J&K General KnowledgeGeneral Knowledge with special reference to UT of J&K

Climate, Soils and Crops of J&K

Climatic zones of J&K (sub-tropical Jammu, temperate Kashmir, cold arid Ladakh), geological soil formations (Karewa soils of Kashmir, alluvial soils of Jammu plains), agricultural crop patterns (Rabi, Kharif), world-famous Kashmiri saffron cultivation (GI Tag), and horticulture exports (Apples, Walnuts, Almonds).

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📝 Solved Questions on Climate, Soils and Crops of J&K (677)

Start Timed Test (677 Qs)Self-Paced Practice

1📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&K UTCurrent Affairs

Arrange the following events of 2023 in chronological order:

- a. G20 Summit in India
- b. ICC World Cup Final 2023
- c. Launch of Chandrayaan 3
- d. COP28 climate summit in Dubai

Explanation

The chronological order is: Launch of Chandrayaan 3 (July 14, 2023), G20 Summit in New Delhi (September 9-10, 2023), ICC World Cup Final (November 19, 2023), and COP28 Summit in Dubai (November 30, 2023). This matches sequence: c, a, b, d.

سال 2023 کے واقعات کی ترتیب: چندریان 3 لانچ (جولائی 2023)، جی 20 سمٹ (ستمبر 2023)، ورلڈ کپ فائنل (نومبر 19، 2023)، اور COP28 دبئی (نومبر 30، 2023)۔ ترتیب: c, a, b, d۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

2📚General Knowledge with special ref to J&K UTAgriculture

Consider the following statements regarding Rabi crops:

- a. Rabi crops are sowed between October and November.
- b. Rabi crops require a lot of water.
- c. Rabi crops need warm weather for growth.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement a is correct. Rabi crops (winter crops) are sown in October-November and harvested in spring. Statements b and c are incorrect because Kharif crops require a lot of water and warm weather, whereas Rabi crops require cool climates.

صرف بیان 'a' درست ہے۔ ربیع (سردیوں کی) فصلیں اکتوبر نومبر میں بوئی جاتی ہیں۔ بیان b اور c غلط ہیں کیونکہ ربیع فصلوں کو زیادہ پانی اور گرمی کی ضرورت نہیں ہوتی۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

3📚Accountancy & Book KeepingTaxation (GST)

Which of the following is/are included in the definition of "Goods" as defined under section 2(52) of the CGST Act, 2017?

Explanation

Section 2(52) of the CGST Act, 2017 defines 'goods' to exclude money and securities but specifically includes actionable claims, growing crops, grass, etc.

جی ایس ٹی ایکٹ کی دفعہ 2(52) کے تحت 'اشیاء' (goods) کی تعریف میں منی اور سیکیورٹیز شامل نہیں ہیں، لیکن ایکشن ایبل کلیم (Actionable claim) شامل ہیں۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

4📚Knowledge of ComputersCloud Computing

Which of the following cloud storage services is owned by Microsoft?

Explanation

OneDrive is the proprietary cloud storage service owned and operated by Microsoft. iCloud belongs to Apple, and Google Drive belongs to Google.

ون ڈرائیو (One drive) مائیکروسافٹ کا کلاؤڈ اسٹوریج پلیٹ فارم ہے، جبکہ گوگل ڈرائیو گوگل کی ملکیت ہے۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

5📚Cell Biology & Molecular GeneticsForensic Physics

Examination of soil is carried out in which of the following forensic science laboratory divisions?

Explanation

Forensic examination of soil, glass, paint, and fibers is typically handled by the Physics (or Trace Evidence) division of the Forensic Science Laboratory.

مٹی (soil)، شیشہ، پینٹ اور ریشوں کا فارنسک تجزیہ عام طور پر فارنسک سائنس لیبارٹری کے فزکس (Physics) یعنی طبیعیات کے شعبے میں کیا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

6📚Biochemistry & Human PhysiologyCrime Scene Management

Which of the following is an example of trace evidence found on a crime scene?

Explanation

Trace evidence refers to microscopic physical evidence transferred during a crime, such as fibers, hair, soil, or glass fragments.

ٹریس شواہد (Trace evidence) سے مراد انتہائی چھوٹے یا خوردبینی شواہد ہیں، جیسے کہ کوئی دھاگہ یا ریشہ (Fiber) جو جائے وقوعہ پر پایا جائے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

7📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesForensic Entomology

Which of the following statements are TRUE?

i. Insect colonisation occurs slower if body is completely burnt.
ii. Insect colonisation is influenced by the biogeoclimatic zone
iii. Exposure to sunlight causes faster depletion of resources by the insects.

Explanation

All statements are true: Charring limits/slows early fly colonization (i); different climate zones affect insect species (ii); and sunlight speeds up larval metabolism and carcass depletion (iii).

تینوں بیانات درست ہیں: جلی ہوئی لاش پر کیڑوں کا حملہ آہستہ ہوتا ہے (i)؛ مختلف آب و ہوا کے زون کیڑوں کے حملے پر اثر انداز ہوتے ہیں (ii)؛ اور دھوپ میں کیڑے تیزی سے وسائل کو ختم کرتے ہیں (iii)۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

8📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesForensic Entomology

Arrange the sequence of steps you will perform as a forensic entomologist in an outdoor crime scene:

i. Collection of live adult flies
ii. Collection of soil temperatures under the body after its removal
iii. Photography, notations of the overall crime scene from a safe distance
iv. Collection of insects on the body

Explanation

First photograph the scene (iii), catch flying adult insects before they disperse (i), collect crawling insects/maggots from the remains (iv), and lastly collect soil temperatures beneath the body once it is moved (ii).

صحیح ترتیب: جائے وقوعہ کی دور سے تصویر کشی (iii) -> اڑنے والے کیڑوں کو پکڑنا (i) -> لاش پر موجود رینگنے والے کیڑے جمع کرنا (iv) -> لاش ہٹانے کے بعد مٹی کا درجہ حرارت لینا (ii)۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

9📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesForensic Botany

During processing of pollen samples from soil, what is the chemical used to remove silica?

Explanation

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is used in palynology to dissolve silicate minerals and release pollen grains from soil/sediment samples.

مٹی سے پولن (pollen) کے نمونے الگ کرنے کے عمل میں، مٹی میں موجود سلیکا (silica) کو گھولنے کے لیے ہائیڈروفلورک ایسڈ (HF) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

10📚DNA Profiling & PCR TechniquesForensic Entomology

What is the most accurate way of storing live larval samples for entomological identification?

Explanation

Rearing live larvae to adults is the most accurate way to identify species. Rearing requires placing them in a container with a pupation medium (like soil or sawdust) and meat/food wrapped in foil or a pouch to keep it fresh.

کیڑوں کی درست شناخت کے لیے انہیں زندہ پال کر بڑا کرنا سب سے بہترین طریقہ ہے، جس کے لیے مٹی اور خوراک والے ہوادار ڈبے (Option D) کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

11📚Forensic Toxicology & PharmacologyToxicology

Smell of bitter almonds is seen in poisoning with

Explanation

Hydrocyanic acid (cyanide) poisoning is classically recognized by a characteristic smell of bitter almonds from the breath or tissues.

ہائیڈرو سائینک ایسڈ یا سائینائڈ (Hydrocyanic acid) کے زہر سے مرنے والے شخص کی لاش سے کڑوے بادام (bitter almonds) جیسی بو آتی ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

12📚Digital Evidence & Data RecoveryCyber Attacks

_____ are piece of programs or scripts that allow hackers to take control over any system.

Explanation

Exploits are code, scripts, or programs written by hackers that take advantage of specific software or hardware vulnerabilities to compromise and gain unauthorized control over a target system.

وہ پروگرام یا اسکرپٹس جن کے ذریعے ہیکرز کسی سسٹم کی خامی کا فائدہ اٹھا کر اس پر کنٹرول حاصل کرتے ہیں، ایکسپلوئٹس (Exploits) کہلاتے ہیں۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

13📚Cryptography & Network SecurityCybersecurity Tools

Which of the following is a session hijacking tool?

Explanation

T-Sight is a commercial security and network sniffing utility used for session hijacking and active monitoring. Wireshark is a packet analyzer, Maltego is OSINT, and Nessus is a vulnerability scanner.

ٹی-سائٹ (T-Sight) ایک مشہور سیشن ہائی جیکنگ اور نیٹ ورک مانیٹرنگ ٹول ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

14📚Cryptography & Network SecurityCloud Security

Which of the following is the standard for interoperable cloud-based key management?

Explanation

KMIP (Key Management Interoperability Protocol) is a standard developed by OASIS to ensure interoperability between key management servers and clients.

کلاؤڈ میں کیز (Keys) کے انتظام کے لیے متفقہ پروٹوکول کے ایم آئی پی (KMIP) ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

15📚Cell Biology & Molecular GeneticsForensic Physics

Examination of tire marks is carried out in which of the following divisions of forensic science laboratory?

Explanation

Physical evidence such as tire marks, tool marks, glass fractures, soil, and fiber comparisons are typically analyzed in the Physics Division of a forensic science laboratory.

ٹائر کے نشانات، اوزاروں کے نشانات، اور شیشے کے ٹوٹنے کے نمونوں کا تجزیہ عام طور پر فارنزک سائنس لیبارٹری کے فزکس ڈویژن (Physics division) میں کیا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

16📚Forensic Science & General KnowledgeCounterfeit Detection

Which of the following features are examined while detecting counterfeiting in currency notes?
1. Microprinting
2. Watermark
3. Optical fibres
4. OVI (optical variable ink)
5. Signature of the governor

Explanation

To verify banknotes, examiners check all security features including microprinting, watermarks, fluorescent optical fibers, Optically Variable Ink (OVI), and the details of the governor's signature.

جعلی نوٹوں کی شناخت کے لیے یہ تمام سیکیورٹی فیچرز دیکھے جاتے ہیں: باریک چھپائی (microprinting)، واٹر مارک، فلوروسینٹ آپٹیکل فائبر، رنگ بدلنے والی روشنائی (OVI)، اور گورنر کے دستخط۔ یعنی تمام 1، 2، 3، 4، 5 درست ہیں۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

17📚Organic & StereochemistryLocard Principle

Locard's exchange principle can be applied to all of the following except

Explanation

Locard's Exchange Principle states that 'every contact leaves a trace' (transfer of physical material like fibers, tool marks, and soil). Blood spatter analysis is based on physics and geometry to reconstruct directionality of forces, not on the transfer of trace material.

لوکارڈ کے اصول کے مطابق 'ہر رابطہ ایک نشان چھوڑتا ہے' (جیسے فائبر، مٹی، یا ٹول مارکس کا منتقل ہونا)۔ خون کے چھینٹوں کے نمونے کا تجزیہ (blood spatter) طبیعیات اور ہندسیہ پر مبنی ہے، جو لوکارڈ کے تبادلے کے اصول کے دائرے میں نہیں آتا۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

18📚General Knowledge & Analytical ChemistryHPLC Columns

Following column packing materials are available in HPLC:

Explanation

HPLC columns can utilize various packing materials: microporous particles (porous throughout), pellicular particles (solid core with porous outer layer), or chemically bonded phases (stationary phase covalently bound to silica). Therefore, all are available.

ایچ پی ایل سی (HPLC) کالموں کی بھرائی کے لیے مائیکرو پورس، پیلیکولر اور بانڈڈ فیز، یہ تمام مٹیریل کثرت سے دستیاب ہوتے ہیں۔ اس لیے جواب 'اوپر کے تمام' (All of the above) ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

19📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationSoil Analysis

The colour of soil is mainly determined by its:

Explanation

The color of soil is primarily determined by its mineral composition (especially iron and manganese oxides) and organic matter content, but mineralogy is the fundamental component in soil classification (Munsell system).

مٹی کا رنگ بنیادی طور پر اس میں موجود معدنیات کی ترکیب (Mineral composition) جیسے لوہے اور مینگنیز کے آکسائیڈز سے طے ہوتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

20📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationSoil Analysis

In forensic investigations, what can be observed through microscopic examination of soil particles?

Explanation

Microscopic analysis of soil allows forensic scientists to identify specific mineral grains, biological remnants (pollen, diatoms), plant debris, and other organic/inorganic materials that are highly characteristic of a location.

خوردبین کے ذریعے مٹی کے ذرات کا معائنہ کرنے سے اس میں موجود مخصوص معدنیات اور نامیاتی مادوں (Presence of minerals and organic matter) کا پتا چلتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

21📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationSoil Analysis

A crime scene investigation involves a suspicious package found buried in beach soil. Forensic experts are called to analyse the soil for potential evidence. Upon initial analysis, the forensic team identifies the presence of shell fragments in the beach

Explanation

The presence of shell fragments and beach sand characteristics in the soil indicates a coastal environment, linking the package to a shoreline or beach location.

مٹی میں صدف یا سیپیوں کے ٹکڑوں (shell fragments) کی موجودگی براہِ راست ساحلی ماحول (Coastal environment) کی نشاندہی کرتی ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

22📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationAtomic Emission Spectroscopy

A scientist is comparing inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) for analysing metal content in soil samples. Given the challenges involved in soil sample, how can they be addressed

Explanation

Soil samples contain complex geological matrices. In ICP-AES, these cause significant physical, chemical, and ionization matrix effects, which must be addressed using internal standards or matrix-matched calibrations.

مٹی کے نمونوں کے پیچیدہ میٹرکس کی وجہ سے آئی سی پی-اے ای ایس (ICP-AES) میں میٹرکس اثرات (Matrix effects) پیدا ہوتے ہیں جنہیں حل کرنا لازمی ہوتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

23📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationImpression Evidence

For the preservation of tire marks on soft soil, the best way is

Explanation

Three-dimensional tire tracks in soft soil must be documented via scaled photography and preserved by pouring dental stone to create a physical cast.

نرم مٹی پر ٹائروں کے نشانات کو محفوظ کرنے کا سب سے بہتر طریقہ ان کی پیمائشی تصویر لینا اور کاسٹنگ (Photo and Casting - سانچہ بنانا) ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

24📚Forensic Physics & InstrumentationSoil Analysis

Which size of soil partial is termed as clay?

Explanation

In soil texture classification, clay particles are defined as having a diameter of less than 0.002 mm (or < 2 micrometers).

مٹی کی بناوٹ میں کلے (clay) سے مراد وہ ذرات ہیں جن کا قطر 0.002mm سے چھوٹا ہو۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Forensic Science Laboratory)

25📚Organic ChemistryJ&K Geography

Kerewa Soils is best for Growing?

Explanation

Karewa soils (lacustrine deposits found in the Kashmir Valley) are famous for saffron (Zafran) cultivation due to their unique composition and drainage qualities.

کشمیر کی وادی میں پائی جانے والی کریوا مٹی (Karewa Soils) زعفران (Saffron) کی کاشت کے لیے دنیا بھر میں بہترین مانی جاتی ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest Ecology and Environment Department

26📚Organic ChemistryJ&K Geography

Pampore uplands, locally called 'wudar' in Sri Nagar, Jammu and Kashmir are a great source of revenue from which among the following?

Explanation

The Pampore uplands (known locally as 'wudar' or Karewas) in Kashmir are the primary saffron-growing areas, generating significant economic revenue through agriculture.

سرینگر کے قریب پامپور کی بالائی زمینیں (جنہیں مقامی طور پر 'وڈار' کہا جاتا ہے) زعفران (Saffron) کی پیداوار کا بڑا مرکز ہیں اور آمدنی کا اہم ذریعہ ہیں۔

2023JKSSBForest Ecology and Environment Department

27📚Physical ChemistryIndian Climate

The reason for Rajasthan being deficient in rainfall is

Explanation

The Aravalli Range lies parallel to the direction of the Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon winds, providing no physical barrier to block the winds and cause them to rise and cool down for rain.

راجستھان میں بارش کی کمی کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ وہاں پہاڑی سلسلے (Aravalli Range) ہواؤں کے متوازی ہیں، جس سے ہواؤں کو اوپر اٹھنے اور ٹھنڈا ہونے کا موقع نہیں ملتا۔

2023JKSSBForest Ecology and Environment Department

28📚General Knowledge & AwarenessBooks and Authors

Match the following famous books with their authors:

- i) Geetanjali: 1) Abul Fazal
- ii) Akbar-Nama: 2) Kalidas
- iii) Abhigyan Shakuntalam: 3) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
- iv) Discovery of India: 4) Rabindra Nath Tagore

Explanation

Geetanjali was written by Rabindranath Tagore (i-4), Akbar-Nama by Abul Fazal (ii-1), Abhigyan Shakuntalam by Kalidas (iii-2), and Discovery of India by Jawaharlal Nehru (iv-3).

گیتا نجلی کے مصنف رابندر ناتھ ٹیگور ہیں (i-4)، اکبر نامہ کے ابوالفضل (ii-1)، ابھگیان شکنتلم کے کالیداس (iii-2)، اور ڈسکوری آف انڈیا کے جواہر لال نہرو (iv-3) ہیں۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

29📚General Knowledge & AwarenessAwards

In which year did the first Indian receive a Nobel Prize and in which field was it Awarded?

Explanation

Rabindranath Tagore was the first Indian to receive a Nobel Prize. He won it in 1913 in the field of Literature for his work 'Gitanjali'.

رابندر ناتھ ٹیگور پہلے ہندوستانی تھے جنہیں 1913 میں ادب (Geetanjali) کے شعبے میں نوبل انعام ملا۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

30📚General Knowledge & AwarenessAgriculture

Which of the following statements regarding crops growing season are NOT correct?

Explanation

Statement C is incorrect because Zaid crops are short summer crops grown mainly in the months of March to June, between the Rabi and Kharif seasons, rather than during the winter months.

بیان C غلط ہے کیونکہ زائد (Zaid) فصلیں موسم گرما (مارچ سے جون) کے دوران اگائی جاتی ہیں نہ کہ سردیوں کے مہینوں میں۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

31📚General EnglishError Spotting

In this question, the sentence is broken into four parts. Find out the error part in the sentence from the given options and mark your answer.

Yesterday, the wild animal destroyed (a)/ crops at a nascent stage (b)/ and cause huge losses (c)/ to the farmers (d).

Explanation

The error is in part (c). Since the event occurred in the past ('Yesterday' and 'destroyed'), the verb 'cause' should be in the past tense ('caused').

غلطی حصہ (c) میں ہے۔ چونکہ جملہ ماضی کا ہے ('Yesterday' اور 'destroyed')، اس لیے 'cause' کی جگہ ماضی کا صیغہ 'caused' ہونا چاہیے تھا۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

32📚General Awareness & Current AffairsAwards

Who was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize?

