryProtected Areas and Bird Sanctuaries

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
Bird Sanctuary - States:
I. Atapaka Bird Sanctuary - Andhra Pradesh
II. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary - Goa
III. Attiveri Bird Sanctuary - Karnataka
Choose the correct option:
A) I and II only
B) II and III only
C) I and III only
D) All of the above

Explanation

All pairs are correctly matched: I. Atapaka Bird Sanctuary is located in the Kolleru Lake wetland in Andhra Pradesh; II. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is an estuarine mangrove habitat on Chorao Island, Goa; III. Attiveri Bird Sanctuary is located in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka.

सभी युग्म सही सुमेलित हैं: I. अटापाका पक्षी अभयारण्य - कोलेरू झील, आंध्र प्रदेश; II. सलीम अली पक्षी अभयारण्य - चोराव द्वीप, गोवा; III. अत्तिवेरी पक्षी अभयारण्य - उत्तर कन्नड़ जिला, कर्नाटक। अतः सही विकल्प 'उपरोक्त सभी' है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

708🔬General SciencePhysics - Gravitation and Satellite Motion

A satellite is orbiting the Earth in a circular orbit at a height where the acceleration due to gravity is 4.9 m/s². If the radius of the Earth is 6,371 km, what is the orbital speed of the satellite? (Use g = 9.8 m/s², √2 = 1.414 and √10 = 3.162)
A) 4.6 km/s
B) 6.6 km/s
C) 9.8 km/s
D) 11.2 km/s

Explanation

At orbit radius r, g' = GM / r² = 4.9 m/s². On the surface, g = GM / R² = 9.8 m/s². Thus, g / g' = r² / R² = 9.8 / 4.9 = 2 => r = R√2 = 6,371 × 1.414 ≈ 9,008.6 km. The orbital speed is v = √(GM / r) = √(g' × r) = √(4.9 m/s² × 9,008.6 × 10³ m) ≈ √(44,142,140) ≈ 6,644 m/s ≈ 6.6 km/s.

कक्षा की त्रिज्या r पर g' = GM / r² = 4.9 m/s² है। सतह पर g = 9.8 m/s² है। अतः r² / R² = 9.8 / 4.9 = 2 => r = R√2 = 6,371 × 1.414 ≈ 9,009 किमी। कक्षीय चाल v = √(g' × r) = √(4.9 × 9.009 × 10⁶) ≈ 6,644 m/s = 6.6 km/s।

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709📚Environment, Ecology & ForestryEnvironmental Pollution and Toxicology

A city is located near a river and an industrial area. Over time, scientists observed the following:
i. Fish in the river showed bioaccumulation of a persistent chemical that caused neurological disorders in humans who consumed them.
ii. The air contained high levels of a gas that reacts with water to form acid rain, damaging monuments and crops.
iii. Soil had elevated heavy metal concentrations, leading to reduced fertility and toxicity in plants.
On the basis of the given observations, pair each cause (i, ii, iii) with the corresponding pollutant (a, b, c) and answer the correct statement:
a) Mercury
b) Sulfur dioxide
c) Lead
A) i -> a, ii -> b, iii -> c
B) i -> a, ii -> c, iii -> b
C) i -> b, ii -> c, iii -> a
D) i -> c, ii -> b, iii -> a

Explanation

Matching: i. Bioaccumulation in aquatic fish causing severe neurological disorders (Minamata syndrome) is caused by Mercury (a); ii. Gaseous emissions producing sulfuric acid precipitation (acid rain) correspond to Sulfur dioxide (b); iii. Toxic heavy metal accumulation in roadside and industrial soil is associated with Lead (c). Hence, i -> a, ii -> b, iii -> c.

सही मिलान: i. मछलियों में जैव संचय और न्यूरोलॉजिकल विकार (मिनीमाता रोग) - पारा (Mercury, a); ii. जल के साथ मिलकर अम्ल वर्षा करने वाली गैस - सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड (b); iii. मृदा में विषाक्तता पैदा करने वाली भारी धातु - सीसा (Lead, c)। अतः सही विकल्प i -> a, ii -> b, iii -> c है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

710📚General Awareness & ScienceJ&K Reorganisation Act, 2019

Following the 2019 Reorganization, while the legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir can legislate on state matters, which of the following subjects are exclusively reserved for the Union government, unlike other states?
A) Public order and Police
B) Education and Health
C) Local self-government
D) Agriculture and Industries

Explanation

Under Section 32 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, the Legislative Assembly of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir can make laws with respect to any matters in the State List or Concurrent List except 'Public Order' (Entry 1 of the State List) and 'Police' (Entry 2 of the State List), which remain directly under the Union Government.

जम्मू और कश्मीर पुनर्गठन अधिनियम, 2019 की धारा 32 के तहत, विधानसभा राज्य सूची और समवर्ती सूची के मामलों पर कानून बना सकती है, सिवाय 'लोक व्यवस्था' (Public Order) और 'पुलिस' के, जो केंद्र सरकार के प्रत्यक्ष क्षेत्राधिकार में आरक्षित हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

711📚General Awareness & ScienceGeography of Jammu and Kashmir - Rivers

Which of the following rivers are tributaries of the river Chenab?
I. Ujh river
II. Marusudar river
III. Niru river
IV. Ans river
V. Tawi river
Choose the correct option:
A) I, II, IV and V only
B) II, IV and V only
C) II, III, IV and V only
D) All of the above

Explanation

Marusudar (the largest tributary of Chenab in Kishtwar), Niru (joins at Pul Doda/Bhaderwah), Ans (joins in Reasi), and Tawi (major left-bank tributary) are all tributaries of the Chenab river. In contrast, Ujh river is a major tributary of the Ravi river. Therefore, II, III, IV, and V only.