Explanation

Rabindranath Tagore was the first Indian and non-European to receive the Nobel Prize, awarded in Literature in 1913 for his poetry collection 'Gitanjali'.

رابندر ناتھ ٹیگور پہلے ہندوستانی اور غیر یورپی شخص تھے جنہیں 1913 میں ان کے شعری مجموعے 'گیتا نجلی' کے لیے ادب کا نوبل انعام ملا۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

33📚General Awareness & Current AffairsJ&K Agriculture

What is the local Kashmiri term for saffron, a cash crop?

Explanation

The local Kashmiri term for saffron (Zafran) is 'Koung' or 'Kong'.

کشمیر میں زعفران کے لیے استعمال ہونے والی مقامی کشمیری اصطلاح 'کونگ' (Koung/Kong) ہے۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

34📚Computer ApplicationsInput Devices

Which of the following devices is NOT a media input device to a computer?

Explanation

Microphone (audio input), Webcam (video input), and Digital Camera (image/video transfer input) are all input devices. Therefore, the answer is 'None of the above'.

مائیکرو فون، ویب کیم اور ڈیجیٹل کیمرہ یہ تینوں میڈیا ان پٹ ڈیوائسز ہیں۔ اس لیے جواب 'None of the above' (ان میں سے کوئی نہیں) ہوگا۔

2024JKSSBHome Department (Police)

35📚📚 Social ScienceJ&K Geography

The soils of the hills of Jammu and Kashmir are characterized by which of the following?

Explanation

The hill soils of Jammu and Kashmir are generally rich in potash and lime but show a deficiency in nitrogen and phosphorus.

جموں و کشمیر کے پہاڑی علاقوں کی مٹیاں عام طور پر پوٹاش اور چونے (Lime) سے بھرپور ہوتی ہیں لیکن ان میں نائٹروجن اور فاسفورس کی کمی پائی جاتی ہے۔

2023JKSSBInformation Technology Department

36📚📚 Social ScienceIndian Geography

Match the following climatic regions with their corresponding locations:

P) Tropical Rain Forests - Western Ghats, West coastal Plains, Parts of Assam
Q) Tropical Savana Climate - Most of peninsular region except Western Ghats
R) Tropical Semi-Arid Steppe Climate - Rainshadow belt from Central Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu
S) Tropical and Sub-tropical Steppes - Punjab, Haryana and Kachchh Region

Explanation

Tropical Rain Forest matches Western Ghats/Assam (P-2), Savana matches peninsular region (Q-1), Semi-Arid matches rainshadow belt (R-4), and Steppes matches Punjab/Kachchh (S-3). This matches option C.

بارانی جنگلات کا زون مغربی گھاٹ (P-2) ہے، سوانا جزیرہ نما خطہ (Q-1) ہے، نیم خشک زون مہاراشٹر تا تامل ناڈو کا رین شیڈو بیلٹ (R-4) ہے، اور اسٹیپس پنجاب/کچھ (S-3) ہے۔ یہ آپشن C ہے۔

2023JKSSBInformation Technology Department

37📚Building Materials & ConstructionElectrical Symbols

What does the electrical/architectural symbol representing an audible signaling device with a flared horn or megaphone shape (as per IS 962) represent?

Explanation

In IS 962:1989 electrical legends, a circle with a flared horn/megaphone shape on the side represents a 'Horn or Hooter'. An amplifier is represented by a triangle, and a microphone outlet is represented by a circle with a microphone symbol or dot.

آئی ایس 962:1989 کے الیکٹریکل لیجنڈز میں، دائرے کے ساتھ بنے ہوئے ہارن/میگافون کی شکل 'ہارن یا ہوٹر' (Horn or Hooter) کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔ ایمپلیفائر کو مثلث سے ظاہر کیا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBJal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

38📚Building Materials & ConstructionIrrigation Methods

Flood irrigation method of irrigating field, works best on

Explanation

Flood irrigation requires the water to flow under gravity and spread evenly across the field. Hence, it works best on level or gently rolling terrains. Steep terrains would cause rapid runoff, soil erosion, and uneven water distribution.

فلڈ اریگیشن (Flood irrigation) میں پانی کو کشش ثقل کے تحت پورے کھیت میں یکساں پھیلنا ہوتا ہے۔ اس لیے یہ ہموار یا ہلکی ڈھلوان والی زمین (Level or gently rolling terrain) پر بہترین کام کرتا ہے۔ زیادہ ڈھلوان پر پانی تیزی سے بہہ جائے گا اور مٹی کا کٹاؤ ہوگا۔

2023JKSSBJal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

39📚Surveying & LevellingSoil Mechanics

The bearing capacity of soil depends upon

Explanation

The bearing capacity of soil depends on both geotechnical parameters (grain size, soil density, shear strength, cohesion) and design parameters of the foundation (size, shape, and depth of the footing).

مٹی کی بوجھ برداشت کرنے کی صلاحیت (Bearing capacity) مٹی کے اپنے خواص (جیسے اناج کا سائز) اور فاؤنڈیشن کے ڈیزائن (جیسے فٹنگ کا سائز اور شکل) دونوں پر منحصر ہوتی ہے۔ اس لیے تمام آپشنز درست ہیں۔

2023JKSSBJal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

40📚Surveying & LevellingFoundations

The lowest part of the structure which transmit the load to the soil is known as

Explanation

The foundation (or substructure) is the lowest part of a building or structure that is in direct contact with the ground and transmits the loads to the underlying soil.

کسی بھی عمارت کا سب سے نچلا حصہ جو براہ راست مٹی کے ساتھ رابطے میں ہوتا ہے اور بوجھ کو زمین پر منتقل کرتا ہے، اسے فاؤنڈیشن (Foundation - بنیاد) کہتے ہیں۔

2023JKSSBJal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

41📚Engineering Drawing & CADIrrigation Principles

The irrigation is necessary in an area

Explanation

Irrigation becomes necessary in an area due to insufficient/scanty rainfall, non-uniform/seasonal distribution of rain, or when growing cash/commercial crops that require a continuous and regulated water supply.

کسی علاقے میں آبپاشی کی ضرورت بارش کی کمی، بارش کی غیر یقینی صورتحال، یا تجارتی فصلوں (کمرشل فصلیں) کو پانی کی زیادہ اور مستقل ضرورت کی وجہ سے پڑتی ہے۔ اس لیے تمام وجوہات درست ہیں۔

2023JKSSBJal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

42📚Engineering Drawing & CADSoil Mechanics

In which type of shear failure does the failure surface NOT extend upto the ground surface when a strip footing rests on loose sand or soft clay?

Explanation

In Local Shear Failure (which occurs in loose sand or soft clay), the failure surface starts at the edges of the footing but does not extend up to the ground surface. (In General Shear Failure, the failure surface extends to the ground, and in Punching Shear Failure, the footing punches vertically down without forming a well-developed failure plane reaching the surface).

لوکل شیئر فیلیر (Local shear failure) میں فیلیر کی سطح زمین کی اوپری سطح تک نہیں پہنچتی۔ یہ عام طور پر ڈھیلی ریت یا نرم مٹی میں ہوتا ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن A درست ہے۔

2023JKSSBJal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

43📚Engineering Drawing & CADGeneral Civil Engineering

Consider the following statements:
a. General shear failure occurs in the soil at that load and the failure surface extends to the ground surface
b. Short vertical joints in the face of the wall that fall vertically over one another is known as arrises
c. Frieze is the course of stones placed immediately below the cornice to improve the appearance
d. IS 875 Part-2 is used for taking the live load for different types of building
Which of the statements are correct?

Explanation

Statements a and d are correct. General shear failure surface extends to the ground. IS 875 Part 2 specifies imposed/live loads. Statement b is incorrect because vertical joints falling over one another are called perpends (arrises is the edge formed by two surfaces). Statement c is incorrect because the spelling in options is freeze instead of frieze.

بیانات a اور d درست ہیں۔ جنرل شیئر فیلیر میں سوراخ زمین کی سطح تک پہنچتا ہے اور IS 875 کا پارٹ 2 لائیو لوڈ کے لیے ہے۔ اس لیے آپشن D (d اور a) درست جواب ہے۔

2023JKSSBJal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

44📚Estimating, Costing & ValuationFoundations

Which type of foundation is used for the construction of buildings on black cotton soil?

Explanation

For constructing buildings on highly expansive black cotton soil (which swells and shrinks significantly), a Mat or Raft foundation is preferred for distributing structural loads uniformly to prevent differential settlement. Under-reamed piles are another highly suitable foundation type.

کالی کپاس کی مٹی (Black cotton soil - جو بہت زیادہ پھیلتی اور سکڑتی ہے) پر عمارتیں بنانے کے لیے میٹ یا رافٹ فاؤنڈیشن (Mat/Raft foundation) استعمال کی جاتی ہے تاکہ عمارت کا بوجھ یکساں پھیلے اور دراڑیں نہ پڑیں۔

2023JKSSBJal Shakti / PW(R&B) Department

45📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlVehicle Registration

As per central motor vehicles rules, 1989, the number plate of vehicle should be written

Explanation

According to CMVR, registration marks on vehicle plates must be written in English capital letters with Arabic numerals (e.g. 1, 2, 3, etc.).

موٹر وہیکل قوانین کے مطابق، گاڑی کی نمبر پلیٹ پر لکھے جانے والے الفاظ انگریزی اور عربی ہندسوں (1, 2, 3 وغیرہ) میں ہونے چاہئیں۔

2023JKSSBState Motor Garages Department

46📚🔭 ScienceAquatic Ecology

Plankton size classification:
a. Megaplankton
b. Macroplankton
c. Mesoplankton
d. Microplankton
e. Nanoplankton
f. Picoplankton

And dimensions:
i. 0.2-2 cm
ii. 20 to 200 µm
iii. 0.2 to 2 µm
iv. 2 to 20 µm
v. >20 cm
vi. 2-20 cm

Match correctly:

Explanation

Standard plankton size classes: Megaplankton (>20 cm -> a:v); Macroplankton (2-20 cm -> b:vi); Mesoplankton (0.2-2 cm -> c:i); Microplankton (20-200 µm -> d:ii); Nanoplankton (2-20 µm -> e:iv); Picoplankton (0.2-2 µm -> f:iii). This matches Option A.

پلانکٹن کی سائز کی درجہ بندی: میگا پلانکٹن (>20 cm -> a:v)؛ میکرو پلانکٹن (2-20 cm -> b:vi)؛ میزو پلانکٹن (0.2-2 cm -> c:i)؛ مائیکرو پلانکٹن (20-200 µm -> d:ii)؛ نینو پلانکٹن (2-20 µm -> e:iv)؛ پیکو پلانکٹن (0.2-2 µm -> f:iii)۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

47📚🔭 ScienceAquatic Ecology

Hydrosere Stages of ecological succession in pond/lake are

Explanation

The correct ecological succession sequence in a hydrosere is: 1) Phytoplankton stage, 2) Submerged macrophyte stage, 3) Floating-leaved stage, 4) Reed-swamp stage, 5) Sedge-meadow/marsh stage, 6) Carr (shrub/alder/willow) stage, 7) Woodland stage, and 8) Climax forest stage. This is Option A.

ہائیڈروسیر (پانی میں ماحولیاتی جانشینی) کے مراحل کی درست ترتیب: 1) فائٹوپلانکٹن مرحلہ، 2) ڈوبے ہوئے پودوں کا مرحلہ، 3) تیرتے ہوئے پودوں کا مرحلہ، 4) ریڈ دلدل مرحلہ، 5) دلدلی घास کا مرحلہ، 6) کار (جھاڑی) مرحلہ، 7) جنگلاتی مرحلہ اور 8) کلائمکس فارسٹ مرحلہ۔ یہ آپشن A ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

48📚🔭 ScienceAquaculture

Dose of limefor liming nursery pond depends on

Explanation

The amount of lime required for liming a nursery pond is determined primarily by the pH of the bottom soil. Acidic soils require higher doses of lime to neutralize pH.

نرسری تالاب میں چونا (Lime) ڈالنے کی شرح کا انحصار بنیادی طور پر تالاب کے پیندے کی مٹی کی پی ایچ (pH of soil) پر ہوتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

49📚🔭 ScienceAquaculture

Which are the free floating weeds given below?

Explanation

Azolla, Salvinia, and Wolffia are free-floating macrophytes that float on the water surface without attachment. Typha/Cyperus are emergent weeds, Nelumbo is rooted-floating, and Hydrilla is submerged.

پانی کی سطح پر آزادانہ تیرنے والی جڑی بوٹیوں کی مثالیں ازولا، سالوینیا اور وولفیا (Azolla, salvinia, wolffia) ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal/Sheep Husbandry and Fisheries Department

50📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KEconomy & Agriculture

Jammu and Kashmir is the leading producer of which high-value spice crop in India?

Explanation

Pampore region of Jammu and Kashmir (often called the Saffron Town of Kashmir) is famous for producing high-quality saffron, making J&K the leading producer in India.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

51📚General Intelligence & ReasoningOperating Systems

Which operating system is developed and sold by Apple Inc. for desktop computers and laptops?

Explanation

macOS is Apple's proprietary graphical operating system designed specifically for its Mac computers.

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

52📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyClimate Change & Treaties

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that commits state parties to:

Explanation

The Kyoto Protocol (adopted in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 under the UNFCCC) is an international treaty that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (including

CO_2, CH_4, N_2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF_6

) to fight global warming.

کیوٹو پروٹوکول (Kyoto Protocol) کا بنیادی مقصد گلوبل وارمنگ کے خلاف گرین ہاؤس گیسوں کے اخراج کو کم کرنا ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

53📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyBaseline Environmental Data

In EIA terminology, what does "baseline data" refer to?

Explanation

Baseline data in EIA represents the comprehensive measured status of prevailing ambient environmental conditions (air quality, noise levels, surface/groundwater quality, soil characteristics, biodiversity, and socio-economic status) prior to the inception or construction of the proposed project.

بیس لائن ڈیٹا سے مراد کسی پروجیکٹ کے شروع ہونے سے پہلے علاقے کے موجودہ ماحولیاتی حالات کا ڈیٹا ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

54📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyForestry Institutions in India

The Headquarters of the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) is situated in

Explanation

The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), an autonomous body under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), is headquartered at Dehradun, Uttarakhand.

انڈین کونسل آف فارسٹری ریسرچ اینڈ ایجوکیشن (ICFRE) کا ہیڈ کوارٹر دہرادون میں واقع ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

55📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEcosystem Components: Biotic & Abiotic

The non-living components of the environment, such as water, air, and minerals, are part of the:

Explanation

The abiotic environment consists of all non-living chemical and physical factors in an ecosystem, including sunlight, temperature, water, atmosphere, soil minerals, and precipitation.

ماحول کے بے جان اجزاء جیسے پانی، ہوا، اور معدنیات کو ای بائیوٹک (Abiotic) ماحول کہا جاتا ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

56📚🌿 Environmental Science & EcologyEnvironmental Assessment Tools (REA)

What is the REA tool?

Explanation

In environmental management and disaster response, the REA tool stands for Rapid Environmental Assessment, a streamlined methodology for quickly identifying key environmental vulnerabilities and post-disaster hazards.

REA کا مطلب ریپڈ انوائرنمنٹل اسیسمنٹ (Rapid Environmental Assessment) ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

57📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringLandfill Closure & Vegetation Criteria

Criteria for plantation at landfill sites should be:
1. Locally adopted non edible perineal plants that are resistant to drought and extreme temperature.
2. The selection of plants should be of such variety that their root does not penetrate more than 30 cms. This condition shall apply till landfill is stabilized.
3. Selected plants shall have ability to thrive on low nutrients soil with minimum nutrient addition.
4. Plantation to be made in sufficient density to minimize soil erosion.

Explanation

All four criteria (1, 2, 3, and 4) are standard technical guidelines under municipal solid waste landfill capping rules to prevent root puncture of the barrier membrane while stabilizing topsoil against erosion.

لینڈ فل سائیٹس پر شجرکاری کے لیے چاروں شرائط (مقامی پودے، جڑوں کی محدود گہرائی، کم غذائی مٹی پر افزائش اور کٹاؤ کی روک تھام) درست ہیں۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

58📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringTropical Rainforest Ecology & Soils

Why does the regeneration of a tropical rainforest take longer when compared to a tropical deciduous forest after removal?

Explanation

In tropical rainforests, torrential rains continuously leach minerals deep into the subsoil, leaving topsoil naturally nutrient-poor. Most nutrients are stored in the dense standing biomass itself; once cleared, soil fertility is rapidly lost, making regeneration very slow.

استوائی بارانی جنگلات (Rainforest) کی مٹی میں غذائی اجزاء کی شدید کمی ہوتی ہے کیونکہ تمام غذائی مادے درختوں کے اندر محفوظ ہوتے ہیں۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

59📚Water Quality & Wastewater EngineeringSewage Sludge Disposal & Heavy Metals

Municipal sewage sludge can be used as a fertilizer but may be unsuitable because of the presence of:

Explanation

Municipal sewage sludge (biosolids) contains valuable plant nutrients but can be hazardous for agricultural application due to the presence of non-biodegradable Heavy Metals (

Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, As

) and organic micropollutants that bioaccumulate in food crops.

سیوریج سلج میں بھاری دھاتوں (Heavy metals) کی موجودگی اسے زرعی کھاد کے لیے غیر محفوظ بنا سکتی ہے۔

2023JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

60📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsCropping Seasons: Kharif, Rabi, Zaid

Which of the following statements regarding Zaid crops is/are correct?
1. Zaid crops are summer-season crops, grown from March to July.
2. These crops require warmer weather for vegetative growth and longer day length for reproductive growth.
3. Maize is a Zaid crop that requires a temperature between

21^{\circ}\text{C}

27^{\circ}\text{C}

and grows well in old alluvial soil.

Explanation

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Zaid crops (like watermelon, cucumber, muskmelon, fodder) are short-season summer crops grown between Rabi and Kharif (March to June/July). Maize is primarily a Kharif crop (Statement 3 is incorrect).

زائد فصلیں گرمیوں میں مارچ سے جولائی کے دوران اگائی جاتی ہیں اور انہیں گرم موسم کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔ (1 اور 2 درست ہیں)۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

61📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsWalnut & Fruit Varieties of J&K

Which of the following is not a variety of walnuts?

Explanation

Kagzi, Sulaiman, and Burzil are famous indigenous commercial varieties of walnuts grown in Jammu & Kashmir. 'Raktsey Karpo' is a GI-tagged premium variety of Apricot (Khumani) from Ladakh.

راکتسے کارپو (Raktsey Karpo) خوبانی (Apricot) کی قسم ہے، اخروٹ کی نہیں۔ کاغذی، سلیمان اور برزل اخروٹ کی اقسام ہیں۔

2024JKSSBVarious Departments

62📚General EnglishComprehension Passage: Renewable Energy

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"In an era marked by environmental concerns and the urgent need for action against climate change, sustainable energy has emerged as a beacon of hope. Sustainable energy, also known as renewable energy, refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and have minimal impact on our environment. The various energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. The adoption of sustainable energy holds immense promise in addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By transitioning to renewable sources, we can mitigate the harmful effects of climate change, improve air quality, and safeguard the health of both people and the planet.

Furthermore, it promotes security by diversifying the supply of energy and by reducing vulnerability to geopolitical conflicts and fluctuations in fossil fuel prices. It also fosters economic growth and job creation, as the renewable energy sector continues to expand and innovate. However, the pursuit of sustainable energy is closely linked to various global goals and initiatives. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasize the importance of ensuring access to reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Additionally, the Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial level. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. This involves investing in research and development, implementing supportive policies and regulations, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting public awareness and education."

Question:
Which of the following is NOT considered a renewable energy source?

Explanation

According to the passage and general science, Coal is a finite fossil fuel (non-renewable), whereas solar, wind, and hydroelectric are renewable.

کوئلہ (Coal) غیر قابل تجدید فوسل ایندھن ہے۔

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63📚General EnglishComprehension Passage: Renewable Energy

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"In an era marked by environmental concerns and the urgent need for action against climate change, sustainable energy has emerged as a beacon of hope. Sustainable energy, also known as renewable energy, refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and have minimal impact on our environment. The various energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. The adoption of sustainable energy holds immense promise in addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By transitioning to renewable sources, we can mitigate the harmful effects of climate change, improve air quality, and safeguard the health of both people and the planet.

Furthermore, it promotes security by diversifying the supply of energy and by reducing vulnerability to geopolitical conflicts and fluctuations in fossil fuel prices. It also fosters economic growth and job creation, as the renewable energy sector continues to expand and innovate. However, the pursuit of sustainable energy is closely linked to various global goals and initiatives. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasize the importance of ensuring access to reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Additionally, the Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial level. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. This involves investing in research and development, implementing supportive policies and regulations, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting public awareness and education."

Question:
What is the primary goal of adopting sustainable energy?

Explanation

As stated in the passage: "One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels... which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution."

پائیدار توانائی کا بنیادی مقصد گرین ہاؤس گیسوں کے اخراج اور فضائی آلودگی کو کم کرنا ہے۔

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64📚General EnglishComprehension Passage: Renewable Energy

Read the following passage carefully to answer the question:

"In an era marked by environmental concerns and the urgent need for action against climate change, sustainable energy has emerged as a beacon of hope. Sustainable energy, also known as renewable energy, refers to energy sources that are naturally replenished and have minimal impact on our environment. The various energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass. The adoption of sustainable energy holds immense promise in addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. One of its primary goals is to reduce dependence on finite fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. By transitioning to renewable sources, we can mitigate the harmful effects of climate change, improve air quality, and safeguard the health of both people and the planet.

Furthermore, it promotes security by diversifying the supply of energy and by reducing vulnerability to geopolitical conflicts and fluctuations in fossil fuel prices. It also fosters economic growth and job creation, as the renewable energy sector continues to expand and innovate. However, the pursuit of sustainable energy is closely linked to various global goals and initiatives. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasize the importance of ensuring access to reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Additionally, the Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial level. Governments, businesses, and individuals must work together to accelerate the transition to sustainable energy. This involves investing in research and development, implementing supportive policies and regulations, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting public awareness and education."

Question:
How is sustainable energy linked to global initiatives?

Explanation

The passage explicitly connects sustainable energy to the UN SDGs and the Paris Agreement temperature targets.

پائیدار توانائی اقوام متحدہ کے SDGs اور پیرس معاہدے سے منسلک ہے۔

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65📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringSoil Phase Relationships

The soil has a bulk density of

44\text{ kN/m}^3

and water content 10%. The dry density of soil is

Explanation

Dry density

\gamma_d = \frac{\gamma}{1 + w} = \frac{44\text{ kN/m}^3}{1 + 0.10} = \frac{44}{1.10} = 40\text{ kN/m}^3

خشک کثافت کا فارمولا:

\gamma_d = \frac{\gamma}{1+w} = \frac{44}{1.10} = 40\text{ kN/m}^3

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66📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringShear Strength of Soils

Considering
(i) The structural resistance to displacement of the soil
(ii) Frictional resistance between the individual soil particles
(iii) Cohesion between the surface of the soil particles.
The Shear strength of a soil basically made up of these statements

Explanation

According to soil mechanics principles (Coulomb-Terzaghi criterion), shear strength consists of: (i) structural interlocking resistance against displacement, (ii) internal frictional resistance between grains (

sigma' \tan phi

), and (iii) true and apparent cohesion (

c

مٹی کی شیئر کی طاقت انٹرلاکنگ، رگڑ اور ہم آہنگی (i, ii اور iii) تینوں اجزاء سے مل کر بنتی ہے۔

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67📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringDuty, Delta and Base Period

If duty is

1428\text{ hectares/cumec}

and base period is 120 days for an irrigated crop, then the delta in meters is given by

Explanation

Delta

\Delta = \frac{8.64 \times B}{D} = \frac{8.64 \times 120}{1428} = \frac{1036.8}{1428} = 0.726\text{ meters}

ڈیلٹا کا فارمولا: \Delta = \frac{8.64 \times B}{D} = \frac{8.64 \times 120}{1428} = 0.726 میٹر۔

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68📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringKhosla's Theory & Weirs on Permeable Soils

Khosla's theory of independent variables is used in the design of
a. Weirs and barrages
b. Cross regulators and head regulators
c. Modules

Explanation

Khosla's Theory of Independent Variables is used for designing hydraulic structures on permeable foundations against uplift pressure and exit gradient, specifically Weirs, Barrages, Cross Regulators, and Head Regulators (Both a and b).

خوسلا کی تھیوری ویرز، بیراجز اور ریگولیٹرز کے ڈیزائن میں استعمال ہوتی ہے (Both a and b)۔

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69📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringPhase Relationships & Moisture Content

A soil sample has a total unit weight of

16.97\text{ kN/m}^3

and a void ratio of 0.84. Determine the moisture content.

Explanation

For standard soil with specific gravity

G = 2.65

, dry unit weight

\gamma_d = \frac{G \gamma_w}{1+e} = \frac{2.65 \times 9.81}{1 + 0.84} = \frac{25.996}{1.84} = 14.13\text{ kN/m}^3

. Water content

w = \frac{\gamma}{\gamma_d} - 1 = \frac{16.97}{14.13} - 1 = 1.201 - 1 = 0.201 \approx 25\%

مٹی کا نمی کا تناسب تقریباً 25% حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

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70📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringPrinciple of Effective Stress

Which of the following properties depend on effective stress?

Explanation

According to Terzaghi's effective stress principle, all measurable mechanical soil engineering behaviors—including shear resistance (strength), volume change (compressibility/consolidation), and void-dependent permeability—depend directly on Effective Stress.

مٹی کی شیئر کی طاقت، کمپریسیبلٹی اور پارگمیتا (Permeability) سبھی موثر دباؤ (Effective stress) پر منحصر ہیں۔

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71📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringSoil Compaction Equipment

The rollers ideally suited for cohesive soils are

Explanation

Sheepsfoot (tamping foot) rollers compact soil through a combination of kneading action and high static pressure, making them ideally suited for plastic cohesive clayey soils.

چپکنے والی مٹی (Cohesive soils) کے لیے شیپ فٹ رولر (Sheep foot roller) سب سے زیادہ موزوں ہے۔

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72📚🌱 Soil Mechanics & Geotechnical EngineeringSensitivity & Thixotropy of Clays

The ratio of unconfined compressive strength of an undisturbed sample of soil to that of a remoulded sample, at the same water content is known as

Explanation

Sensitivity (

S_t

) of a clay is defined as the ratio of unconfined compressive strength in its undisturbed natural state to that in its completely remoulded state at the same moisture content (

S_t = q_u(\text{undisturbed}) / q_u(\text{remoulded})

غیر پریشان شدہ اور دوبارہ ڈھالی گئی مٹی کی طاقت کے تناسب کو سینسیٹیویٹی (Sensitivity) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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73📚🌊 Irrigation & Water Resources EngineeringSoil-Moisture-Plant Relationships

Wheat is to be grown in a field having field capacity equal to 30% and the permanent wilting point equal to 10%. Irrigation water is to be supplied when the moisture content of the soil falls to 20%. The root zone depth is

1\text{ m}

, dry weight of soil is

14\text{ kN/m}^3

and the specific weight of water is

10\text{ kN/m}^3

. The Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR) for the above cultivation is:

Explanation

NIR = \frac{\gamma_d}{\gamma_w} \times d \times (FC - m_{opt}) = \frac{14\text{ kN/m}^3}{10\text{ kN/m}^3} \times 1.0\text{ m} \times (0.30 - 0.20) = 1.4 \times 1.0 \times 0.10 = 0.14\text{ m} = 14\text{ cm}

خالص آبپاشی کی ضرورت NIR = \frac{14}{10} \times 1.0 \times (0.30 - 0.20) = 14 سینٹی میٹر ہے۔

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74📚General EnglishClimate Change & UNFCCC

Which country has been selected to host the "Loss and Damage" fund board aimed at supporting countries affected by climate change?

Explanation

The Philippines (Manila) was officially selected to host the Board of the 'Loss and Damage' Fund established under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) at COP28 to assist vulnerable nations facing climate disasters.

فلپائن (Philippines) کو موسمیاتی تبدیلیوں کے 'نقصان اور خسارے' (Loss and Damage) فنڈ بورڈ کی میزبانی کے لیے منتخب کیا گیا ہے۔

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75📚General EnglishSoil Types & Crop Suitability

Heavy retentive soil is favorable for which type of crop?

Explanation

Heavy, clay-rich, moisture-retentive soils hold standing water and large water capacities, which are ideally suited for water-intensive wet crops like Sugarcane and Rice (Paddy).

زیادہ نمی جذب اور روک کر رکھنے والی بھاری مٹی گنے اور چاول (Sugarcane and Rice) کی فصل کے لیے انتہائی موزوں ہے۔

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76📚General EnglishHorticulture in Jammu & Kashmir

Which district is known as 'Apple Bowl of Jammu and Kashmir'?

Explanation

Shopian district in South Kashmir is famously known as the 'Apple Bowl of Jammu and Kashmir' because of its vast, high-density, superior-quality apple orchards.

جنوبی کشمیر کے ضلع شوپیاں (Shopian) کو جموں و کشمیر کا 'سیب کا پیالہ' (Apple Bowl of J&K) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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77📚Computer Knowledge & ReasoningLinear Diophantine Equations

A mango cost Rs. 7 each. An apple cost Rs. 5 each. If Rs. 38 are spent on these fruits, the number of mangoes purchased is

Explanation

Let

m

be mangoes and

a

be apples:

7m + 5a = 38

. For integer values: If

m = 4 \implies 7(4) + 5a = 28 + 5a = 38 \implies 5a = 10 \implies a = 2

. Thus, 4 mangoes were purchased.

مساوات

7m + 5a = 38

میں جب

m = 4

رکھیں تو

a = 2

آتا ہے۔ یعنی آموں کی تعداد 4 ہے۔

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78📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KDrainage System: West-Flowing Rivers

Which among the following rivers flows from East to West, eventually meeting the Arabian sea?

Explanation

The Narmada River (along with the Tapti) flows westwards through a rift valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges and empties into the Arabian Sea at the Gulf of Khambhat.

دریائے نرمدا (Narmada) مشرق سے مغرب کی طرف بہہ کر بحیرہ عرب میں گرتا ہے۔

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79📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KCropping Seasons: Kharif vs Rabi

Which of these is not a Kharif crop?

Explanation

Wheat is a major Rabi crop (sown in winter in Oct-Nov and harvested in spring in March-April). Groundnut, Paddy, and Maize are Kharif (monsoon) crops.

گندم (Wheat) ایک ربیع کی فصل ہے، خریف کی فصل نہیں ہے۔

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80📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KGenerations of Computers

Match the computer generation with its corresponding characteristic.
List - I (Computer generation): i) First Generation, ii) Second Generation, iii) Third Generation, iv) Fourth Generation, v) Fifth Generation
List - II (Characteristic): 1) Utilized microprocessors, personal computers emerged., 2) Used vacuum tubes, large size, limited processing power., 3) Featured transistors, smaller and more reliable., 4) Focused on parallel processing, artificial intelligence, and natural language processing., 5) Introduced integrated circuits, reduced size and power consumption.

Explanation

1st Gen = Vacuum tubes (i-2), 2nd Gen = Transistors (ii-3), 3rd Gen = Integrated Circuits (iii-5), 4th Gen = Microprocessors / VLSI (iv-1), 5th Gen = Artificial Intelligence & Parallel Processing (v-4). Correct matching: i-2, ii-3, iii-5, iv-1, v-4.

کمپیوٹر کی نسلوں کا درست ملاپ: i-2، ii-3، iii-5، iv-1، v-4 ہے۔

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81📚Numerical & Reasoning AbilityCoastlines of Indian States

Which of the following States has the longest coastline in India?

Explanation

Gujarat has the longest coastline among all Indian states, spanning approximately

1,600\text{ km}

along the Arabian Sea.

ہندوستان میں سب سے لمبی سمندری ساحلی پٹی ریاست گجرات (Gujarat - 1600 کلومیٹر) کی ہے۔

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82📚Numerical & Reasoning AbilityClimate Extremes in India & Ladakh

\underline{\hspace{1.5cm}}

is the coldest inhabited place in India.

Explanation

Drass, situated in the Kargil district of Ladakh at an altitude of

3,280\text{ m}

, is famously known as the 'Gateway to Ladakh' and is the coldest inhabited place in India (and second coldest permanently inhabited place in the world after Oymyakon, Siberia).

دراس (Drass - لداخ) ہندوستان کا سب سے سرد ترین آباد مقام ہے۔

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83📚Numerical & Reasoning AbilityMajor Towns & Horticulture in J&K

Which town in Jammu and Kashmir is also known as Apple Town?

Explanation

Sopore in Baramulla district is historically referred to as the 'Apple Town of Kashmir' and hosts Asia's second-largest fruit mandi (Shopian is known as the 'Apple Bowl').

سوپور (ضلع بارہمولہ) کو کشمیر کا 'ایپل ٹاؤن' (Apple Town) کہا جاتا ہے جہاں ایشیا کی دوسری بڑی فروٹ منڈی ہے۔

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84📚Basic Concepts of ComputersHardware Components: Semiconductor ICs

'IC chips' for computers are usually made of which metal?

Explanation

Integrated Circuit (IC) chips and microprocessors are fabricated from Silicon semiconductor crystal wafers.

کمپیوٹر کی آئی سی چپس (IC chips) سلیکان (Silicon) سیمی کنڈکٹر سے بنائی جاتی ہیں۔

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85📚General Awareness & ScienceFestivals of Jammu & Kashmir

In Kashmir valley 'Shivratri' is also known as

Explanation

Maha Shivratri is celebrated by Kashmiri Pandits as 'Herath' (derived from Sanskrit 'Hararatri' - Night of Hara/Shiva) with unique religious rituals and walnuts.

کشمیر کی وادی میں شیو راتری کو 'ہیرتھ' (Herath) کے نام سے منایا جاتا ہے۔

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86📚General Awareness & ScienceKarewa Formations & Saffron Cultivation

Kerewa soil is best for growing

Explanation

Karewa lacustrine plateau soils (intermontane alluvial terraces) in Kashmir, particularly around Pampore, are world-renowned for the cultivation of high-grade Saffron (Zafran) and almonds.

کشمیر کی کریوا مٹی زعفران (Saffron) کی کاشت کے لیے دنیا بھر میں مشہور ہے۔

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87📚General Awareness & ScienceMajor Towns of J&K

Saffron town of Kashmir is

Explanation

Pampore, located in the Pulwama district along the banks of the Jhelum river in the Kashmir Valley, is universally celebrated as the 'Saffron Town of Kashmir'.

پامپور (ضلع پلوامہ) کو کشمیر کا 'زعفرانی قصبہ' (Saffron town) کہا جاتا ہے۔

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88📚General Awareness & ScienceCropping Seasons: Kharif, Rabi, Zaid

Which of the following is a Kharif crop?

Explanation

Groundnut (peanut) is a major Kharif oilseed crop sown with the onset of the monsoon in June–July and harvested in autumn. Wheat and Peas are Rabi crops; Pumpkin is a Zaid summer crop.

مونگ پھلی (Groundnut) ایک خریف (Kharif) فصل ہے جو مانسون میں بوئی جاتی ہے۔

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89📚General Awareness & ScienceNicknames of Indian States

Which state is also known as the "Fruit Bowl" of India?

Explanation

Himachal Pradesh is widely celebrated as the 'Fruit Bowl of India' (and Apple State of India) due to its temperate climatic conditions producing abundant apples, peaches, plums, apricots, and pears.

ہماچل پردیش کو اپنے وسیع سیب اور پھلوں کے باغات کی وجہ سے 'فروٹ باؤل آف انڈیا' کہا جاتا ہے۔

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90📚General Awareness & ScienceNational Song vs National Anthem

The National Song of India was written and composed by

Explanation

The National Song of India, 'Vande Mataram', was written in Sanskritized Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in his 1882 novel 'Anandamath'. (The National Anthem 'Jana Gana Mana' was composed by Rabindranath Tagore).

قومی گیت 'وندے ماترم' بنکم چندر چٹرجی نے اپنی ناول آنند مٹھ میں لکھا تھا۔

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91📚General Awareness & ScienceCultural Dances of Jammu

Kud Dance is performed in honour of

Explanation

Kud Dance is a traditional celebratory ritual folk dance of the Jammu hills (Bhadarwah, Kishtwar, Udhampur) performed at night around a bonfire in honour of the local guardian deities (Lok Devtas / Gram Devtas) after successful crop harvesting.

کد رقص (Kud dance) جموں کے پہاڑی علاقوں میں مقامی دیوتاؤں (Lok devta) کے احترام میں کیا جاتا ہے۔

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92📚General Awareness & ScienceSaffron Cultivation & Agricultural Titles

Which of the following activities in Indian agriculture is known as "Golden Zest"?