मरुसुदर नदी, नीरू नदी, अंस नदी और तवी नदी सभी चिनाब की सहायक नदियाँ हैं। जबकि उझ नदी (Ujh) रावी नदी की सहायक नदी है (चिनाब की नहीं)। अतः सही विकल्प II, III, IV और V है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

712📚General Awareness & ScienceJ&K Infrastructure - USBRL Project

Identify the correct statements about the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) project:
I. Indian Railway's first cable-stayed bridge has been constructed over the Anji Khad in this project.
II. The iconic 1315 m long Chenab bridge is the World's highest railway arch bridge, standing 359 m above the river bed.
A) I only
B) II only
C) Both I and II
D) Neither I nor II

Explanation

Both statements are correct: I. The Anji Khad Bridge is Indian Railways' first asymmetrical cable-stayed bridge, connecting tunnels T2 and T3. II. The Chenab Rail Bridge (1,315 m length, 359 m height above the Chenab riverbed) is the highest railway arch bridge in the world.

दोनों कथन सत्य हैं: I. अंजी खड्ड पुल भारतीय रेलवे का पहला केबल-स्टेड रेलवे पुल है। II. चिनाब रेलवे पुल 359 मीटर की ऊंचाई और 1315 मीटर की लंबाई के साथ दुनिया का सबसे ऊंचा रेलवे आर्च पुल है। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

713📚Basic MathematicsSpeed, Distance and Time

Three boats, A, B and C, start from the same jetty and move in the same direction along a river. Their speeds in still water are 18 km/h, 24 km/h and 36 km/h, respectively. Boat B starts 1 hour after Boat A. If Boat B and Boat C overtake Boat A at the same time, how many hours after Boat B did Boat C start?
A) 1 hour
B) 2 hours
C) 3 hours
D) Cannot be determined

Explanation

Let t be the time taken by Boat B to overtake Boat A. Boat A has travelled for (t + 1) hours. Distance: 18(t + 1) = 24t => 18 = 6t => t = 3 hours. So B travels for 3 hours, meaning Boat A travelled for 3 + 1 = 4 hours, and overtaking distance = 18 × 4 = 72 km. Boat C also covers 72 km at 36 km/h, taking 72 / 36 = 2 hours. Since the overtake happens 4 hours after A started, Boat C must have started 4 - 2 = 2 hours after Boat A. Since Boat B started 1 hour after A, Boat C started 2 - 1 = 1 hour after Boat B.

माना नाव B को A से आगे निकलने में t घंटे लगते हैं। A कुल (t + 1) घंटे चलती है। दूरी: 18(t + 1) = 24t => t = 3 घंटे। अतः A कुल 4 घंटे चलती है और कुल दूरी = 72 किमी है। C को 72 किमी तय करने में 72 / 36 = 2 घंटे लगते हैं। चूंकि ओवरटेक A के चलने के 4 घंटे बाद होता है, अतः C ने A के चलने के 2 घंटे बाद प्रस्थान किया। चूंकि B ने A के 1 घंटे बाद प्रस्थान किया था, अतः C ने B के 1 घंटे बाद प्रस्थान किया।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

714📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsHydroelectric Projects & Rivers of J&K

Explanation

- I. Uri-II Hydroelectric Project is located on the Jhelum River in Baramulla district. (Correct)
- II. Salal Hydroelectric Project is located on the Chenab River in Reasi district. (Correct)
- III. Pakal Dul Dam (1,000 MW) is located on the Marusudar River (the largest tributary of the Chenab) in Kishtwar district. (Correct)
- IV. Dulhasti Hydroelectric Power Station (390 MW) is located on the Chenab River in Kishtwar district, NOT on the Ravi River. (Incorrect)
Therefore, pairs I, II and III only are correctly matched.

- I. उरी-II जलविद्युत परियोजना बारामूला जिले में झेलम नदी पर स्थित है। (सही)
- II. सलाल बांध परियोजना रियासी जिले में चेनाब नदी पर स्थित है। (सही)
- III. पाकल दुल बांध (1000 मेगावाट) किश्तवाड़ जिले में चेनाब की प्रमुख सहायक मारुसुदर नदी पर स्थित है। (सही)
- IV. दुलहस्ती जलविद्युत परियोजना किश्तवाड़ जिले में चेनाब नदी पर स्थित है, रावी नदी पर नहीं। (गलत)
अतः केवल I, II और III सही सुमेलित हैं (विकल्प C)।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

715📚Knowledge of Computer ApplicationsSystem Software & Firmware

Match the following:
Column - I:
i. Firmware
ii. Utility Software
iii. Device Driver
iv. Compiler
Column - II:
a. Translates high-level language into machine code
b. Controls communication between operating system and hardware device
c. Stored permanently in ROM to initialize hardware
d. Performs system maintenance tasks like disk cleanup
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Matching descriptions:
- i. Firmware: Embedded software stored permanently in ROM/flash memory that initializes and tests hardware during boot (BIOS/UEFI) (c)
- ii. Utility Software: System software that performs housekeeping and maintenance tasks such as disk defragmentation, cleanup, and antivirus scans (d)
- iii. Device Driver: Software that translates commands between the operating system and a specific hardware peripheral (b)
- iv. Compiler: Language processor that converts entire source code written in a high-level language into machine code (a)
Therefore, the correct match is i-c, ii-d, iii-b, iv-a.