Explanation

Saffron (Zafran) cultivation in Kashmir is poetically referred to as the 'Golden Zest' (or Golden Bowl / Golden Condiment) owing to its exquisite crimson-gold stigmas and extraordinary market value.

ہندوستانی زراعت میں زعفران کی کاشت (Saffron cultivation) کو 'گولڈن زیسٹ' کہا جاتا ہے۔

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93📚General Awareness & ScienceEast-Flowing vs West-Flowing Rivers

Which of the following river is not a west flowing river in India?

Explanation

The Rushikulya River is an East-flowing river in Odisha draining into the Bay of Bengal (famous for Olive Ridley turtle nesting). Bharathappuzha, Sabarmati, and Periyar flow west into the Arabian Sea.

دریائے روشیکولیا (Rushikulya) اوڈیشہ کا مشرق کی طرف بہنے والا دریا ہے جو خلیج بنگال میں گرتا ہے۔

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94📚General Awareness & ScienceMajor Commercial & Plantation Crops

Which state is the largest coffee-producing in India?

Explanation

Karnataka is by far the largest coffee-producing state in India, contributing over

70\%

of India's total coffee output (primarily Arabica and Robusta from Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru, and Hassan).

ہندوستان میں سب سے زیادہ کافی پیدا کرنے والی ریاست کرناٹک (Karnataka) ہے۔

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95📚General Awareness & ScienceWestern Disturbances & Winter Weather in Kashmir

The Kashmir region receives an additional amount of precipitation during the winter brought by which of the following?

Explanation

Winter precipitation (heavy snowfall and rain) across the Kashmir Himalayas is caused by Western Disturbances, which are extratropical cyclonic weather systems originating over the Mediterranean Sea.

کشمیر میں موسم سرما کی برف باری اور بارشیں مغربی ہوائی خلل یعنی ویسٹرن ڈسٹربنس (Western Disturbances) کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہیں۔

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96📚General Awareness & ScienceChemistry: Agricultural Fertilizers

Which one of the following is not used as fertiliser?

Explanation

Ammonium sulphide (

(\text{NH}_4)_2\text{S}

) is an unstable, foul-smelling chemical used in photographic developers, not as a crop fertilizer. Ammonium sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate are major nitrogenous fertilizers.

امونیم سلفائیڈ کھاد کے طور پر استعمال نہیں ہوتا۔

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97📚General Awareness & ScienceRabi Cropping Season

Consider the following statements:
1. The Rabi crops are sown around mid-November, after the monsoon rains are over, and
2. Harvesting begins in April/May.
Which of the above statement is/are NOT true?

Explanation

Both statements accurately describe the Indian Rabi agricultural cropping cycle (sown in winter Oct–Nov and harvested in spring April–May). Therefore, None of the statements is untrue.

دونوں بیانات درست ہیں، لہذا کوئی بھی بیان غلط نہیں ہے (None)۔

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98📚General Awareness & ScienceSoil Types of India

Which of the following soil is having maximum water retention capacity?

Explanation

Black soil (Regur / Black Cotton soil), rich in clayey montmorillonite minerals, expands when wet and possesses exceptionally high moisture-retention capacity.

کالی مٹی (Black soil) میں پانی کو جذب اور برقرار رکھنے کی صلاحیت سب سے زیادہ ہوتی ہے۔

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99📚General Awareness with special ref to UT of J&KCrop Sowing Seasons across Agro-Climatic Zones

Which of the following statement is true regarding sowing of wheat in Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh?

Explanation

In the Kashmir Valley, wheat is a winter Rabi crop sown in October–November before snowfall; in the high-altitude cold desert of Ladakh, wheat is a spring crop sown in May after winter snow melts.

کشمیر میں گندم کی بوائی اکتوبر-نومبر میں اور لداخ میں مئی کے مہینے میں ہوتی ہے۔

2023JKSSBDepartment of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

100📚General English & ComprehensionIrregular Verbs & Tenses

She ______ the best apples from the basket.

Explanation

The past tense 'chose' (irregular past of 'choose') correctly describes a completed past action with a third-person singular active subject.

ماضی کے سادہ جملے میں فعل کی دوسری صورت 'chose' درست ہے۔

2023JKSSBDepartment of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj

101📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KMilankovitch Astronomical Climate Cycles

Which of the following was NOT considered by Milankovitch in his mathematical model of climate change?

Explanation

Milankovitch orbital cycles account for three astronomical variations: 1. Eccentricity of orbit (~100,000 yr cycle), 2. Obliquity/Axial tilt (~41,000 yr cycle), and 3. Axial/Orbital Precession (~26,000 yr cycle). Changes in diurnal rotational speed were NOT part of his model.

میلانکووچ نے اپنے آب و ہوا کے ماڈل میں زمین کی گردش کی رفتار کی تبدیلی کو شامل نہیں کیا تھا۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

102📚General EnglishFlora of Kashmir Himalayas

Which of the following statements accurately describes the biodiversity and flora of Jammu and Kashmir?
1. The flora of Himalayan Kashmir comprises about 3054 species, including angiosperms, gymnosperms, and pteridophytes.
2. Only 5% of Indian mammals are found in Jammu and Kashmir.
3. Jammu and Kashmir has a uniform climate, leading to low faunal diversity.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Statement 1 is botanical consensus: The vascular flora of Kashmir Himalaya encompasses ~3054 documented species. Statement 3 is false (J&K possesses diverse subtropical to alpine microclimates and high faunal endemism). Statement 2 is false. Thus, 1 only is correct.

کشمیر ہمالیہ کے نباتات میں تقریباً 3054 پرجاتیوں کے پودے پائے جاتے ہیں (صرف بیان 1 درست ہے)۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

103📚General EnglishSericulture and Cold-Water Fisheries in Kashmir

Which region of Jammu & Kashmir is known for its sericulture and cold-water fisheries?

Explanation

The Kashmir Valley is renowned throughout India for mulberry silk sericulture (producing fine bivoltine silk) and cold-water freshwater fisheries (celebrated for Rainbow Trout and Brown Trout culture in Kokernag and Lidder).

کشمیر کی وادی ریشم سازی (Sericulture) اور سرد پانی کی ٹراؤٹ مچھلیوں کے لیے مشہور ہے۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

104📚General EnglishPrimary Economic Sectors in J&K

What is the predominant economic activity in Jammu & Kashmir?

Explanation

Agriculture and allied sectors (horticulture, fruit farming, paddy, saffron) form the backbone of J&K's economy, providing direct and indirect livelihoods to nearly 70% of the population.

جموں و کشمیر کی معیشت کا سب سے غالب اور بنیادی شعبہ زراعت و باغبانی (Agriculture & Horticulture) ہے۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

105📚General EnglishKashmir Saffron Cultivation & Botany

What is the scientific name of the saffron plant cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

Kashmir Saffron (celebrated for its thick stigmas, high crocin content, and GI tag) is scientifically classified as Crocus sativus (belonging to the family Iridaceae).

کشمیر کے مشہور زعفران کا سائنسی نام Crocus sativus ہے۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

106📚Basic MathematicsAnalogy: Biological & Nutritional Relationships

Select the option that is related to the third term in the same way as the second term is related to the first term:
Body : Vitamin :: Crop : ?

Explanation

Vitamins are vital supplementary nutrients required for the healthy growth and nourishment of the human Body; similarly, Fertilizers are essential supplementary nutrients applied to nourish and grow agricultural Crops.

جس طرح جسم کو وٹامن کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے، اسی طرح فصل کو کھاد (Fertilizer) کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔

2024JKSSBRevenue Department

107📚Automobile Mechanisms & Pollution ControlRule 50: Registration Mark Script & Font

As per Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, the number plate of a vehicle should be written in

Explanation

Under Rule 50 and Rule 51 of CMVR, 1989, registration marks on number plates must be displayed in capital Roman English letters with international Arabic numerals (e.g. JK01AB1234).

نمبر پلیٹ پر حروف انگریزی میں اور ہندسے بین الاقوامی عربی اعداد (Arabic numerals) میں لکھے ہونے چاہییں۔

2023JKSSBTransport / Various Departments

108📚General Knowledge & Current Affairs with special ref to J&KKarewa Formations and Saffron

The lacustrine deposits of Kashmir called 'Karewas' are known for

Explanation

The Pleistocene lacustrine plateau deposits known as Karewas (Vudr in Kashmiri) in Pampore and surrounding plateaus are world-renowned for the cultivation of Zafran (Kashmir Saffron).

کشمیر کے کاریوا (Karewas) پلیٹوز زعفران کی کاشت (Saffron Cultivation) کے لیے مشہور ہیں۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

109🔬General ScienceMicroprocessor vs Microcomputer

One of the main features that distinguishes a microprocessor from a microcomputer is that

Explanation

A microprocessor consists solely of the CPU (ALU, control unit, registers) on a single IC without built-in RAM, ROM, or I/O ports, whereas a microcomputer includes the full integrated system with memory and peripherals.

مائیکرو پروسیسر صرف CPU پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے، اس میں میموری اور I/O ڈیوائسز شامل نہیں ہوتیں۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

110📚Computer ApplicationsNitrogen Assimilation in Plants

What do plants convert absorbed nitrates and nitrites into after nitrogen fixation?

Explanation

Plants reduce soil nitrates into ammonium ions and incorporate them via glutamine synthetase pathways into organic Amino Acids (the building blocks of proteins).

پودے نائٹریٹ کو پروٹین کے بنیادی اجزاء یعنی امینو ایسڈز (Amino acids) میں تبدیل کرتے ہیں۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

111📚Accountancy & Financial ManagementFictitious Word Substitution Coding

If 'Apple' is known as 'Mango', 'Mango' is known as 'Banana', 'Banana' is known as 'Papaya' and 'Papaya' is known as 'Litchi', then what would be the name of the Indian National Fruit?

Explanation

The National Fruit of India is the Mango. According to the substitution code, 'Mango' is called 'Banana'.

ہندوستان کا قومی پھل آم (Mango) ہے، اور کوڈ کے مطابق آم کو 'Banana' کہا گیا ہے۔

2024JKSSBFinance Department

112📚General Awareness with special ref to UT of J&KLaterite Soils Characteristics

Consider the following statements regarding Laterite soils of India:
a. Laterite soils of India are generally red in colour.
b. They are rich in nitrogen and potash.
c. They are well-developed in Rajasthan and UP.
d. Tapioca and cashew nuts grow well on these soils.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements (a) and (d) are correct: Laterite soils are brick-red due to iron oxides and support plantation crops like Cashew, Tapioca, Tea, and Coffee. Statements (b) and (c) are false because they are highly leached, poor in nitrogen/potash/humus, and found along the Western Ghats, Kerala, and Odisha (not arid Rajasthan/UP).

لیٹرائٹ مٹی سرخ رنگ کی ہوتی ہے (a) اور کاجو و ٹیپیوکا کے لیے بہترین ہے (d)، لہذا a اور d درست ہیں۔

2024JKSSBSocial Welfare Department

113📚General Awareness with special ref to UT of J&KKöppen Climate Classification for Ladakh (BWk)

According to Köppen's classification of climate, Ladakh falls under

Explanation

Ladakh is a high-altitude trans-Himalayan cold desert receiving sparse precipitation (

<100\text{ mm}

annually), classified as BWk (Arid Desert, Cold climate) under Köppen's climatic taxonomy.

کوپن کی موسمیاتی درجہ بندی کے مطابق لداخ سرد صحرا یعنی BWk زمرے میں آتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBSocial Welfare Department

114📚General Awareness with special ref to UT of J&KSericulture: Silk Extraction

Silk, the natural protein fiber, is obtained from

Explanation

Natural silk fiber is harvested from the protective pupal Cocoons spun by the larvae of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) during sericulture.

قدرتی ریشم کا دھاگہ ریشم کے کیڑے کے کوکون (Cocoon) سے حاصل ہوتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBSocial Welfare Department

115📚Specialisation (Sociology, Social Work & Child Development)Environmental Terminology & Definitions

Match environmental concepts with their definitions:
a. Renewable Energy — 5. Energy derived from naturally replenished sources (sunlight, wind, water)
b. Carbon Footprint — 2. Total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities
c. Anthropogenic — 4. Resulting from the influence of human beings on nature
d. Climate Mitigation — 3. Actions taken to reduce or prevent GHG emissions
e. Greenhouse Effect — 1. Earth's atmosphere trapping solar radiation, increasing surface temperature

Explanation

Environmental definitions: Renewable energy is replenished naturally (a-5); Carbon footprint measures GHG emission total (b-2); Anthropogenic means human-caused (c-4); Mitigation means emissions reduction (d-3); Greenhouse effect warms the planet (e-1)

\implies

a-5, b-2, c-4, d-3, e-1.

ماحولیاتی اصطلاحات کے درست جوڑے a-5, b-2, c-4, d-3, e-1 ہیں۔

2024JKSSBSocial Welfare Department

116📚Basic EnglishReading Comprehension

In the context of the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Explanation

The text emphasizes that girls are twice as likely to be out of school in crisis situations and face heightened vulnerabilities.

بحران کے دوران نوجوان لڑکیاں زیادہ تعلیمی اور نفسیاتی خطرات سے دوچار ہوتی ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

117📚General Awareness & ScienceWorld Pulses Day 2023 Theme

What was the official theme of 'World Pulses Day' 2023 celebrated on February 10?

Explanation

The United Nations FAO designated 'Pulses for a Sustainable Future' as the theme for World Pulses Day 2023 to highlight the role of pulses in soil biodiversity and food security.

ورلڈ پلسز ڈے 2023 کا تھیم 'Pulses for a Sustainable Future' تھا۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

118📚General Awareness & ScienceHabba Khatoon (Nightingale of Kashmir)

Which celebrated 16th-century poetess and queen of Sultan Yousuf Shah Chak is known as the 'Nightingale of Kashmir' (Zoon)?

Explanation

Habba Khatoon (born Zoon in Chandhara, Pampore) introduced the romantic 'Lol' lyric genre to Kashmiri poetry and is affectionately called the 'Nightingale of Kashmir'.

کشمیر کی بلبل (Nightingale of Kashmir) کے لقب سے حبہ خاتون (Habba Khatoon) مشہور ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

119📚General Awareness & SciencePampore Saffron Festival

In which month is the vibrant Saffron Festival (Jashn-e-Zafran) celebrated in Pampore, Jammu & Kashmir?

Explanation

The Saffron Festival is celebrated in November during the peak autumn purple blossom harvest season across the Karewas of Pampore.

پامپور میں زعفران فیسٹیول فصل کٹائی کے دوران نومبر (November) میں منایا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

120📚General Awareness & ScienceUNFCCC COP Summits

What does the abbreviation 'COP28' stand for in the context of UN climate change summits?

Explanation

COP28 stands for the 28th annual Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in Dubai in 2023.

COP28 کا مخفف 'Conference of the Parties 28' (اقوام متحدہ موسمیاتی کانفرنس) ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

121📚Basic ReasoningNational Flag of India

In the National Flag of India (Tiranga), which color band is positioned at the bottom?

Explanation

The Indian National Flag is a horizontal tricolour of India Saffron at the top, White in the middle (with the navy blue 24-spoke Ashoka Chakra), and India Green (Dark Green) at the bottom.

ترنگے کے سب سے نچلے حصے میں گہرا سبز (Dark Green) رنگ ہوتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

122📚Basic EnglishCropping Patterns: Food Crops vs Cash Crops

Which of the following agricultural crops is categorized as a commercial Cash Crop?

Explanation

Sugarcane is a premier commercial cash crop grown specifically for agro-industrial processing into sugar and ethanol.

گنا (Sugarcane) ایک اہم نقد آور فصل (Cash crop) ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

123📚Basic EnglishKashmir Saffron & Karewa Formations

The lacustrine plateau uplands of Pampore (locally called 'Wudar' or Karewas) in Kashmir are world-famous for the commercial cultivation of which precious spice?

Explanation

Pampore's Karewa formations (Wudar) provide ideal calcium-rich lacustrine soil and sub-temperate climate for Kashmir Saffron (Crocus sativus), which holds a GI tag.

پامپور کے ودر (Karewas) زعفران (Saffron) کی کاشت کے لیے دنیا بھر میں مشہور ہیں۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

124📚Basic EnglishKashmiri Festivals: Herath

In the Kashmir Valley, the major religious festival of 'Maha Shivaratri' is traditionally celebrated by Kashmiri Pandits under what indigenous name?

Explanation

Kashmiri Pandits celebrate Shivaratri over a fortnight as 'Herath' (derived from the Sanskrit Hararatri — Night of Hara/Shiva), involving traditional vatuk puja with walnuts.

کشمیر میں مہاشیو راتری کو مقامی طور پر 'ہیراتھ' (Herath) کہا جاتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

125📚Basic EnglishKöppen Climate Classification

Which world-famous climatologist was inspired by Albrecht Penck's geomorphological ideas to create the empirical Köppen Climate Classification system?

Explanation

Russian-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen developed the widely used vegetation-based world climate classification scheme in 1884, heavily influenced by Penck and De Candolle.

دنیا کا معروف موسمیاتی نظام ولادیمیر کوپن (Wladimir Köppen) نے تیار کیا۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

126📚Basic EnglishGolden Revolution: Horticulture and Honey

The 'Golden Revolution' in Indian agriculture is associated with the exponential development of:

Explanation

The Golden Revolution (1991–2003, spearheaded by Nirpakh Tutej) focused on boosting production of Honey, Fruits, and overall Horticulture in India.

گولڈن ریولوشن (Golden Revolution) کا تعلق باغبانی، پھلوں اور شہد کی پیداوار سے ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

127📚General Awareness & ScienceKöppen Climate Zones in the Himalayas

According to Köppen's classification of Indian climate, the higher mountainous regions of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand fall under which climatic zone?

Explanation

Under Köppen's climatic map of India, the high Himalayan parts of J&K, HP, and Uttarakhand are categorized under the Cold Humid with sharp winter type (Dfc) and Alpine/Tundra (ET).

کوپن کے مطابق ہمالیائی خطہ سرد مرطوب زمرے (Cold Humid / Dfc) میں آتا ہے۔

2024JKSSBAnimal / Sheep Husbandry Department

128📚General English & ComprehensionSupercomputers & IT Infrastructure

Which ministry/department is responsible for the functioning of 'Pratyush', India's high-performance computing (HPC) system?

Explanation

Pratyush is a 4.0 Petaflops High Performance Computing (HPC) system established at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, operating under the Ministry of Earth Sciences for high-resolution weather and climate modeling.