सही मिलान:
- i. फर्मवेयर: हार्डवेयर को शुरू करने के लिए ROM में स्थायी रूप से संग्रहीत सॉफ्टवेयर (जैसे BIOS) (c)
- ii. यूटिलिटी सॉफ्टवेयर: सिस्टम के रखरखाव और सुरक्षा कार्य जैसे डिस्क क्लीनअप करना (d)
- iii. डिवाइस ड्राइवर: ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम और हार्डवेयर उपकरण के बीच संचार को नियंत्रित करना (b)
- iv. कंपाइलर: उच्च स्तरीय भाषा के पूरे प्रोग्राम को एक साथ मशीन कोड में अनुवाद करना (a)
अतः सही मिलान i-c, ii-d, iii-b, iv-a (विकल्प A) है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

716📚

How many of the following are tributaries of the river Krishna?
I. Bhima
II. Tungabhadra
III. Malprabha
IV. Kabini
V. Paleru
VI. Munneru
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Bhima, Tungabhadra, Malprabha, Paleru, and Munneru are all tributaries of the Krishna River (5 in total). Kabini (Kapila) is a major tributary of the Kaveri (Cauvery) River. Thus, exactly 5 (V) of them are tributaries of Krishna.

भीमा, तुंगभद्रा, मलप्रभा, पलेरू और मुन्नेरू (कुल 5) कृष्णा नदी की सहायक नदियाँ हैं। काबिनी कावेरी नदी की प्रमुख सहायक नदी है। अतः कुल 5 नदियाँ कृष्णा की सहायक नदियाँ हैं (V only)।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)

717📚

Consider the following statements regarding the "Western Ghats" and "Eastern Ghats":
I. The Western Ghats are a continuous chain of mountains that can be crossed only through specific passes, whereas the Eastern Ghats are highly dissected by east-flowing rivers.
II. Deciduous forests are more dominant in the Western Ghats, while the Eastern Ghats are characterized primarily by Tropical Evergreen forests.
III. The Great Escarpment of the Western Ghats acts as a primary water divide between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
Choose the correct statements:

Explanation

Statements I and III are correct. Statement II is incorrect because Tropical Evergreen and Semi-Evergreen forests dominate the windward slopes of the Western Ghats, whereas the Eastern Ghats are dominated by Tropical Moist and Dry Deciduous forests.

कथन I और III सही हैं। कथन II गलत है क्योंकि पश्चिमी घाट के पश्चिमी ढलानों पर उष्णकटिबंधीय सदाबहार वन प्रमुख हैं, जबकि पूर्वी घाट में मुख्य रूप से पर्णपाती वन पाए जाते हैं। अतः केवल I और III सही हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)

718📚

The Chenab River is a tributary of which river system?

Explanation

The Chenab River (originating as Chandra and Bhaga near Bara-lacha La in Himachal Pradesh) is a major tributary of the Indus river system, flowing through Jammu and Kashmir into Pakistan.

चिनाब नदी (हिमाचल में चंद्र और भागा के संगम से निर्मित) सिंधु नदी प्रणाली की एक प्रमुख सहायक नदी है, जो जम्मू-कश्मीर से होकर पाकिस्तान में सिंधु से मिलती है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)

719📚

Consider the following statements regarding the glaciers of the Jammu and Kashmir region:
I. The Kolahoi Glacier, also known as the "Goddess of Light," is the largest in the Kashmir Valley and is the primary source of the Lidder River.
II. The Thajwas Glacier, in the Sonamarg region, is a popular "hanging glacier" accessible to tourists.
III. The Machoi glacier, in the Sonamarg region, majorly feeds water to the Sind and Dras rivers.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

All three statements are correct: Kolahoi ('Gwash Brari' or Goddess of Light) is the largest valley glacier in Kashmir and feeds the Lidder River; Thajwas is an easily accessible hanging glacier near Sonamarg; and Machoi glacier situated near Zoji La feeds both the Sind River and the Dras River.

तीनों कथन सही हैं: कोलाहोई ग्लेशियर ('ग्वाश ब्रारी' या प्रकाश की देवी) कश्मीर घाटी का सबसे बड़ा हिमनद है और लिद्दर नदी का स्रोत है; थाजवास सोनमर्ग के पास एक लोकप्रिय हैंगिंग ग्लेशियर है; तथा जोजिला के पास स्थित माचोई ग्लेशियर सिंध और द्रास दोनों नदियों को जल प्रदान करता है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)

720📚

Consider the following statements about Manasbal Lake:
I. It is the deepest freshwater lake, located in the Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir.
II. The large growth of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) at the periphery of the lake (blooms during July and August) adds to the beauty of the clear waters of the lake.
III. It is a good site for aquatic birds and birdwatching and has the sobriquet of "supreme gem of all Kashmir Lakes".
Which of the above statements are INCORRECT?

Explanation

Statement I is incorrect because Manasbal Lake is located in the Ganderbal district of Kashmir Valley (not in Poonch district). Statements II and III are correct. Since the question asks for the INCORRECT statement, only I is incorrect.

कथन I गलत है क्योंकि मानसबल झील कश्मीर के गांदरबल जिले में स्थित है (पुंछ जिले में नहीं)। कथन II और III सही हैं। चूँकि प्रश्न में गलत कथन पूछा गया है, अतः केवल I गलत है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)

721📚

Which of the following pairs of Biodiversity Heritage Sites (Biological Diversity Act, 2002) are correctly matched with their respective states?

Explanation

Unakoti is a notified Biodiversity Heritage Site in Tripura. Ambaragudda is in Karnataka, Asramam is in Kerala, and Ameenpur Lake is in Telangana. Thus, only Unakoti - Tripura is correctly matched.

उनाकोटी त्रिपुरा का एक अधिसूचित जैव विविधता विरासत स्थल है। अंबरागुड़ा कर्नाटक में, आश्रामम केरल में, और अमीनपुर झील तेलंगाना में स्थित है। अतः केवल विकल्प A सही सुमेलित है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)

722📚

Which of the following industrial wastewaters is characterized by high BOD, high solids, and high alkalinity, and often requires neutralization and equalization before treatment?

Explanation

Tannery wastewater (specifically from beamhouse operations like liming and unhairing) is renowned for extremely high alkalinity (pH 9-11), high dissolved and suspended solids, high BOD/COD, and chromium, necessitating equalization and chemical neutralization before biological treatment.

टैनरी (चर्मशोधन) अपशिष्ट जल में चूने के व्यापक उपयोग के कारण अत्यधिक उच्च क्षारीयता (Alkalinity), उच्च ठोस और उच्च BOD होता है, जिसके जैविक उपचार से पहले उदासीनीकरण और समानीकरण आवश्यक होता है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

723📚

Pumping stations for sewage are generally located:

Explanation

Sewage lift stations are placed at low depression points where gravity flow cannot continue, intermediate lift stations along long trunk sewers to avoid excessive trench depth, and at the headworks of the sewage treatment plant.

सीवेज पंपिंग स्टेशन भूभाग के निचले गड्ढों (depression points), गहरी खुदाई से बचने के लिए सीवर लाइन के बीच-बीच में और उपचार संयंत्र (STP) के शीर्ष पर स्थापित किए जाते हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

724📚

Consider the following statements regarding biological treatment systems:
I. Trickling filters are attached-growth systems in which wastewater trickles over a media bed.
II. Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) is a suspended-growth system that operates in time-phased cycles in a single tank.
III. Anaerobic filters are used only for treating sewage and not for industrial effluents.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements I and II are correct. Statement III is incorrect because anaerobic filters are extensively employed to treat high-strength industrial wastewaters (distillery, dairy, pharmaceutical, and chemical effluents). Thus, I and II only are correct.

कथन I और II सही हैं। कथन III गलत है क्योंकि अवायवीय फिल्टरों का उपयोग औद्योगिक अपशिष्ट जल (जैसे डेयरी, डिस्टिलरी आदि) के उपचार में व्यापक रूप से होता है। अतः केवल I और II सही हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

725📚

Match List-I (Industrial Effluent) with List-II (Characteristics / Major Issues) and select the correct code:
List-I:
i. Textile
ii. Tannery
iii. Dairy
iv. Distillery
List-II:
a. Salinity/Anaerobic
b. Nutrients/Fats
c. Colour/Dyes
d. Organics/Chromium

Explanation

Textile effluent is characterized by intense color and synthetic dyes (i-c); Tannery effluent carries high organics and heavy metal Chromium (ii-d); Dairy effluent contains fats, oils, and organic nutrients (iii-b); Distillery effluent (spent wash) has high salinity and requires anaerobic treatment (iv-a). Thus, i-c, ii-d, iii-b, iv-a.

कपड़ा उद्योग = रंग व रंजक (i-c); टैनरी = क्रोमियम व भारी कार्बनिक पदार्थ (ii-d); डेयरी = वसा व पोषक तत्व (iii-b); डिस्टिलरी = उच्च लवणता व अवायवीय उपचार (i-a)। अतः सही कूट i-c, ii-d, iii-b, iv-a है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

726📚

The most common parameter used to assess the efficiency of a primary sedimentation tank is:

Explanation

Primary sedimentation tanks are physically designed to settle out settleable particulate matter by gravity. The percentage removal of Suspended Solids (SS), typically 50% to 70%, is the primary metric used to evaluate their performance.

प्राथमिक अवसादन टैंक का मुख्य उद्देश्य गुरुत्वाकर्षण द्वारा ठोस कणों को नीचे बैठाना है, इसलिए इसकी कार्यकुशलता का मूल्यांकन मुख्य रूप से 'निलंबित ठोस पदार्थों (SS) के निष्कासन' द्वारा किया जाता है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

727📚

For a given industrial wastewater sample, BOD is usually less than COD because:

Explanation

BOD measures only biologically degradable organic matter consumed by microbes over 5 days, whereas COD oxidizes both biodegradable and biologically refractory (non-biodegradable) organic compounds using strong chemical reagents.

BOD केवल सूक्ष्मजीवों द्वारा अपघटित होने वाले कार्बनिक पदार्थों को मापता है, जबकि COD रासायनिक रूप से गैर-बायोडिग्रेडेबल यौगिकों का भी ऑक्सीकरण करता है, इसलिए हमेशा COD > BOD होता है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

728📚

Remote sensing in EIA is particularly useful for:

Explanation

Satellite remote sensing provides repetitive, multi-spectral imagery that enables temporal tracking of land use/land cover changes, deforestation, vegetation health indices (NDVI), and the degradation of wetland/water bodies.

उपग्रह रिमोट सेंसिंग का उपयोग समय के साथ भूमि उपयोग और भूमि आवरण (LULC) में बदलाव, वनों की स्थिति तथा जल स्रोतों की सटीक निगरानी के लिए किया जाता है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

729📚

Arrange the following impact-assessment categories for an industrial EIA in the order of increasing complexity / scope (simplest first):
I. Noise and vibration
II. Air-quality impacts
III. Cultural and socio-economic impacts
IV. Hydrological and aquatic-biological impacts
Choose the correct sequence:

Explanation

Noise and vibration assessment is physical and highly localized (I); Air-quality dispersion modeling spans regional airsheds (II); Hydrological and aquatic-biological modeling spans entire drainage basins and ecosystems (IV); Cultural and socio-economic impact assessment is the most complex, involving multi-faceted human demographics, livelihood, rehabilitation, and community heritage (III). Sequence: I - II - IV - III.

ध्वनि और कंपन सबसे स्थानीयकृत और सरल भौतिक प्रभाव है (I); वायु गुणवत्ता वायुमंडलीय फैलाव से संबंधित है (II); जल विज्ञान और जलीय जैव-पारिस्थितिकी संपूर्ण जलग्रहण क्षेत्र को प्रभावित करती है (IV); और सांस्कृतिक व सामाजिक-आर्थिक प्रभाव सबसे जटिल बहुआयामी मानवीय कारक हैं (III)। अतः सही क्रम I - II - IV - III है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

730📚

Under Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the Central Government can issue:

Explanation

Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 gives sweeping powers to the Central Government to issue written, binding directions to any person, officer, or authority. This includes the power to direct the closure, prohibition, or regulation of any industry, operation, or process, as well as the stoppage or regulation of the supply of electricity, water, or any other service.