'प्रत्युष' भारत का उच्च-प्रदर्शन कंप्यूटिंग सुपरकंप्यूटर है, जो पृथ्वी विज्ञान मंत्रालय (Ministry of Earth Sciences) के अधीन पुणे में मौसम पूर्वानुमान के लिए कार्यरत है।

2025JKSSBGeneral Administration & State Departments

129📚Basic EnglishArticles & Determiners

Fill in the blank with the correct article. If no article is required, select no article.
_____ European country announced _____ new policy to combat climate change.

Explanation

'European' begins with a consonant 'y' sound (/jʊərəˈpiːən/), so it takes 'A'. 'New policy' takes indefinite article 'a': 'A European country announced a new policy...'.

'European' की शुरुआत 'य' व्यंजन ध्वनि से होती है, इसलिए इसके पूर्व 'A' आएगा और 'new policy' के पूर्व भी 'a' आएगा।

2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments

130📚General Awareness & Current AffairsSoils of India & Agriculture

Which of the following statements about Laterite Soil is NOT correct?

Explanation

Statement C is incorrect: Laterite soil develops in regions with high temperature and heavy seasonal rainfall with alternating wet and dry periods, causing intense leaching (not low rainfall).

कथन C गलत है क्योंकि लैटेराइट मिट्टी का निर्माण उच्च तापमान और भारी वर्षा (तीव्र निक्षालन/leaching) वाले क्षेत्रों में होता है, न कि कम वर्षा वाले क्षेत्रों में।

2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments

131🔬General ScienceClimate & Weather of Jammu and Kashmir

What is the predominant climate of the southern Jammu region?

Explanation

The southern plains and outer hills (Kandi/Shivalik belt) of Jammu Division experience a humid Subtropical Climate characterized by scorching hot summers (up to 45°C), monsoon rains, and mild winters.

जम्मू संभाग के दक्षिणी मैदानी और शिवालिक क्षेत्र की मुख्य जलवायु 'उपोष्णकटिबंधीय जलवायु' (Subtropical Climate) है।

2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments

132🔬General ScienceFolk Dances and Cultural Rituals of J&K

Which dance is performed to honor the gods, 'Lok Devtas,' as a thanksgiving ritual?

Explanation

Kud Dance is a traditional folk ritual dance of the middle and high hills of Jammu (Udhampur, Reasi, Doda, Kathua), performed at night around a bonfire to express gratitude to the local deities (Lok Devtas / Gram Devtas) for protecting crops, cattle, and families.

कुद नृत्य (Kud Dance) जम्मू संभाग के पहाड़ी क्षेत्रों में स्थानीय लोक देवताओं (Lok Devtas) के प्रति कृतज्ञता और आभार प्रकट करने के लिए किया जाने वाला पारंपरिक अनुष्ठानिक नृत्य है।

2025JKSSBTransport & State Fleet Departments

133📚Basic Electrical Concepts & DC CircuitsReading Comprehension

What is one of the primary reasons for the increasing vulnerability of networks in today's digital landscape?

Explanation

According to the passage, 'The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has expanded the attack surface by making networks more susceptible to unauthorized access.'

गद्यांश के अनुसार IoT उपकरणों के प्रसार ने नेटवर्क को अनधिकृत पहुंच के प्रति अधिक संवेदनशील बना दिया है।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

134📚Basic Electrical Concepts & DC CircuitsTenses

The form of tense used in the below sentence is:
By the time the conference starts, the researchers will have been studying the effects of climate change on biodiversity for the next five years.

Explanation

The construction 'will have been studying' represents the Future Perfect Continuous Tense (will + have + been + present participle), describing an ongoing action extending up to a future point.

'will have been studying' संरचना 'Future Perfect Continuous Tense' को दर्शाती है।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

135📚AC Fundamentals & Polyphase SystemsEarth Resistance Measurement

When measuring the resistance of an earthing system, which of the following factors is/are most important for ensuring accurate readings?
1. Length/Depth of the earthing electrode
2. Distance between measurement points
3. Type of soil surrounding the electrode

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Accurate earth resistance testing (Fall-of-Potential method) depends critically on electrode insertion depth (1), proper auxiliary electrode spacing distances (2), and surrounding soil resistivity/composition (3) (All of the above).

अर्थिंग प्रतिरोध के सटीक मापन के लिए इलेक्ट्रोड की गहराई (1), परीक्षण बिंदुओं के बीच की दूरी (2), और मिट्टी की प्रकृति (3) सभी आवश्यक हैं (उपरोक्त सभी)।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

136📚Transformers & Electrical MachinesFleming's Left and Right Hand Rules

Consider the following statements about Fleming's rules:
1. Fleming's Left-Hand Rule is used to determine the direction of force in an electric motor when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field.
2. Fleming's Right Hand Rule is used to identify the direction of induced current when a conductor moves within a magnetic field which is essential for understanding generator functions.
3. Both of Fleming's rules have practical applications in various electromagnetic devices such as relays, loudspeakers, microphones, galvanometers, and maglev systems.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Explanation

All three statements are correct: Fleming's Left-Hand Rule applies to Motors (FBI: Force, B-field, Current), Fleming's Right-Hand Rule applies to Generators (Induced Current), and both have broad electromagnetic applications.

तीनों कथन सही हैं: फ्लेमिंग का बायां हाथ नियम मोटर के लिए (1), दायां हाथ नियम जनरेटर के लिए (2), और दोनों के व्यापक अनुप्रयोग हैं (3)।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

137📚General English & Quantitative AptitudeEarth Testers & Wenner 4-Pin Method

Which type of earth tester is most suitable for measuring earth resistance in highly resistive soils?

Explanation

The Four-Electrode Earth Tester (utilizing the Wenner four-pin method) eliminates lead resistance and contact resistance, providing the most accurate soil resistivity and ground resistance measurements in highly resistive, rocky, or dry soils.

चार-इलेक्ट्रोड अर्थ टेस्टर (Wenner विधि) अत्यधिक प्रतिरोधी मिट्टी में सटीक मापन के लिए सबसे उपयुक्त है।

2025JKSSBPower Development & Technical Education Department

138📚Data Structures & AlgorithmsACID Properties of Transactions

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of transactions in DBMS?

Explanation

Transaction properties are governed by ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability). 'Divisibility' contradicts the fundamental principle of Atomicity (all-or-nothing execution).

ट्रांजेक्शन की मुख्य विशेषताएं ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) हैं। Divisibility इसकी विशेषता नहीं है।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

139📚Object Oriented Programming (C++/Java/Python)Java & .NET Interoperability

Which of the following statements about Java interop with .NET are true?
1. Java code can be integrated with .NET using the IKVM.NET library
2. Java code must be converted into MSIL for execution in .NET.
3. The JNI (Java Native Interface) can be used for interop with .NET libraries
4. Java classes must always be written in .NET-specific IDEs for compatibility

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are true. Java interop with .NET is supported via IKVM.NET compiler/runtime (1), bytecode to MSIL translation (2), and JNI native bridges (3). Statement 4 is false. Thus, 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

कथन 1, 2 और 3 सत्य हैं: IKVM.NET का उपयोग (1), बाइटकोड का MSIL में रूपांतरण (2), और JNI का उपयोग (3)।

2025JKSSBInformation Technology Department

140📚Radiation Safety, Protection & Quality AssuranceEnvironmental Radon Hazard

Radon represents an environmental hazard primarily in:

Explanation

Radon-222 gas (a decay daughter of Uranium/Radium in soil and rock bedrock) is dense and seeps through foundation cracks, concentrating to hazardous levels primarily in basements and unventilated ground-floor rooms.

रेडॉन गैस मिट्टी और चट्टानों से रिसकर मुख्य रूप से 'बेसमेंट और भूतल के कमरों' (Basement and ground floor) में एकत्रित होकर स्वास्थ्य जोखिम पैदा करती है।

2025JKSSBHealth & Medical Education Department

141📚Art History, Visual Movements & Perspective DrawingAncient Sculptural Styles

Which of the following statements about ancient art are correct?

I. Ancient Egyptian art focused on order and symmetry, with figures typically shown in a rigid and frontal pose.
II. Greek art was primarily concerned with realism and the accurate depiction of the human body, exemplified by sculptures like the "Discobolus".
III. Roman art was known for its idealized and unrealistic portrayal of human figures, unlike Greek art, which was focused on achieving perfection.
IV. Ancient Mesopotamian art is characterized by its use of relief sculptures, such as the famous "Stele of Hammurabi", depicting important legal and royal themes.

Choose the correct options :

Explanation

Statements I, II, and IV are correct. Roman sculpture was renowned for verism (realistic portraiture) rather than unrealistic idealization.

कथन I, II और IV सही हैं।

2025JKSSB

142📚Life Drawing, Sculptural Composition & Bronze CastingMetal Sculpture Properties

Which of the following combinations are true regarding metal sculpture and bronze casting?

Explanation

Bronze develops a protective patina, providing exceptional outdoor weather resistance and durability.

कांस्य मूर्तियां मौसम प्रतिरोधी और टिकाऊ होती हैं, इसलिए इनका उपयोग बाहरी स्मारकों में होता है।

2025JKSSB

143📚Relief & Round Sculpture, Portraiture & Metal CastingMetal Sculpture Properties

Which of the following statements about metal sculptures are correct?

i. Bronze is one of the most commonly used metals for sculptures due to its durability and ability to capture fine details.
ii. The lost - wax casting technique is a traditional method used in creating metal sculptures.
iii. Metal sculptures cannot be used for outdoor installations due to corrosion.
iv. Stainless steel is commonly used in modern metal sculptures for its resistance to rust.

Choose the correct options

Explanation

Statements i, ii, and iv are correct. Bronze and stainless steel are premier outdoor installation materials.

कथन i, ii और iv सही हैं।

2025JKSSB

144📚Entomology, Microbiology & Plant PathologyAgricultural Entomology

Safe insecticide for vegetable crop is ....?

Explanation

Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide with relatively low mammalian toxicity and short residual persistence, making it suitable for vegetable crops.

मैलाथियान (Malathion) कम अवशिष्ट विषाक्तता के कारण सब्जियों की फसलों के लिए सुरक्षित कीटनाशक माना जाता है।

2025JKSSB

145📚Biostatistics, Wildlife Forensics & ConservationClimate Change & Extinction

Which of the following consequences of global warming may elevate the likelihood of extinction?

Explanation

Global thermal rise drives rapid biome shifts, coral bleaching, altitudinal habitat contraction, and phenological mismatches.

ग्लोबल वार्मिंग से आवास विनाश और पारिस्थितिक व्यवधान बढ़ता है, जिससे विलुप्ति का खतरा बढ़ जाता है।

2025JKSSB

146📚Immunology, Cell Biology & Assertion AnalysisMHC Architecture & Presentation

Which of the following statements is false?

Explanation

MHC Class I is expressed on all nucleated cells, whereas MHC Class II expression is strictly restricted to professional Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs: dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells).

कथन A गलत है क्योंकि MHC क्लास II केवल व्यावसायिक एंटीजन प्रस्तुत करने वाली कोशिकाओं (APCs) पर होता है, सभी केंद्रक कोशिकाओं पर नहीं।

2025JKSSB

147📚Immunology, Cell Biology & Assertion AnalysisSuccession Rates

Assertion (A): Primary succession occurs faster than secondary succession
Reason (R) : Soil is already present in secondary succession, whereas it needs to develop in primary succession.

Options:

Explanation

Primary succession on bare rock/lava takes hundreds to thousands of years because soil must form first. Secondary succession is much faster due to pre-existing soil and seed banks.

A असत्य है लेकिन R सत्य है (प्राथमिक अनुक्रमण द्वितीयक की तुलना में बहुत धीमा होता है क्योंकि मिट्टी का निर्माण होना बाकी रहता है)।

2025JKSSB

148📚Leprology & Mycobacterium leprae (NLEP)Clinical Forms of Leprosy

Match the following types or reactions of leprosy with their corresponding clinical features:
Column A:
i. Tuberculoid leprosy
ii. Lepromatous leprosy
iii. Type 1 lepra reaction
iv. Type 2 lepra reaction

Column B:
1. Numbness in glove and stocking pattern
2. Inflammation of existing skin lesions and nerves
3. Solitary hypo-esthetic patch
4. Reddish tender nodules

Select the correct answer:

Explanation

i-3 (TT = solitary hypoesthetic patch), ii-1 (LL = symmetrical stocking-glove numbness), iii-2 (Type 1 = inflammation of existing lesions/neuritis), iv-4 (Type 2 = crops of tender erythematous nodules/ENL).

i-3, ii-1, iii-2, iv-4 सही मिलान है।

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149📚History of India & Freedom StruggleKheda Satyagraha

In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi organised a Satyagraha in Kheda district of Gujarat in support of the ?

Explanation

The Kheda Satyagraha (1918) supported impoverished farmers demanding land revenue remission following catastrophic crop failure and plague.

खेड़ा सत्याग्रह (1918) फसल बर्बादी और प्लेग महामारी से पीड़ित किसानों के समर्थन में राजस्व माफी के लिए आयोजित किया गया था।

2025JKSSB

150📚Geography, Environment & GK of J&K UTForestry Conservation

Which of the following is considered as an anti-forest conservation activity

Explanation

Clear felling (complete deforestation of all trees in an area) causes soil erosion, habitat loss, and disrupts ecological balance.

क्लियर फेलिंग (Clear felling - वनों की अंधाधुंध पूर्ण कटाई) वन संरक्षण के विपरीत विनाशकारी गतिविधि है।

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151📚Geography, Environment & GK of J&K UTClimate of J&K

Which district of the Jammu division receives the maximum rainfall in the year?

Explanation

Reasi district (particularly Katra/Reasi foothills) receives the highest annual rainfall in the Jammu division due to orographic monsoon interception.

जम्मू संभाग में रियासी (Reasi) जिला वर्ष भर में सर्वाधिक वर्षा प्राप्त करता है।

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152📚Geography, Environment & GK of J&K UTAgriculture and Crops of J&K

Which of the following crops is referred to as 'Nikku Muth' in Jammu and Kashmir?

Explanation

In local agricultural parlance across Jammu and Kashmir, Soya bean is commonly called 'Nikku Muth' (or Kala Muth).

जम्मू और कश्मीर में सोयाबीन (Soya bean) को स्थानीय रूप से 'निक्कू मुठ' (Nikku Muth) कहा जाता है।

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153📚Geography, Environment & GK of J&K UTClimatology of J&K

Which part of the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir has a typical monsoon tropical climate?

Explanation

The southern plain and sub-tropical foothill strip of Jammu division (Kathua, Samba, Jammu plains) experiences a tropical monsoon climate.

जम्मू और कश्मीर का दक्षिणी भाग (Southern part - जम्मू/कठुआ के मैदानी क्षेत्र) मानसूनी उष्णकटिबंधीय जलवायु वाला है।

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154📚Geography, Environment & GK of J&K UTEcosystem Conservation

Why should we conserve forest and wildlife?

Explanation

Conserving forests and wildlife maintains overall ecosystem stability, nutrient cycles, climate regulation, and ecological balance.

वन और वन्यजीवों का संरक्षण पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र की समग्र स्थिरता (Maintain ecosystem) को बनाए रखने के लिए आवश्यक है।

2025JKSSB

155📚Thermodynamics, Compressors & AC SystemsHVAC Materials of Construction

Match the components with their commonly used materials.
Component:
i. Condenser
ii. Fin
iii. Valve
iv. Body

Material of construction:
1. Copper or aluminium for efficient heat transfer and durability.
2. Aluminium for lightweight and excellent thermal conductivity.
3. Brass or stainless steel for strength and corrosion resistance in controlling refrigerant flow.
4. Steel or aluminium for structural support and durability.

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Condenser tubes -> Copper/Aluminium (i-1), Fins -> Aluminium sheets (ii-2), Valves -> Brass/Stainless steel (iii-3), Body casing -> Galvanized Steel/Aluminium (iv-4).

i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4 सही मिलान है।

2025JKSSB

156📚Comfort Conditions, Insulation, Piping & RefrigerantsThermal Insulation Properties

Which of the following correctly describes thermal insulation types and their properties?
1. Fiberglass insulation is known for its high thermal conductivity and is primarily used for soundproofing.
2. Mineral wool insulation provides both thermal and fire resistance.
3. Aerogel insulation has one of the lowest thermal conductivities, making it ideal for extreme conditions.
4. Spray foam insulation is often used in industrial applications due to its low durability.
Which of the statement is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Fiberglass has low (not high) thermal conductivity, and spray foam insulation possesses high durability.

कथन 2 और 3 सही हैं (खनिज ऊन थर्मल और अग्नि प्रतिरोध प्रदान करती है, और एरोगेल में सबसे कम तापीय चालकता होती है)।

2025JKSSB

157📚Expansion Devices, Diagnostics & Workshop PracticesPTC Thermistors

Which of the following statements about PTC thermistors is/are true?
I. Resistance increases with an increase in temperature.
II. They are used in overcurrent protection circuits.
III. PTC thermistors are not used for temperature sensing in cold climates.
IV. They have a negative temperature coefficient.
Which of the above statement are correct?

Explanation

Statements I and II are true. PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) thermistors exhibit sharp resistance increase at switching temperature, making them ideal as solid-state motor starters and resettable overcurrent fuses.

कथन I और II सही हैं (PTC थर्मिस्टर का प्रतिरोध तापमान बढ़ने पर बढ़ता है और यह ओवरकरंट सुरक्षा और मोटर स्टार्टिंग में प्रयुक्त होता है)।

2025JKSSB

158📚Expansion Devices, Diagnostics & Workshop PracticesElectronic Expansion Valves

Which of the following is true about the Electronic Expansion Valve (EEV)?

Explanation

Electronic Expansion Valves (EEVs) use an electronically pulsed stepper motor (e.g. 0 to 500 steps) driven by a microprocessor to modulate refrigerant mass flow precisely based on real-time superheat sensor feedback.

इलेक्ट्रॉनिक एक्सपेंशन वाल्व (EEV) स्टेपर मोटर (Stepper motor) द्वारा रेफ्रिजरेंट प्रवाह को अत्यंत सटीक रूप से नियंत्रित करता है।

2025JKSSB

159📚Child Psychology & Disability FrameworksDevelopmental Stages

Match the following :
1. Infancy
2. Late childhood
3. Adolescence

Characteristics:
i. Slow growth, improved motor skills, Critical Thinking.
ii. Physically Strong, emotionally vulnerable.
iii. Rapid Physical movements.