पर्यावरण (संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 1986 की धारा 5 केंद्र सरकार को किसी भी व्यक्ति, अधिकारी या प्राधिकरण को लिखित और बाध्यकारी निर्देश जारी करने का व्यापक अधिकार देती है। इसमें किसी भी उद्योग, संचालन या प्रक्रिया को बंद करने, निषेध या विनियमित करने का निर्देश देने के साथ-साथ बिजली, पानी या किसी अन्य सेवा की आपूर्ति को रोकने या विनियमित करने की शक्ति शामिल है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

731📚

Under the Air (P&CP) Act, 1981, the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) is entrusted with:

Explanation

Under Section 17 and Section 21 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, the State Pollution Control Board is entrusted with planning comprehensive air pollution control programs, inspecting air pollution control areas, monitoring ambient air quality, and granting Consent to Establish (CTE) and Consent to Operate (CTO) to industrial plants.

वायु (प्रदूषण निवारण एवं नियंत्रण) अधिनियम, 1981 की धारा 17 और 21 के तहत, राज्य प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड (SPCB) को राज्य भर में वायु प्रदूषण नियंत्रण की योजना बनाने, परिवेशीय वायु गुणवत्ता की निगरानी करने और औद्योगिक इकाइयों को संचालन सहमति (CTO) व स्थापना सहमति (CTE) प्रदान करने का दायित्व सौंपा गया है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

732📚

For most industries, consent to establish and consent to operate (CTO) are required under:

Explanation

Consent to Establish (CTE) and Consent to Operate (CTO) are mandatory statutory requirements granted by SPCBs under Section 25/26 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Section 21 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

स्थापना सहमति (Consent to Establish - CTE) और संचालन सहमति (Consent to Operate - CTO) राज्य प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड द्वारा जल (प्रदूषण निवारण एवं नियंत्रण) अधिनियम, 1974 की धारा 25 और वायु (प्रदूषण निवारण एवं नियंत्रण) अधिनियम, 1981 की धारा 21 के तहत अनिवार्य रूप से जारी की जाती हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

733📚

Consider the following statements regarding the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986:
I. It was passed to give effect to the decisions of the Stockholm Conference (1972).
II. Section 5 empowers the Central Government to issue binding directions, including closure of industries.
III. The Act explicitly repeals all other environmental laws (Water Act, Air Act, Forest Act).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement I is correct (passed under Article 253 to implement Stockholm decisions). Statement II is correct (Section 5 empowers the Central Government to issue binding closure orders and disconnect essential services). Statement III is incorrect because the EPA 1986 does not repeal earlier legislation like the Water Act 1974 or Air Act 1981; it acts as an umbrella act to supplement and harmonize them.

कथन I सही है (स्टॉकहोम 1972 के निर्णयों को लागू करने के लिए पारित)। कथन II सही है (धारा 5 केंद्र सरकार को बाध्यकारी बंदी आदेश और सेवाएं रोकने का अधिकार देती है)। कथन III गलत है क्योंकि EPA 1986 पिछले कानूनों जैसे जल अधिनियम 1974 या वायु अधिनियम 1981 को निरस्त नहीं करता है, बल्कि उनके साथ पूरक समन्वय स्थापित करता है। अतः केवल I और II सही हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

734📚

Consider the following statements about the Water (P&CP) Act, 1974:
I. CPCB and SPCBs have powers to set water quality and effluent standards under the Act.
II. The Act does not deal with groundwater at all.
III. Monitoring of river-quality and industrial effluents is a key function of the Boards under this Act.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement I is correct: Laying down effluent standards and stream standards is entrusted to SPCBs (Section 17) and CPCB (Section 16). Statement II is incorrect: Under Section 2(j) and 2(m), 'stream' and 'well' explicitly include subterranean waters, meaning groundwater is covered under the regulatory scope of the Water Act. Statement III is correct: Regular surveillance and monitoring of river basins and industrial effluent discharges is a statutory function. Thus, Statements I and III are correct.

कथन I सही है: बहिःस्राव और जल गुणवत्ता मानक निर्धारित करना CPCB (धारा 16) और SPCB (धारा 17) का कार्य है। कथन II गलत है: अधिनियम की धारा 2(j) और 2(m) में 'धारा' और 'कुएं' की परिभाषा में भूमिगत जल (भूजल) भी शामिल है, इसलिए भूजल इसके दायरे में आता है। कथन III सही है: नदियों और औद्योगिक अपशिष्टों की गुणवत्ता की निगरानी बोर्डों का मुख्य कार्य है। अतः केवल I और III सही हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

735📚

Consider the following statements related to the Air (P&CP) Act, 1981:
I. The Act provides for establishment of CPCB and State-level air-pollution boards.
II. Ambient air-quality monitoring and emission-standards are regulated under this Act.
III. Public hearings for every individual air-pollution complaint are mandatory under Section 19.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement I is correct: Under Sections 3 and 4 of the Air Act 1981, the Boards established under the Water Act 1974 function as the Central and State Boards for Air Pollution Control. Statement II is correct: Laying down National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and industrial emission standards are statutory functions under Section 16 and 17. Statement III is incorrect: Section 19 provides for the declaration of air pollution control areas by the State Government, not mandatory public hearings for every private complaint.

कथन I सही है: वायु अधिनियम की धारा 3 और 4 के अनुसार जल अधिनियम के तहत गठित CPCB और SPCB ही वायु प्रदूषण नियंत्रण के कार्यों का निर्वहन करते हैं। कथन II सही है: परिवेशी वायु गुणवत्ता निगरानी और उत्सर्जन मानकों का निर्धारण इस अधिनियम के मुख्य कार्य हैं। कथन III गलत है: धारा 19 वायु प्रदूषण नियंत्रण क्षेत्रों की घोषणा से संबंधित है, व्यक्तिगत शिकायतों पर जन सुनवाई से नहीं। अतः केवल I और II सही हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

736📚

Match List-I (Act / Notification) with List-II (Key feature / purpose) and select the correct code:
List-I:
i. EPA-1986
ii. EIA-2006
iii. Water Act-1974
iv. Air Act-1981

List-II:
a. Water standards
b. Air standards
c. Umbrella framework
d. A/B Project categories

Choose the correct match:

Explanation

The correct pairings are:
- i. EPA-1986 -> c. Umbrella framework (overarching legislation coordinating environmental policies)
- ii. EIA-2006 -> d. A/B Project categories (decentralized environmental clearance based on scale and sensitivity)
- iii. Water Act-1974 -> a. Water standards (establishes effluent and stream water standards)
- iv. Air Act-1981 -> b. Air standards (ambient air quality and industrial emission standards).
Thus, the correct code is i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b.

सही मिलान इस प्रकार है:
- i. EPA-1986 -> c. छाता (अम्ब्रेला) ढांचा (व्यापक समन्वयक कानून)
- ii. EIA-2006 -> d. A/B परियोजना श्रेणियां (राष्ट्रीय और राज्य स्तरीय पर्यावरण मंजूरी वर्गीकरण)
- iii. जल अधिनियम-1974 -> a. जल मानक (अपशिष्ट और जल गुणवत्ता मानक)
- iv. वायु अधिनियम-1981 -> b. वायु मानक (परिवेशी वायु और उत्सर्जन मानक)।
अतः सही कूट i-c, ii-d, iii-a, iv-b है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

737📚

Match List-I (Legal requirement) with List-II (Enactment) and select the correct code:
List-I:
i. Environmental clearance
ii. Effluent standards
iii. Stack standards
iv. General rule framework

List-II:
a. EPA-1986
b. Water Act
c. Air Act
d. EIA-2006

Choose the correct match:

Explanation

The correct pairings are:
- i. Environmental clearance -> d. EIA-2006 (statutory clearance under EIA notification)
- ii. Effluent standards -> b. Water Act (standards for sewage and industrial liquid discharges)
- iii. Stack standards -> c. Air Act (emission standards for industrial chimneys and stacks)
- iv. General rule framework -> a. EPA-1986 (umbrella legislation conferring rulemaking powers).
Thus, the correct code is i-d, ii-b, iii-c, iv-a.

सही मिलान इस प्रकार है:
- i. पर्यावरणीय मंजूरी -> d. EIA-2006 (विकास परियोजनाओं के लिए पूर्व पर्यावरणीय मंजूरी)
- ii. बहिःस्राव मानक -> b. जल अधिनियम (तरल औद्योगिक अपशिष्टों के मानक)
- iii. स्टैक उत्सर्जन मानक -> c. वायु अधिनियम (चिमनी से निकलने वाले उत्सर्जन के मानक)
- iv. सामान्य नियम ढांचा -> a. EPA-1986 (व्यापक नियम निर्माण और शक्तियों का वैधानिक ढांचा)।
अतः सही कूट i-d, ii-b, iii-c, iv-a है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

738📚

An Environmental Audit in an industrial unit is primarily:

Explanation

An Environmental Audit is defined as a systematic, documented, periodic, and objective evaluation of how well an organization's environmental management system (EMS), facilities, and processes conform to environmental statutory regulations, consent conditions, emission/effluent standards, and resource conservation goals.

पर्यावरणीय ऑडिट को पर्यावरण प्रबंधन प्रणाली (EMS), संयंत्र और प्रक्रियाओं के प्रदर्शन का एक व्यवस्थित, प्रलेखित, आवधिक और वस्तुनिष्ठ मूल्यांकन माना जाता है जो यह सत्यापित करता है कि इकाई पर्यावरण कानूनों, वैधानिक सहमति शर्तों, उत्सर्जन मानकों और संसाधन संरक्षण लक्ष्यों का कितना अनुपालन कर रही है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

739📚

A Safety Audit in an industrial unit mainly aims to:

Explanation

A Safety Audit is a structured, comprehensive inspection of plant operations, working conditions, equipment integrity, and safety management systems (SMS). Its primary objective is to proactively identify occupational hazards, unsafe conditions, operational deficiencies, and evaluate the adequacy of emergency preparedness and preventive controls.

सुरक्षा ऑडिट का मुख्य उद्देश्य संयंत्र के संचालन, उपकरणों की अखंडता और सुरक्षा प्रबंधन प्रणालियों (SMS) का गहन निरीक्षण करके असुरक्षित प्रथाओं, संभावित दुर्घटना खतरों और कमियों की पहचान करना तथा सुरक्षा नियंत्रण उपायों व आपातकालीन तैयारियों की प्रभावशीलता का मूल्यांकन करना है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

740📚

Under which legislation is an On-Site Emergency Plan (OSEP) typically mandated for hazardous-industry units in India?

Explanation

Section 41-B of the Factories Act, 1948 (inserted by the 1987 Amendment Act post-Bhopal disaster) explicitly mandates that every occupier of a factory involving hazardous processes must formulate an On-Site Emergency Plan and detailed disaster control measures for workers and plant safety. (It is also reinforced under Rule 13 of the Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989).

कारखाना अधिनियम, 1948 की धारा 41-B (जो 1987 के संशोधन द्वारा भोपाल आपदा के बाद जोड़ी गई थी) के तहत खतरनाक प्रक्रियाओं से जुड़ी प्रत्येक औद्योगिक इकाई के अधिभोगी (occupier) के लिए एक ऑन-साइट आपातकालीन योजना (OSEP) और आपदा नियंत्रण उपाय तैयार करना अनिवार्य किया गया है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

741📚

The main objective of an On-Site Emergency Plan is to:

Explanation

The primary objective of an On-Site Emergency Plan (OSEP) is to contain and control an emergency within the boundaries of the industrial installation, protect plant personnel, minimize property damage, organize rapid and orderly evacuation, provide immediate first-aid, and prevent the escalation of the incident into an off-site catastrophe.