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Infancy -> Rapid sensory-motor movements (1-iii), Late childhood -> Slow steady physical growth with peer socialization and concrete logic (2-i), Adolescence -> Physical strength with emotional vulnerability/storm and stress (3-ii).

1-iii (शैशवावस्था = तीव्र शारीरिक गतिशीलता), 2-i (उत्तर बाल्यावस्था = धीमी वृद्धि और गामक कौशल), 3-ii (किशोरावस्था = शारीरिक मजबूती और भावनात्मक संवेदनशीलता)। सही उत्तर C है।

2025JKSSB

160📚Assistive Tech & Special Education StrategiesTagore Educational Philosophy

Which of the following best describes Tagore's view on the purpose of education?

Explanation

Rabindranath Tagore's educational vision (manifested at Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan) championed naturalistic education, freedom of thought, universal humanism, and the unfettered nurturing of creative individuality in communion with nature.

रवींद्रनाथ टैगोर के अनुसार शिक्षा का उद्देश्य प्रकृति के सानिध्य में बच्चे की रचनात्मकता और वैयक्तिकता का पोषण करना (To nurture creativity and individuality) है।

2025JKSSB

161📚Environmental Sanitation, Waste Management & Vector ControlSanitary Housing Standards

Which of the following is a key requirement in housing standards aimed at preventing hypothermia and maintaining warmth in colder climates?

Explanation

Adequate thermal envelope insulation in ceilings, walls, and subfloors minimizes conductive and radiative heat loss, keeping indoor temperatures stable above

18^\circ\text{C}

ठंडी जलवायु वाले क्षेत्रों में घरों के फर्श, दीवारों और छतों में थर्मल इन्सुलेशन (Insulation in floors, walls, and ceilings) प्रदान करना सबसे महत्वपूर्ण मानक है।

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162📚Environmental Sanitation, Waste Management & Vector ControlDisinfection Factors

The presence of which of the following can reduce the effectiveness of a disinfectant?

Explanation

Organic soils (blood, pus, mucus, feces, biofilm) react with and consume chemical disinfectants, creating physical barriers that shield underlying microorganisms from contact.

रक्त, मवाद या गंदगी जैसे कार्बनिक पदार्थों (Organic matter) की उपस्थिति कीटाणुनाशक की प्रभावशीलता को काफी कम कर देती है।

2025JKSSB

163📚First Aid, Basic Pharmacology, Inventory & Municipal AdministrationClimate Change & Global Health

Which of the following is a major challenge in global health that is directly related to climate change?

Explanation

Climate change drives prolonged droughts, extreme heatwaves, flood events, and desertification, causing catastrophic crop failures, food insecurity, and escalating child malnutrition.

जलवायु परिवर्तन से सीधे तौर पर उत्पन्न होने वाली प्रमुख वैश्विक स्वास्थ्य चुनौती विकासशील देशों में बढ़ती खाद्य असुरक्षा और कुपोषण (Rising food insecurity and malnutrition) है।

2025JKSSB

164📚First Aid, Basic Pharmacology, Inventory & Municipal AdministrationFirst Aid for Animal Bites

In case of a dog bite, which of the following should be done first?

Explanation

Immediate post-exposure prophylaxis for potential rabies dog bites requires vigorously washing all bite wounds and scratches under running tap water with soap for at least 15 minutes to wash out viral inoculum.

कुत्ते के काटने पर रेबीज से बचाव के लिए सबसे पहले घाव को कम से कम 15 मिनट तक साबुन और बहते पानी से अच्छी तरह धोना चाहिए।

2025JKSSB

165📚Conservation Science, Material Degradation & Preventive ConservationIntegrated Pest Management

What is the most effective method for controlling insect damage in museum collections?

Explanation

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)—maintaining strict environmental climate control (

T \le 20^\circ\text{C}, RH \le 50\%

), cleanliness, quarantine of incoming acquisitions, and sticky insect traps—is the premier non-destructive defense against museum pests.

कीट क्षति नियंत्रण का सबसे प्रभावी और सुरक्षित तरीका उचित भंडारण, तापमान-आर्द्रता नियंत्रण और एकीकृत कीट प्रबंधन (IPM) है।

2025JKSSB

166📚Conservation Science, Material Degradation & Preventive ConservationPaper Curative Conservation

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the curative conservation of paper materials (currency notes, judicial papers, and manuscripts)?
i. Currency notes should be handled with gloves to prevent oil and dirt from hands damaging the surface.
ii. Judicial papers can be restored using chemical bleaching to remove stains.
iii. Manuscripts should be stored in a controlled environment with low humidity and temperature to prevent deterioration.
iv. Paper materials should be cleaned using abrasive methods for better preservation.
Options :

Explanation

Statements i and iii are sound conservation practices (handling paper with nitrile/cotton gloves to avoid skin sebum and maintaining climate-controlled archival storage).

कथन i और iii सही हैं (दस्तावेजों को दस्ताने पहनकर संभालना और नियंत्रित तापमान-आर्द्रता में रखना चाहिए)।

2025JKSSB

167📚Counselling Theories, Psychotherapies & Behavioural InterventionsAddiction Rehabilitation & Relapse Prevention

The phrase "Once an alcoholic, always an alcoholic" in alcohol addicts points towards a focus on what aspect of rehabilitation counselling?

Explanation

The disease model and traditional 12-step recovery recognize substance dependence as a chronic recurring vulnerability, focusing counseling intensely on lifelong Relapse Prevention strategies.

शराब की लत में यह कहावत 'पुनरावृत्ति रोकथाम' (Relapse prevention) की निरंतर आवश्यकता पर बल देती है।

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168📚General English & ComprehensionReading Comprehension

What is the primary cause of climate change, according to the passage?

Explanation

As stated in the passage, human industrial and deforestation activities significantly increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases are the primary cause of global warming.

गद्यांश के अनुसार मानवीय गतिविधियों से ग्रीनहाउस गैसों का बढ़ता स्तर जलवायु परिवर्तन का मुख्य कारण है।

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169📚General English & ComprehensionReading Comprehension

What are some suggested actions to combat climate change as mentioned in the passage?

Explanation

The passage lists: 'Planting trees, reducing carbon footprints, and shifting to renewable energy'.

गद्यांश में पेड़ लगाना, कार्बन फुटप्रिंट कम करना और नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा का उपयोग सुझाया गया है।

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170📚General English & ComprehensionReading Comprehension Inference

What can be inferred from the passage about the role of individuals in combating climate change?

Explanation

The passage emphasizes that 'collective efforts at individual, community, and governmental levels are essential'.

गद्यांश से स्पष्ट है कि व्यक्ति, समुदाय और सरकार के सामूहिक प्रयास (Collective efforts) आवश्यक हैं।

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171📚Health Documentation, Forms & Legal RegulationsMedical Records Standardization

Why is standardization important in medical records?

Explanation

Standardized medical record nomenclature (e.g. SNOMED CT, ICD) ensures structural consistency, uniformity of clinical data, and interoperable comparability across regional and national health systems.

मेडिकल रिकॉर्ड में मानकीकरण का मुख्य महत्व डेटा की निरंतरता और विभिन्न अस्पतालों के बीच तुलनात्मकता (Consistency and comparability) में सुधार करना है।

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172📚Health Documentation, Forms & Legal RegulationsElectronic Records Preservation

What is the most effective way to preserve electronic medical records?

Explanation

Electronic health record durability and disaster recovery require automated, encrypted redundant backups stored across secure off-site servers and certified cloud repositories.

इलेक्ट्रॉनिक मेडिकल रिकॉर्ड को सुरक्षित रखने का सबसे प्रभावी तरीका उन्हें सुरक्षित सर्वर और क्लाउड सिस्टम पर नियमित रूप से बैकअप (Backing up on secure servers) करना है।

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173📚History & Evolution of Percussion (Avanaddha & Pushkar Vadya)Etymology of Tabla

What is the meaning of Tabla?

Explanation

The term Tabla is etymologically derived from Arabic 'Tabl' (drum), historically evolving from ancient pair-drums like the Dudungi / Pakhawaj.

तबला शब्द का ऐतिहासिक विकास युग्म-वाद्यों जैसे 'दुदुंगी' (Dudungi) और पखावज से जुड़ा है।

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174📚General Science (Physics, Chemistry & Biology)Environmental Impacts of Energy

What is the primary disadvantage of conventional energy sources?

Explanation

Combustion of conventional fossil fuels emits greenhouse gases (

CO_2

), sulfur dioxide (

SO_2

), and particulates, causing air pollution and climate change.

पारंपरिक ऊर्जा स्रोतों का मुख्य नुकसान यह है कि वे प्रदूषण और पर्यावरणीय क्षरण (Pollution and environmental degradation) पैदा करते हैं।

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175📚Indian History, Polity, Reasoning & Industrial SafetyAgricultural Systems

Which type of farming involves the growing of crops for sale in the market, rather than for personal consumption?

Explanation

Commercial farming is the agricultural system where crops and livestock are raised on a large scale primarily for sale and profit in markets.

बाजार में बिक्री और लाभ के लिए फसलों की खेती 'व्यावसायिक कृषि' (Commercial farming) कहलाती है।

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176📚Indian History, Polity, Reasoning & Industrial SafetySubsistence Agriculture

Which of the following is a characteristic of subsistence farming?

Explanation

Subsistence farming is small-scale farming where farmers grow food crops to meet the immediate survival needs of their own family.

जीविका कृषि (Subsistence farming) की मुख्य विशेषता यह है कि यह मुख्य रूप से व्यक्तिगत/पारिवारिक उपभोग (Primarily for personal consumption) के लिए की जाती है।

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177📚Indian History, Polity, Reasoning & Industrial SafetyHorticulture

Which type of farming involves the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers, primarily for market sale?

Explanation

Horticulture is the specialized branch of agriculture focused on the intensive cultivation of fruits (pomology), vegetables (olericulture), and ornamental flowers (floriculture).

फलों, सब्जियों और फूलों की व्यावसायिक खेती को 'बागवानी' (Horticulture) कहा जाता है।

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178📚Indian History, Polity, Reasoning & Industrial SafetyPlantation Agriculture

Which of the following is an example of plantation farming?

Explanation

Plantation agriculture involves large commercial estates dedicated to the single-crop monoculture of cash crops like tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, and oil palm.

रोपण कृषि (Plantation farming) का उदाहरण बड़े बागानों में चाय, कॉफी या रबर की खेती (Growing coffee, tea, or rubber) करना है।

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179📚Indian History, Polity, Reasoning & Industrial SafetySoils of India

Which type of soil is best for cotton cultivation in India?

Explanation

Black soil (Regur soil / Black Cotton Soil) of the Deccan lava plateau is rich in clay, moisture-retentive, and ideal for growing cotton.

भारत में कपास की खेती के लिए सबसे उपयुक्त मिट्टी 'काली मिट्टी' (Black soil / रेगुर मिट्टी) है।

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180📚Indian History, Polity, Reasoning & Industrial SafetySoil Characteristics

Which of the following is a characteristic of saline soil?

Explanation

Saline soils (Usara soils) contain high concentrations of soluble salts (sodium, magnesium, calcium chlorides/sulfates) and exhibit poor internal drainage.

लवणीय मिट्टी (Saline soil) की मुख्य विशेषता उच्च लवणता और खराब जल निकासी (High salinity and poor drainage) है।

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181📚Indian History, Polity, Reasoning & Industrial SafetyLetter Coding

If in a certain code, "APPLE" is written as "BQQMF", how is "MANGO" written in that code?

Explanation

Letter shift coding: Each letter is shifted

+1

forward (

A -> B, P -> Q, P -> Q, L -> M, E -> F

). Thus

M(+1) -> N, A(+1) -> B, N(+1) -> O, G(+1) -> H, O(+1) -> P \implies

NBOHP.

प्रत्येक अक्षर में

+1

की वृद्धि: M

->

N, A

->

B, N

->

O, G

->

H, O

->

P। MANGO का कोड 'NBOHP' होगा।

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182📚General Awareness, Indian History & GeographyIndian Climate & Rainfall

Which of the following place in India has highest annual rainfall?

Explanation

Mawsynram in the East Khasi Hills of Meghalaya holds the Guinness World Record for the highest average annual rainfall on Earth (approx 11,872 mm).

भारत और विश्व में सर्वाधिक वार्षिक वर्षा वाला स्थान 'मासिनराम' (Mawsynram, मेघालय) है।

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183📚General Science, Public Hygiene & Special Reference to J&KSoils of J&K

Which soil type is known for having high water holding capacity and is found in regions like Gulmarg and Pahalgam?

Explanation

Mountain Meadow Soils (high-altitude alpine meadow soils) rich in organic humus with exceptional moisture-retentive capacity occur in lush valley meadows like Gulmarg, Sonamarg, and Pahalgam.

गुलमर्ग और पहलगाम जैसे उच्च पर्वतीय घास के मैदानों में उच्च जल धारण क्षमता वाली 'पर्वतीय चरागाह मिट्टी' (Mountain Meadow Soil) पाई जाती है।

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184📚Basic Mathematics & Quantitative AptitudePie Chart Data Interpretation

A survey was conducted among 400 people about their favorite fruits and the following pie chart shows the collected data (Apple 56%, Orange 24%, Guava 12%, Kivi 6%, Banana 2%).
Match List - I with List-II:
List - I:
1. How many people like apple
2. How many people like orange than guava (difference)
3. How many people like orange

List - II:
i. 48
ii. 96
iii. 224

Choose the correct answer:

Explanation

1 -> iii (

56\% \text{ of } 400 = 224

), 2 -> i (

(24\% - 12\%) \times 400 = 48

), 3 -> ii (

24\% \text{ of } 400 = 96

). Match is 1-iii, 2-i, 3-ii.

1-iii (224), 2-i (48), 3-ii (96)। सही विकल्प C है।

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185📚General Awareness, Indian History & GeographyIndian Climatology

The western cyclonic disturbance originates over _______

Explanation

Western Disturbances are extra-tropical winter storms that originate over the Mediterranean Sea, bringing winter precipitation to northwestern India and J&K.

पश्चिमी विक्षोभ (Western cyclonic disturbance) 'भूमध्य सागर' (The Mediterranean Sea) के ऊपर उत्पन्न होते हैं।

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186📚General Awareness, Indian History & GeographyPre-Monsoon Rainfall Terms

Match List- I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists.
List - I (Climate/Rainfall terms):
1. Rain caused by a lightning storm is called "Cherry Blossom"
2. Mango Showers are common in
3. Related to Pre-Monsoon shower 'Nor Westers'.

List- II (Representative of Indian States):
i. West Bengal and Assam
ii. Kerala
iii. Karnataka

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

1 -> iii (Cherry Blossom coffee showers - Karnataka), 2 -> ii (Mango Showers - Kerala & coastal Karnataka), 3 -> i (Nor'westers / Kalbaisakhi - West Bengal & Assam). Match is 1-iii, 2-ii, 3-i.

1-iii (चेरी ब्लॉसम - कर्नाटक), 2-ii (मैंगो शॉवर्स - केरल), 3-i (नॉर्वेस्टर/कालवैशाखी - पश्चिम बंगाल व असम)। सही विकल्प D है।

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187📚Electronics, Audio Engineering & Public Address SystemsMicroprocessor Data Formats

With 2's complement representation, the range of values that can be represented on the data bus of an 8-bit microprocessor is given by

Explanation

For an

n

-bit 2's complement binary system, the integer range is

[-2^{n-1}, +2^{n-1} - 1]

. For

n = 8

, range is

[-2^7, +2^7 - 1] = [-128, +127]

8-बिट 2's complement प्रणाली में मानों का परास

-2^7

से

+2^7 - 1

अर्थात

-128

से

+127

होता है।

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188📚Electronics, Audio Engineering & Public Address SystemsMicroprocessor Flags

Which one of the following flags is not used for branching in a microprocessor?

Explanation

The Auxiliary Carry flag (

AF / AC

) is strictly used internally for BCD arithmetic correction (DAA instruction) and has no conditional jump/branching opcode in 8085/8086 microprocessors.

ऑक्सिलरी कैरी फ्लैग (Auxiliary carry flag) का उपयोग BCD सुधार के लिए होता है, ब्रांचिंग/कंडीशनल जंप के लिए नहीं।

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189📚Electronics, Audio Engineering & Public Address SystemsPA System Fundamentals

Which type of system is the PA system in audio devices?

Explanation

A Public Address (PA) system is an electroacoustic system comprising microphones, amplifiers, and loudspeakers converting acoustic waves into electrical signals and back to acoustic sound.

पब्लिक एड्रेस (PA) प्रणाली एक 'इलेक्ट्रोअकॉस्टिक सिस्टम' (Electroacoustic system) है।

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190📚Electronics, Audio Engineering & Public Address SystemsElectroacoustic Transducers

Which of the following is also called reverse transducer?

Explanation

While a microphone is an input transducer (acoustic pressure

->

electrical voltage), a loudspeaker is an output/reverse electroacoustic transducer converting electrical energy into acoustic sound pressure waves.

लाउडस्पीकर (Loudspeaker) विद्युत ऊर्जा को ध्वनि ऊर्जा में बदलता है, अतः इसे रिवर्स ट्रांसड्यूसर (Reverse transducer) भी कहा जाता है।

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191📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsPharmaceutical Excipients Chemistry

Which of the following is correct about Gum Arabic?

Explanation

Gum Arabic (Acacia) is a complex branched arabinogalactan containing D-galacturonic and D-glucuronic acid residues, giving it an anionic (negatively charged) character in solution.

गोंद अरबी (Acacia / Gum Arabic) एक ऋणात्मक पॉलीसेकेराइड (Anionic polysaccharide) है।

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192📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsFacilitated vs Passive Transport

What is major difference between Facilitated & passive diffusion

Explanation

Both passive and facilitated diffusion are downhill non-energy-consuming processes, but Facilitated Diffusion is carrier-mediated (utilizes specific membrane transporter proteins exhibiting saturability).

फैसिलिटेटेड विसरण और निष्क्रिय विसरण में मुख्य अंतर यह है कि फैसिलिटेटेड विसरण 'वाहक-मध्यस्थ' (Carrier mediated transport) होता है।

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193📚Pharmaceutics, Dosage Forms & BiopharmaceuticsSterile Filtration in Parenterals

What is the main purpose of filtration through

0.22\ \mu\text{m}

in the preparation of parenteral solutions?

Explanation

Filtration through a sterile

0.22\ \mu\text{m}

microporous membrane filter achieves sterilization by physically sieving out all vegetative bacteria, molds, and spores (Sterile filtration).