ऑन-साइट आपातकालीन योजना (OSEP) का प्राथमिक उद्देश्य संयंत्र की चारदीवारी के भीतर किसी भी आपात स्थिति या दुर्घटना को तुरंत नियंत्रित करना, श्रमिकों और कर्मियों की सुरक्षा व व्यवस्थित सुरक्षित निकासी सुनिश्चित करना तथा घटना को बाहरी क्षेत्र में फैलने से रोकना है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

742📚

An Off-site emergency plan focuses on:

Explanation

An Off-Site Emergency Plan addresses industrial disasters that have consequences extending beyond the factory boundary, affecting the surrounding community and environment. It focuses on multi-agency coordination led by district administration, integrating police, fire brigades, emergency medical/hospital services, evacuation transport, and public communication.

ऑफ-साइट आपातकालीन योजना उन औद्योगिक आपदाओं से निपटने के लिए होती है जिनका प्रभाव कारखाने की परिधि से बाहर आम जनता और आसपास के पर्यावरण पर पड़ता है। यह जिला प्रशासन, पुलिस, अग्निशामक दल, अस्पतालों और स्थानीय अधिकारियों के बीच प्रभावी समन्वय और सार्वजनिक सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करने पर केंद्रित होती है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

743📚

Which of the following is not a typical component of an Environmental Audit in an industry?

Explanation

Setting statutory pollution control standards for a State is an exclusive sovereign regulatory power vested in the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs), and the Ministry of Environment. An internal or external industrial environmental audit evaluates compliance with existing standards and consent conditions, but has no authority to formulate state-wide regulatory standards.

राज्य के लिए प्रदूषण नियंत्रण मानक निर्धारित करना सरकार और वैधानिक नियामक बोर्डों (CPCB/SPCB) का विशेष संप्रभु अधिकार है। किसी उद्योग का पर्यावरण ऑडिट केवल मौजूदा मानकों और संचालन सहमति शर्तों के अनुपालन, रिकॉर्ड कीपिंग और अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन का सत्यापन करता है, वह नए मानक तय नहीं कर सकता।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

744📚

In a safety audit, HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study) is used to:

Explanation

HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study) is a structured, systematic qualitative examination technique used by multi-disciplinary engineering teams to identify potential hazards and operability bottlenecks in industrial process design, chemical piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), and plant operations using guide-words (e.g., More Flow, Less Pressure, Reverse).

HAZOP (हैज़र्ड एंड ऑपरेबिलिटी स्टडी) एक संरचित और व्यवस्थित इंजीनियरिंग तकनीक है जिसका उपयोग मार्गदर्शक शब्दों (गाइड-वर्ड्स जैसे अधिक प्रवाह, कम दबाव आदि) के माध्यम से रासायनिक व औद्योगिक प्रक्रिया-डिजाइन में संभावित खतरों और परिचालन समस्याओं की पहचान करने के लिए किया जाता है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

745📚

A Disaster-Management Plan (DMP) in an industrial unit usually emphasizes:

Explanation

A comprehensive Disaster Management Plan (DMP) encompasses the complete four-phase disaster risk management framework: Hazard Prevention (eliminating or reducing risks), Preparedness (planning, training, stockpiling, and drills), Response (emergency incident management, containment, and evacuation), and Recovery (post-disaster restoration, rehabilitation, and investigation).

औद्योगिक आपदा प्रबंधन योजना (DMP) आपदा चक्र के चार प्रमुख चरणों पर व्यापक बल देती है: रोकथाम (खतरों को कम करना), तैयारी (योजना, उपकरण, प्रशिक्षण और मॉक ड्रिल), त्वरित प्रतिक्रिया (घटना नियंत्रण, प्राथमिक उपचार और निकासी) तथा पुनर्प्राप्ति (सामान्य स्थिति की बहाली और पुनर्वास)।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

746📚

Consider the following statements about On-Site Emergency Plan (OSEP):
I. OSEP is required mainly for high-hazard industries (e.g., MAH units).
II. OSEP is prepared only by the local fire-department, not by the occupier.
III. OSEP includes incident-control organization, alarms, and evacuation routes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement I is correct: Major hazard units carrying toxic or flammable inventories are strictly required to have an OSEP. Statement II is incorrect: The statutory responsibility to prepare the On-Site Emergency Plan lies with the occupier/factory management (under Section 41-B of the Factories Act and MSIHC Rules), while the Off-Site plan is prepared by the District Authority. Statement III is correct: An OSEP must detail the incident controller hierarchy, communication systems, alarm protocols, and marked escape/evacuation routes. Thus, Statements I and III are correct.

कथन I सही है: उच्च जोखिम वाले रासायनिक और खतरनाक उद्योगों (MAH) के लिए OSEP अनिवार्य है। कथन II गलत है: ऑन-साइट योजना तैयार करने की कानूनी जिम्मेदारी कारखाने के अधिभोगी/प्रबंधन की होती है, दमकल विभाग की नहीं (ऑफ-साइट योजना जिला प्रशासन द्वारा तैयार की जाती है)। कथन III सही है: OSEP में आपातकालीन नेतृत्व, सायरन प्रणाली और सुरक्षित निकासी मार्ग स्पष्ट होते हैं। अतः केवल I और III सही हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

747📚

Consider the following statements about Off-site emergency and disaster management plans:
I. Off-site emergency plan involves coordination between industries, fire-services, and district administration.
II. A Disaster-Management Plan (DMP) must rely solely on government assistance.
III. Both on-site and off-site plans should be reviewed and tested periodically through drills.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement I is correct: An Off-site plan establishes integrated coordination among industries, police, fire department, public health agencies, and the district magistrate. Statement II is incorrect: Industrial disaster management plans rely heavily on internal self-sufficiency, mutual aid schemes among neighboring industries, and private safety infrastructure, rather than depending solely on external government help. Statement III is correct: Regular table-top exercises and full-scale mock drills are mandatory to maintain readiness. Thus, Statements I and III are correct.