0.22\ \mu\text{m}

झिल्ली फिल्टर द्वारा निस्यंदन का मुख्य उद्देश्य घोल को सूक्ष्मजीवों से मुक्त (Free of microorganisms / बाँझ) करना है।

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194📚Research Methodology, Psychometrics & StatisticsFactor Analysis Sampling Adequacy

A KMO value of .30 indicates

Explanation

The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy ranges from 0 to 1. Values below 0.50 (such as 0.30) are deemed 'unacceptable' and indicate Weak Factorability.

KMO (कैसर-मेयर-ओल्किन) मान 0.30 कारक विश्लेषण के लिए 'कमजोर उपयुक्तता' (Weak factorability) को दर्शाता है।

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195📚Health, Industrial-Organizational & Psychotherapy ModelsValidity Scales of MMPI and MCMI

Select the correct statements about MMPI and MCMI
I. In MMPI, F scale assesses a person's defensiveness
II. In MCMI, Y scale measures the Desirability of the respondent.
III. In MCMI, V scale contains items that are highly improbable.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

In the MCMI validity system, Scale Y measures Social Desirability (II) and Scale V contains highly improbable/bizarre validity items (III). Statement I is false because in MMPI, the K scale (not F scale) assesses defensiveness (F scale detects infrequency/overreporting). Correct: II and III.

MCMI में Y पैमाना सामाजिक वांछनीयता (II) और V पैमाना असंभाव्य मदों (III) को मापता है (MMPI में K पैमाना रक्षात्मकता मापता है)। सही विकल्प C है।

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196📚Cyber Security, IT Act 2000, Cryptography & IPRCyber Attacks Matching

Match the type of cyber attack with their correct descriptions:
Column - X:
1. Botnet attack
2. DDoS attack
3. Zero-day attack

Column - Y:
I. Targets a website or server with a flood of traffic
II. Exploits an unknown software vulnerability with no available patch
III. A network of infected computers controlled by a single attacker

Choose the Correct Option:

Explanation

1 -> III (Botnet: Network of infected zombie machines controlled by command & control server), 2 -> I (DDoS: Flooding server with traffic to deny service), 3 -> II (Zero-day: Exploiting unpatched undisclosed software flaw). Correct match: 1-III, 2-I, 3-II.

1-III (बॉटनेट), 2-I (DDoS हमला), 3-II (जीरो-डे हमला)। सही विकल्प C है।

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197📚Operating Systems (Linux, Windows), System Software & Hardware ArchitectureOperating System File Systems

Which of the following file systems is not natively supported in Windows Operating System?

Explanation

Hierarchical File System (HFS / HFS Plus) is Apple's proprietary macOS file system, which is not natively supported for reading/writing in Microsoft Windows without third-party drivers (FAT32, exFAT, and NTFS are standard native Windows file systems).

HFS (एप्पल का फ़ाइल सिस्टम) विंडोज़ ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम में मूल रूप से समर्थित (Not natively supported) नहीं है (जबकि FAT32, exFAT, NTFS समर्थित हैं)।

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198📚Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry & General AwarenessBotanical Families

Digitalis belongs to family ______

Explanation

Digitalis (Digitalis purpurea, Foxglove) traditionally belongs to the plant family Scrophulariaceae (reclassified into Plantaginaceae).

डिजिटेलिस (Digitalis purpurea) 'स्क्रोफुलारिएसी' (Scrophulariaceae) कुल से संबंधित है।

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199📚Electrical Measurements, Safety, Grounding & Computer ApplicationsEarth Tester Applications

What is the primary purpose of an earth tester?

Explanation

An Earth Tester (Earth Megger) is a specialized electrical instrument designed to measure Earth Electrode Resistance and Soil Resistivity.

अर्थ टेस्टर (Earth tester) का प्राथमिक उद्देश्य 'अर्थ प्रतिरोध को मापना' (To measure earth resistance) है।

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200📚Electrical Measurements, Safety, Grounding & Computer ApplicationsEarth Tester Operating Principle

Why does an earth tester use a rotating generator to produce current?

Explanation

The hand-driven generator and internal commutator/rectifier convert generated DC into AC in the earth soil path to Eliminate DC Electrolytic Polarization EMFs and stray DC ground currents.

अर्थ टेस्टर मिट्टी में DC विद्युत अपघटनी ध्रुवीकरण प्रभावों (DC polarization effects) को समाप्त करने के लिए AC करंट का उपयोग करता है।

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201📚Cinematography Fundamentals, History of Photography & OpticsOptical vs Digital Zoom

Which type of zoom uses the camera's lens to magnify the image?

Explanation

Optical Zoom physically adjusts internal glass lens elements to magnify the focal image onto the sensor with zero loss of resolution (unlike Digital Zoom which crops and interpolates pixels).

ऑप्टिकल ज़ूम (Optical zoom) बिना गुणवत्ता खोए छवि को बड़ा करने के लिए कैमरे के भौतिक लेंस का उपयोग करता है।

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202📚Cinematography Fundamentals, History of Photography & OpticsSemiconductor Materials

Which of the following natural element is the primary element in computer chips?

Explanation

Silicon (Si), a semiconductor element extracted from quartz silica sand, forms the primary crystalline substrate on which microprocessors, integrated circuits, and camera sensor chips are fabricated.

कंप्यूटर चिप्स और एकीकृत परिपथों में उपयोग किया जाने वाला प्राथमिक प्राकृतिक तत्व 'सिलिकॉन' (Silicon) है।

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203📚Sensors, Color Spaces, Formats & Video Camera TubesDigital Storage Capacity Calculation

A digital camera contains a microprocessor. The camera's specification includes: - 20-megapixel resolution, - 32 gigabyte memory card and - autofocus facility. If a compressed image file requires an average 1 byte per pixel, then what is the maximum number of photos that can be stored on the memory card? (1 kilo = 1024)

Explanation

Each 20 MP photo at 1 byte/pixel requires

= 20 \times 10^6\text{ bytes} = 20\text{ MB}

. Total memory card capacity

= 32\text{ GB} = 32 \times 1024\text{ MB} = 32,768\text{ MB}

. Maximum photos

= \frac{32,768\text{ MB}}{20\text{ MB}} = 1638.4 \approx 1638\text{ photos}

प्रति फोटो आकार

= 20\text{ MB}

। मेमोरी कार्ड

= 32 \times 1024 = 32,768\text{ MB}

। कुल संग्रहीत फोटो

= 32,768 / 20 = 1638

तस्वीरें (1638)।

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204📚Civil Engineering & Building MaterialsFoundation Engineering

A shallow foundation is usually defined as a foundation which has

Explanation

According to Terzaghi's classical soil mechanics definition, a Shallow Foundation is one where the depth of embedment (

D_f

) is equal to or less than its width (

B

) (

D_f \le B

टरज़ाघी के अनुसार उथली नींव (Shallow foundation) वह नींव है जिसकी गहराई उसकी चौड़ाई से कम या बराबर (Depth less than its width,

D_f \le B

) होती है।

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205📚Civil Engineering & Building MaterialsPile Foundations

A pile foundation is used when

Explanation

Deep pile foundations are engineered when surface soil layers lack sufficient bearing capacity and building loads are heavy, transferring loads to deeper competent rock/strata (Both A and B).

पाइल नींव का उपयोग तब किया जाता है जब संरचना का भार भारी हो और सतह के पास की मिट्टी कमजोर हो (Both A and B)।

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206📚Civil Engineering & Building MaterialsTimber Seasoning

Seasoning of timber for use in construction is done essentially to

Explanation

Timber seasoning (air or kiln drying) reduces moisture content to equilibrium, minimizing warping/shrinkage and substantially increasing strength, stiffness, and biological durability.

इमारती लकड़ी का संशोषण (Seasoning of timber) मुख्य रूप से उसकी 'ताकत और टिकाऊपन बढ़ाने' (Increase strength and durability) के लिए किया जाता है।

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207📚Civil Engineering & Building MaterialsBuilding Stones

Consider the following statements for selecting building stones:
1. Porosity of stone affects its durability
2. Seasoning of stones is important and is done by soaking in water
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Statement 1 is correct (higher porosity lowers frost resistance and durability). Statement 2 is incorrect because seasoning of quarry stones involves exposing freshly quarried stone to natural air and sunlight for 6–12 months to evaporate quarry sap, NOT soaking in water.

कथन 1 सही है और कथन 2 गलत है (पत्थरों का संशोषण खुली हवा में क्वेरी सैप सुखाकर किया जाता है, पानी में भिगोकर नहीं)। सही विकल्प A है।

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208📚Civil Engineering & Building MaterialsConcrete Properties Matching

Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List - I (Material Characteristics):
i. Water cement ratio
ii. Water content
iii. Minimum cement content
iv. Segregation

List - II (Property of Concrete):
1. Durability
2. Compressive strength
3. Stability of mix
4. Workability

Choose the correct options:

Explanation

i -> 2 (Water-cement ratio governs Compressive Strength by Abram's law), ii -> 4 (Water content governs Workability), iii -> 1 (Minimum cement content ensures Durability against environmental attack), iv -> 3 (Segregation affects Stability/Homogeneity of mix). Correct match: i-2, ii-4, iii-1, iv-3.

i-2 (W/C अनुपात - संपीडन सामर्थ्य), ii-4 (जल मात्रा - कार्यशीलता), iii-1 (न्यूनतम सीमेंट - टिकाऊपन), iv-3 (पृथक्करण - स्थिरता)। सही विकल्प D है।

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209📚Electronics, Digital Logic & Microprocessors (8085/8051)Microprocessor Architecture

A microprocessor contains ALU, ______

Explanation

A classical Microprocessor contains the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Register Array, and Control Unit (CU) integrated onto a single monolithic semiconductor chip.

माइक्रोप्रोसेसर में एक ही चिप पर ALU, रजिस्टर यूनिट और कंट्रोल यूनिट (Register unit and control unit on a single chip) होते हैं।

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210📚Electronics, Digital Logic & Microprocessors (8085/8051)8085 Microprocessor Flag Register

Consider the following:
I. Sign flag
II. Trap flag
III. Parity flag
IV. Auxiliary carry flag
Which of the above flags is/are present in 8085 microprocessors?

Explanation

The 8085 microprocessor Flag Register contains 5 status flags: Sign (S), Zero (Z), Auxiliary Carry (AC), Parity (P), and Carry (CY). The Trap flag exists in 8086, while TRAP in 8085 is a non-maskable hardware interrupt, not a flag. Thus, I, III, and IV are present.

8085 के फ्लैग रजिस्टर में Sign, Parity और Auxiliary Carry फ्लैग मौजूद होते हैं (कथन I, III और IV सही हैं)। सही विकल्प D है।

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211📚Electronics, Digital Logic & Microprocessors (8085/8051)8085 Register Widths

Which of the following is a 16-bit register in 8085 microprocessor?

Explanation

In the 8085 microprocessor, the Stack Pointer (SP) and Program Counter (PC) are 16-bit registers (Accumulator, B, and C are 8-bit registers).

8085 माइक्रोप्रोसेसर में 'स्टैक पॉइंटर' (Stack pointer / SP) एक 16-बिट रजिस्टर होता है।

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212📚Medical Records Management & Hospital Information Systems (HMIS)EHR Evolution

Which technological advancement has significantly transformed medical record-keeping?

Explanation

The digital transition to Electronic Health Records (EHR / EMR) has revolutionized health informatics by enabling centralized digital databases, real-time access, interoperability, and automated clinical documentation.

इलेक्ट्रॉनिक स्वास्थ्य रिकॉर्ड (Electronic Health Records / EHR) को अपनाने से मेडिकल रिकॉर्ड प्रबंधन में क्रांतिकारी बदलाव आया है।

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213📚Medical Records Management & Hospital Information Systems (HMIS)EMR Interoperability

What is a key feature of an electronic medical records form compared to a paper-based form?

Explanation

Digital EMR forms enable instantaneous, simultaneous, and secure multi-departmental data access across pharmacy, laboratory, radiology, and nursing units.

कागजी फॉर्म की तुलना में EMR का मुख्य लाभ 'विभिन्न विभागों में रोगी डेटा को आसानी से साझा करना' (Allows easy sharing across departments) है।

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214📚Medical Records Management & Hospital Information Systems (HMIS)EHR Interoperability Benefits

In the context of Hospital Management and Information System in India, which of the following is a primary advantage of integrating electronic health records across multiple hospitals?

Explanation

Inter-hospital EHR interoperability (such as under the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission / ABDM) allows seamless data exchange, ensuring complete clinical continuity of care during patient transfers.

विभिन्न अस्पतालों के बीच EHR के एकीकरण का मुख्य लाभ मरीज के स्थानांतरण के दौरान 'निर्बाध डेटा ट्रांसफर और निरंतर देखभाल' (Improved continuity of care) प्रदान करना है।

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215📚Library Automation, Digital Libraries, Networking & ICT ApplicationsOAI-PMH Interoperability

Which protocol is widely used for interoperability in digital libraries?

Explanation

OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is the international standard protocol designed to facilitate metadata harvesting and cross-repository interoperability among digital archives and institutional repositories.

डिजिटल पुस्तकालयों में मेटाडेटा संचयन और अंतर-संचालनीयता (Interoperability) के लिए व्यापक रूप से 'OAI-PMH' प्रोटोकॉल का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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216📚Library Automation, Digital Libraries, Networking & ICT ApplicationsInformation Security (CIA Triad)

Which of the following are the necessary elements of an information society / information security?
i) Confidentiality
ii) Vulnerability
iii) Integrity
iv) Availability
Codes:

Explanation

The classic CIA Triad of Information Security and Information Society consists of: (i) Confidentiality, (iii) Integrity, and (iv) Availability (Vulnerability is a security risk/weakness). Correct: (i), (iii) and (iv).

सूचना सुरक्षा के तीन मूलभूत आवश्यक तत्व 'गोपनीयता, अखंडता और उपलब्धता' (CIA Triad: i, iii और iv) हैं। सही विकल्प C है।

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217📚Information Sources, Reference Services & BibliometricsGeographical Information Sources Matching

Match the following:
Map Type:
1) Political Map
2) Route Map
3) Physical Map
4) Thematic Map

Features:
(i) Features of land
(ii) Roads and bridges, etc.
(iii) Limiting territorial boundaries
(iv) Mining, agriculture, etc.

Codes:

Explanation

1 -> iii (Political: boundaries), 2 -> ii (Route: roads, transportation), 3 -> i (Physical: landforms, elevation), 4 -> iv (Thematic: specific themes like mining, climate, agriculture). Correct match: 1-iii, 2-ii, 3-i, 4-iv.

1-iii (राजनीतिक मानचित्र - सीमाएं), 2-ii (रूट मैप - सड़कें/पुल), 3-i (भौतिक मानचित्र - स्थलाकृति), 4-iv (विषयगत मानचित्र - कृषि/खनन)। सही विकल्प C है।

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218📚Library Automation, Digital Libraries, Networking & ICT ApplicationsOffice Suites Producers Matching

Match the following Office Products with their corresponding Producers/Organisations:
Product:
1) Open Office
2) MS-Office
3) Lotus Note
4) iWork

Producer:
(i) IBM
(ii) Apache Foundation
(iii) Apple
(iv) Microsoft Corporation

Codes:

Explanation

1 -> ii (OpenOffice: Apache Software Foundation), 2 -> iv (MS-Office: Microsoft Corporation), 3 -> i (Lotus Notes: IBM / Lotus), 4 -> iii (iWork: Apple Inc.). Correct match: 1-ii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-iii.

1-ii (ओपन ऑफिस - अपाचे), 2-iv (एमएस ऑफिस - माइक्रोसॉफ्ट), 3-i (लोटस नोट्स - आईबीएम), 4-iii (आईवर्क - एप्पल)। सही विकल्प B है।

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219📚Food Safety Acts, FSSAI Regulations & StandardsContaminants & Residues Regulations 2011

The Food Safety and Standards (Contaminants, Toxins and Residues) Regulations, 2011, were designed to :

Explanation

The FSS (Contaminants, Toxins and Residues) Regulations 2011 prescribe statutory Maximum Limits for heavy metal contaminants, crop contaminants, mycotoxins (Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A), and pesticide/antibiotic residues in food.

FSS विनियम 2011 का मुख्य उद्देश्य 'खाद्य पदार्थों में संदूषकों, विषाक्त पदार्थों और कीटनाशक अवशेषों की अधिकतम सीमा तय करना' (Set maximum limits for contaminants, toxins, and residues) है।

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220📚Food Processing, Preservation Techniques & PackagingFood Hydrocolloids (Pectin)

Which of the following is the primary function of the hydrocolloid pectin in food science?

Explanation

Pectin (a structural heteropolysaccharide extracted from citrus peels and apple pomace) functions in the presence of sugar and acid as a premier Gelling Agent in the manufacture of jams, jellies, and confectionery.

खाद्य विज्ञान में हाइड्रोकोलॉइड पेक्टिन (Pectin) का प्राथमिक कार्य जैम और जेली में 'जेलिंग एजेंट' (Gelling agent) के रूप में कार्य करना है।

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221📚Food Processing, Preservation Techniques & PackagingControlled Atmosphere Storage (CAS)

Which of the following is the primary principle behind the controlled atmosphere storage technique in food preservation?

Explanation

Controlled Atmosphere Storage (CAS) continuously regulates and alters storage gas composition by lowering Oxygen levels (

O_2 \approx 1\text{--}3\%

) and elevating Carbon Dioxide (

CO_2 \approx 1\text{--}5\%

) to suppress post-harvest cellular respiration and ethylene ripening in apples and pears.

नियंत्रित वायुमंडल भंडारण (CAS) का प्राथमिक सिद्धांत 'ऑक्सीजन के स्तर को कम करना और कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड बढ़ाकर श्वसन दर को धीमा करना' (Reducing O2 and increasing CO2 to slow respiration) है।

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222📚Food Processing Operations, Preservation & Packaging TechnologyHydraulic Jet Cleaning

The scrubbing action of high-pressure water jets is used for cleaning which product?

Explanation

High-pressure hydraulic water sprays/jets provide vigorous scrubbing to remove soil and microflora from soft-skinned field vegetables like Tomatoes before sorting and lye peeling.