कथन I सही है: ऑफ-साइट योजना में जिला प्रशासन, अग्निशमन, पुलिस, अस्पतालों और उद्योगों के बीच अंतर-एजेंसी समन्वय शामिल होता है। कथन II गलत है: आपदा प्रबंधन योजना केवल सरकारी मदद पर निर्भर नहीं होती, बल्कि आंतरिक आपातकालीन दलों और पड़ोसी उद्योगों के बीच पारस्परिक सहायता (Mutual Aid) पर भी आधारित होती है। कथन III सही है: मॉक ड्रिल द्वारा योजनाओं का नियमित परीक्षण अनिवार्य है। अतः केवल I और III सही हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

748📚

Match List-I (Legal / Institutional driver) with List-II (Mandate) and select the correct code:
List-I:
i. Factories Act
ii. PCB guidelines
iii. ISO 14001
iv. District DMP

List-II:
a. Internal EMS audit
b. OSEP mandate
c. Off-site linkages
d. Regulatory compliance

Choose the correct match:

Explanation

The correct pairings are:
- i. Factories Act -> b. OSEP mandate (mandates On-Site Emergency Plan under Section 41-B)
- ii. PCB guidelines -> d. Regulatory compliance (stipulates pollution limits, consent conditions, and legal compliance)
- iii. ISO 14001 -> a. Internal EMS audit (voluntary international standard requiring periodic internal environmental audits)
- iv. District DMP -> c. Off-site linkages (district disaster management plans integrating external community and emergency linkages).
Thus, the correct code is i-b, ii-d, iii-a, iv-c.

सही मिलान इस प्रकार है:
- i. कारखाना अधिनियम -> b. OSEP जनादेश (धारा 41-B के तहत ऑन-साइट आपात योजना अनिवार्य)
- ii. PCB दिशानिर्देश -> d. नियामक अनुपालन (प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड की सहमति और नियमों का अनुपालन)
- iii. ISO 14001 -> a. आंतरिक EMS ऑडिट (पर्यावरण प्रबंधन प्रणाली का अंतर्राष्ट्रीय मानक)
- iv. जिला DMP -> c. ऑफ-साइट लिंकेज (जिले की आपदा योजना जो बाहरी राहत तंत्र को जोड़ती है)।
अतः सही कूट i-b, ii-d, iii-a, iv-c है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

749📚

Arrange the following phases of an industrial disaster-management cycle in logical order (early to late):
I. Recovery
II. Response
III. Preparedness
IV. Prevention
Choose the correct sequence:

Explanation

The standard disaster management cycle logically progresses through four key phases:
1. Prevention (mitigating risks beforehand);
2. Preparedness (readiness through planning and training);
3. Response (immediate emergency action during the incident);
4. Recovery (post-incident rehabilitation and reconstruction).
Therefore, the correct chronological sequence is IV - III - II - I.

मानक आपदा प्रबंधन चक्र के चरणों का तार्किक क्रम है:
1. रोकथाम (Prevention - IV);
2. तैयारी (Preparedness - III);
3. त्वरित प्रतिक्रिया (Response - II);
4. पुनर्प्राप्ति/बहाली (Recovery - I)।
अतः सही क्रम IV - III - II - I है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

750📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology

The plateau that has both West and East flowing drainage systems is:

Explanation

The Malwa Plateau acts as a water divide between the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal drainages. Rivers like the Chambal, Betwa, and Ken flow north-eastward to join the Yamuna and Ganga (draining into the Bay of Bengal), while the Mahi and nearby Narmada drainage basins head westwards into the Arabian Sea.

मालवा का पठार एक प्रमुख जल-विभाजक का कार्य करता है। यहाँ से चंबल, बेतवा और केन नदियाँ उत्तर-पूर्व की ओर बहकर यमुना/गंगा में मिलती हैं (बंगाल की खाड़ी अपवाह तंत्र), जबकि माही और निकटवर्ती नदियाँ पश्चिम की ओर खंभात की खाड़ी/अरब सागर में गिरती हैं।

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751📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology

Which is the warmest layer of the atmosphere?

Explanation

The Thermosphere (extending from roughly 85 km to 600 km above Earth) is the warmest atmospheric layer. In this layer, highly energetic solar X-rays and short-wave ultraviolet radiation are directly absorbed by residual nitrogen and oxygen atoms, causing temperatures to reach up to

1,500^\circ\text{C}

to

2,000^\circ\text{C}

or higher.

थर्मोस्फीयर (तापमंडल) पृथ्वी के वायुमंडल की सबसे गर्म परत है। इस परत में सूर्य से आने वाली तीव्र पराबैंगनी (UV) और एक्स-किरणों का सीधा अवशोषण होता है, जिससे यहाँ तापमान 1500°C से 2000°C या उससे भी अधिक तक पहुँच जाता है।

2016SSCStaff Selection Commission

752📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology

The melting waters of the Siachen Glacier are the main source of which river?

Explanation

The snout of the Siachen Glacier in Ladakh gives rise to the Nubra River, which flows through the Nubra Valley before converging with the Shyok River (which subsequently drains into the Indus River).

लद्दाख में स्थित सियाचिन ग्लेशियर के पिघलने से नुब्रा नदी का उद्गम होता है। नुब्रा नदी नुब्रा घाटी से बहती हुई श्योक नदी में मिल जाती है, जो आगे चलकर सिंधु नदी की सहायक बनती है।

2016SSCStaff Selection Commission

📝 Solved Questions on Rivers, Lakes and Water Bodies of J&K (752)