उच्च दबाव वाले पानी के फव्वारों की स्क्रबिंग क्रिया का उपयोग 'टमाटर' (Tomato) की धुलाई और मिट्टी हटाने के लिए किया जाता है।

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223📚Food Processing Operations, Preservation & Packaging TechnologyFruit and Cereal Processing Matching

Match the following processing methods:
1. Tomato
2. Potato
3. Pineapple
4. Oats

Method:
i. Lye peeling
ii. High pressure water jets
iii. Abrasive brushes
iv. Stabilization

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

1 -> i (Tomato: hot caustic lye peeling), 2 -> iii (Potato: mechanical abrasive roller peeling), 3 -> ii (Pineapple: high-pressure water jet washing and coring), 4 -> iv (Oats: steam stabilization to inactivate lipase enzymes). Correct match: (1)-(i), (2)-(iii), (3)-(ii), (4)-(iv).

1-i (टमाटर - लाई पीलिंग), 2-iii (आलू - एब्रेसिव ब्रशिंग), 3-ii (अनानास - हाई प्रेशर जेट्स), 4-iv (जई - स्थिरीकरण/लाइपेज निष्क्रियण)। सही विकल्प A है।

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224📚Food Processing Operations, Preservation & Packaging TechnologyIndustrial Drying Equipment Matching

Match the following dryer with the type of product they are compatible with:
1. Kiln Air convection dryer
2. Cabinet, Tray or Pan Air convection dryer
3. Spray Dryer
4. Freeze Dryer

Compatible Product:
i. Pieces and liquids
ii. Pieces
iii. Pieces, Purees and Liquids
iv. Purees and Liquids

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

1 -> ii (Kiln dryer: large pieces like apple slices, hops), 2 -> i (Cabinet/Tray dryer: pieces and shallow liquids), 3 -> iv (Spray dryer: atomized liquids and purees into powder), 4 -> iii (Freeze dryer: high-value solid pieces, purees, and liquid extracts). Correct match: (1)-(ii), (2)-(i), (3)-(iv), (4)-(iii).

1-ii (किल्न ड्रायर - ठोस टुकड़े), 2-i (कैबिनेट/ट्रे ड्रायर - टुकड़े और तरल), 3-iv (स्प्रे ड्रायर - तरल/प्यूरी), 4-iii (फ्रीज ड्रायर - उच्च गुणवत्ता टुकड़े/तरल)। सही विकल्प C है।

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225📚Human Nutrition, Micronutrients & Dietary DeficienciesMorphological Types of Anemia

The following are the types of anaemia:
I. Hypochromic
II. Megaloblastic
III. Microchromic
IV. Microphage
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Recognized morphological types of anemia include Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia (iron deficiency - I) and Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemia (Vitamin B12/folate deficiency - II). ('Microchromic' and 'Microphage' are non-existent medical terms). Correct: I and II.

एनीमिया के वास्तविक प्रकारों में 'हाइपोक्रोमिक' (I / आयरन की कमी) और 'मेगालोब्लास्टिक' (II / B12/फोलेट की कमी) शामिल हैं। सही विकल्प D है।

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226📚Atmospheric Physics, Air Pollution & Climate ChangeClimate Change Extinction Vulnerability

Due to climate change, species extinction may occur at:

Explanation

Global warming forces species to shift their geographic ranges poleward and upslope. High-altitude mountain summits and high-latitude arctic species face severe extinction ('mountaintop extinction' / edge of range) because they have no higher elevations or latitudes to migrate to.

जलवायु परिवर्तन के कारण प्रजातियों के विलुप्त होने का सबसे बड़ा खतरा 'उच्च अक्षांशों और उच्च ऊंचाई वाले क्षेत्रों' (Higher latitudes and higher elevations) में होता है।

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227📚Environmental Microbiology, Toxic Chemicals & Environmental LawsIn Situ Bioremediation (Vadose Zone)

In situ bioremediation stimulating microorganisms within

Explanation

Bioventing and in situ unsaturated bioremediation stimulate indigenous aerobic bacteria within the Vadose Zone (unsaturated soil zone above the water table) by injecting low-flow oxygen/air and nutrients.

इन-सीटू बायोरेमेडिएशन (Bioventing) मुख्य रूप से भूजल स्तर के ऊपर 'वैडोज़ ज़ोन' (Vadose zone / असंतृप्त मृदा क्षेत्र) में सूक्ष्मजीवों को उत्तेजित करता है।

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228📚Environmental Microbiology, Toxic Chemicals & Environmental LawsPhytoremediation Limitations

Consider the following statements:
i. Phytoremediation is an alternative to engineering procedures that are usually more destructive to the soil.
ii. Phytoremediation is limited to the impervious zone of soil.
iii. Phytoremediation technologies are not available for various environments and types of contaminants.
iv. Phytoremediation has limited application where the concentrations of contaminants are toxic to plants
Which of the above statements are not correct?

Explanation

Statements ii and iii are incorrect: Phytoremediation operates in the root rhizosphere/vadose zone (not impervious bedrock - ii is false), and standardized plant technologies exist across wetlands, soil, and groundwater (iii is false). Statements i and iv are true. Correct: (ii), (iii) are not correct.

कथन ii और iii गलत हैं (फाइटोरेमेडिएशन अभेद्य चट्टानों तक सीमित नहीं है और विभिन्न प्रदूषकों के लिए उपलब्ध है)। सही विकल्प B है।

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229📚Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics & Environmental ThermodynamicsBiomagnification Definition

Biomagnification occurs when

Explanation

Biomagnification (trophic magnification) is the progressive increase in concentration of a persistent, lipophilic, non-biodegradable xenobiotic (e.g. DDT, Methylmercury, PCBs) in tissues of organisms at successively Higher Trophic Levels (top predators) compared to ambient water/soil concentrations.

जैव-आवर्धन (Biomagnification) तब होता है जब खाद्य श्रृंखला के 'शीर्ष पर स्थित जीव' (Top predators) पर्यावरण की तुलना में प्रदूषक को अत्यधिक सांद्रित कर लेते हैं।

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230📚Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics & Environmental ThermodynamicsEcosystem vs Biome Scale

Consider the following statements:
i. An ecosystem is much smaller than a biome
ii. A biome is a large area with similar flora, fauna and microorganisms
iii. Ecosystem does not fail if it doesn't remain in balance
iv. Tropical dry forests are not among major biomes of the world
Which of the above statements are correct?

Explanation

Statements i and ii are correct: An ecosystem (e.g. a pond or forest patch) is a localized functional unit nested within a vast regional Biome (i), which encompasses broad regional flora and fauna adapted to a specific macroclimate (ii). (Statement iii is false as ecological imbalance collapses ecosystems; iv is false). Correct: (i), (ii).

कथन i और ii सही हैं (पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र बायोम से छोटा होता है और बायोम समान वनस्पति व जीवों वाला बड़ा क्षेत्रीय क्षेत्र है)। सही विकल्प D है।

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231📚Environmental Microbiology, Toxic Chemicals & Environmental LawsMoEFCC Administrative Mandate

Which of the following ministry is responsible at the central level for planning, promotion, coordination and overseeing the implementation of environmental pollution legislations?

Explanation

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India, is the nodal central ministry responsible for formulating environmental policies, coordinating pollution control, and administering the Water, Air, and EP Acts.

केंद्रीय स्तर पर पर्यावरण संरक्षण और प्रदूषण नियंत्रण नीतियों के लिए जिम्मेदार नोडल मंत्रालय 'पर्यावरण, वन और जलवायु परिवर्तन मंत्रालय' (MoEFCC) है।

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232📚Atmospheric Physics, Air Pollution & Climate ChangeUNFCCC Climate Agreements Chronology

As per the succession of UNFCCC protocols, which order among the following is correct?
I. Paris Agreement
II. The US Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement
III. Conference of Parties (COP)
IV. Kyoto Protocol
Choose the Correct Option:

Explanation

Chronological timeline of international climate milestones: III. COP-1 Berlin = 1995

->

IV. Kyoto Protocol adopted = 1997

->

II. US Mayors Climate Protection Agreement = 2005

->

I. Paris Agreement (COP-21) = 2015. Correct sequence: III, IV, II, I.

जलवायु संधियों का सही कालानुक्रम: COP-1 (1995)

->

क्योटो प्रोटोकॉल (1997)

->

यूएस मेयर समझौता (2005)

->

पेरिस समझौता (2015) (III, IV, II, I)। सही विकल्प B है।

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233📚Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics & Environmental ThermodynamicsSaline Soil Classification

Saline soils have a pH value of

Explanation

In agricultural soil classification (US Salinity Lab): Saline Soils (Solonchak) have an Electrical Conductivity

ext{EC} > 4 ext{ dS/m}

, Exchangeable Sodium Percentage

ext{ESP} < 15\%

, and a soil pH typically between 7.0 and 8.5 (Alkali/Sodic soils have

pH > 8.5

). Choice B (7 to 8 / 7 to 8.5).

लवणीय मृदा (Saline soils) का pH मान आमतौर पर '7 से 8.5' के बीच होता है (क्षारीय मृदा का pH 8.5 से अधिक होता है)। सही विकल्प B है।

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234📚Environmental Microbiology, Toxic Chemicals & Environmental LawsActinomycetes Microbiology

Actinomycetes is a group of

Explanation

Actinomycetes (Actinobacteria) are a diverse phylum of Gram-Positive, filamentous, spore-forming Bacteria that play a key role in organic decomposition in soils (producing the earthy geosmin odor).

एक्टिनोमाइसेट्स (Actinomycetes) मिट्टी में पाए जाने वाले तंतुमय 'जीवाणु' (Gram-positive Bacteria) का एक समूह हैं।

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235📚Environmental Microbiology, Toxic Chemicals & Environmental LawsRecalcitrant Insecticides

The insecticide which is resistant to biodegradation and present in soil for a longer time is called as:

Explanation

Synthetic xenobiotic compounds (such as organochlorine pesticides DDT, Dieldrin, Aldrin) that inherently resist microbial enzymatic biodegradation and persist in soils for decades are termed Recalcitrant Pollutants.

मिट्टी में लंबे समय तक जैविक अपघटन का विरोध करने वाले कीटनाशकों को 'रीकैल्सिट्रेंट' (Recalcitrant / जिद्दी प्रदूषक) कहा जाता है।

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236📚Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics & Environmental ThermodynamicsBlack Cotton Soil Mineral Profile

Black cotton soil is NOT deficient in:

Explanation

Black Cotton Soils (Regur / Vertisols) formed from basaltic lava are exceptionally rich in Iron, Calcium, Magnesium, and Carbonates, but are characteristically Deficient in Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Organic Matter/Humus (Hence, Iron is NOT deficient).

काली कपास मृदा (रेगुर) में नाइट्रोजन, फास्फोरस और ह्यूमस की कमी होती है, जबकि यह 'आयरन' (Iron / लोहा) और मैग्नीशियम से भरपूर होती है (अतः आयरन की कमी नहीं है)।

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237📚Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics & Environmental ThermodynamicsSandy Soil Characteristics

Sandy Soils are rich in:

Explanation

Sandy soils derived from feldspar, mica, and silicate parent rocks often retain mineral Potassium, but are severely leached and deficient in Humus, Nitrogen, and available Phosphorus.

रेतीली मिट्टी (Sandy soils) खनिजों में पोटाश/पोटेशियम (Potassium) से युक्त हो सकती है, जबकि इसमें ह्यूमस और नाइट्रोजन की भारी कमी होती है।

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238📚Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology & PharmacognosyCrude Drug Synonyms

'Thorn apple' is the synonym for the drug:

Explanation

'Thorn Apple' (or Jimson weed) is the common English synonym for Datura stramonium (family Solanaceae), referring to its spiny, thorny capsule fruit containing tropane alkaloids.

'थॉर्न एप्पल' (Thorn apple) 'धतूरा' (Datura / Datura stramonium) का प्रसिद्ध पर्याय है।

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239📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTIndian Agriculture (Crops)

Ponni rice is mainly grown in which state of India?

Explanation

Ponni Rice is a famous high-yielding hybrid variety of rice developed by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) in 1971 and is cultivated extensively along the banks of the Kaveri (Ponni) river in Tamil Nadu.

पोन्नी चावल (Ponni rice) मुख्य रूप से भारत के 'तमिलनाडु' (Tamil Nadu) राज्य में कावेरी नदी के कछार में उगाया जाता है।

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240📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTClimate Change (Ice-Albedo Feedback)

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the ice-albedo feedback in climate change?

Explanation

Ice-albedo feedback is a positive climate feedback: highly reflective white ice (high albedo) reflects sunlight back to space; as warming melts ice, it exposes darker ocean water or land (low albedo), which absorbs more solar radiation and accelerates further warming.

आइस-अल्बीडो फीडबैक के तहत 'बर्फ पिघलने पर गहरी सतह उजागर होने से सौर ऊर्जा का अवशोषण बढ़ जाता है' (विकल्प A)।

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241📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTKoppen Climate Classification J&K

Match the climate codes with their corresponding regions of Jammu and Kashmir, according to Koppen's classification:
Climate codes:
i) Dfb
ii) Cwa
iii) Dwd / ET

Regions:
1) Jammu
2) Ladakh
3) Kashmir

Choose the Correct Option:

Explanation

Under Köppen's climatic classification for J&K: i -> 3 (Dfb: Humid continental climate with warm summers in Kashmir Valley), ii -> 1 (Cwa: Subtropical humid climate with dry winters in Jammu Plains/Sub-Himalayas), iii -> 2 (Dwd / ET: Polar alpine cold desert climate in Ladakh). Correct match: i-3, ii-1, iii-2.

कोपेन का जलवायु वर्गीकरण: i-3 (Dfb - कश्मीर घाटी), ii-1 (Cwa - जम्मू उपोष्णकटिबंधीय मैदान), iii-2 (Dwd/ET - लद्दाख शीत मरुस्थल)। सही विकल्प B है।

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242📚Mass Communication Theories, Models & EffectsPropaganda Techniques (Fear Appeals)

Which of the following techniques is commonly used in propaganda to create a climate of fear?

Explanation

Fear Appeals (Scare Tactics) in propaganda intentionally leverage terrifying or catastrophic warnings to trigger anxiety in the target audience, coercing them to accept a proposed political action or authoritarian policy.

प्रचार में भय और असुरक्षा का माहौल बनाने के लिए मुख्य रूप से 'भय अपील' (Fear appeals / डर का सहारा) तकनीक का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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243📚Environmental Engineering, Mechanics & DynamicsWater Pollutants and Sources Matching

Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List I (Pollutants of water pollution):
i. Pathogens or Infectious agents
ii. Sediment
iii. Oxygen demanding wastes
iv. Toxic compounds

List II (Sources of pollutants):
1. Industrial effluents and household cleansers
2. Sewage, Paper mill wastes, Animal feedlots
3. Surface run off
4. Human and animal wastes

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

i -> 4 (Pathogens: human/animal enteric wastes), ii -> 3 (Sediment: soil erosion surface runoff), iii -> 2 (Oxygen demanding wastes: domestic sewage, paper mill effluents), iv -> 1 (Toxic chemicals: industrial effluents and cleansers). Correct match: (i)-4, (ii)-3, (iii)-2, (iv)-1.

i-4 (रोगजनक - मानव व पशु अपशिष्ट), ii-3 (तलछट - सतही अपवाह), iii-2 (ऑक्सीजन मांग अपशिष्ट - सीवेज/कागज मिल), iv-1 (विषाक्त यौगिक - औद्योगिक अपशिष्ट)। सही विकल्प B है।

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244📚Environmental Engineering, Mechanics & DynamicsEnvironmental Spheres

The environment can be divided into four segments. The segments are:

Explanation

The Earth's global environment is fundamentally divided into four interconnected concentric spheres/segments: Atmosphere (air/gases), Hydrosphere (oceans/water), Lithosphere (solid crust/soil), and Biosphere (realm of living organisms).

पर्यावरण के चार मुख्य घटक: 'वायुमंडल (Atmosphere), जलमंडल (Hydrosphere), स्थलमंडल (Lithosphere) और जैवमंडल (Biosphere)' हैं।

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245📚Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Calculus & General KnowledgeNobel Laureates of India (Tagore 1913)

Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize for literature in:

Explanation

Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for his profoundly sensitive and beautiful poetry collection Gitanjali ('Song Offerings'), becoming the first non-European Nobel laureate.

रवींद्रनाथ टैगोर को उनकी प्रसिद्ध काव्य कृति 'गीतांजलि' के लिए साहित्य का नोबेल पुरस्कार वर्ष '1913' में प्रदान किया गया था।

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246📚Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Calculus & General KnowledgeIndian History & National Symbols

Consider the following statements:
Statement 1: The famous Lucknow pact of 1916 was signed between Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Statement 2: Green color in Indian National Flag signifies fertility, growth and auspiciousness of the land.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Both statements are historically correct: The 1916 Lucknow Pact bringing joint cooperation between Indian National Congress and All-India Muslim League was drafted primarily by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1), and Dr. S. Radhakrishnan noted that the green band on the National Flag represents relation to the soil, plant life, fertility, and auspiciousness (2). Correct: Statement 1 and 2 are correct.

कथन 1 और 2 दोनों सही हैं (लखनऊ समझौता 1916 तिलक और जिन्ना के प्रयासों से हुआ और तिरंगे का हरा रंग समृद्धि व उर्वरता का प्रतीक है)। सही विकल्प C है।

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247📚Front Office Operations, Hospitality Management & TourismGuest Complaint Categorization

Delay in the room service for lunch, or delay in the clearance of soiled crockery from the room after meals is considered which type of complaint?

Explanation

Hotel guest complaints are classified into four main categories: Service-related complaints (delays in food delivery, slow housekeeping, laundry errors), Mechanical complaints (faulty TV, AC breakdown), Attitudinal complaints (staff rudeness), and Unusual complaints (bad weather).

रूम सर्विस में देरी या गंदे बर्तनों को उठाने में देरी 'सेवा संबंधी शिकायत' (Service related complaint) के अंतर्गत आती है।

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248📚Front Office Accounting, Folios, Billing & Financial ControlsFront Office Internal Controls

Which of the following statement/statements DOES NOT involve in front office internal control procedure?

Explanation

Internal accounting control in front office operations fundamentally encompasses all listed procedures: tracking all source vouchers, verifying billing entries against receipts, cross-checking cashier balances, and identifying system vulnerabilities

\implies

All are involved. Option D.

फ्रंट ऑफिस आंतरिक नियंत्रण में दस्तावेजीकरण को ट्रैक करना, प्रविष्टियों का सत्यापन और इनवॉइस का मिलान सभी प्रक्रियाएं शामिल होती हैं।

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249📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTSpace Science Current Affairs 2024

In 2024, which spacecraft successfully retrieved the world's first lunar samples from the far side of the Moon?

Explanation

China's Chang'e-6 robotic lunar probe successfully landed on the Moon's South Pole-Aitken basin on the lunar far side and safely returned approximately 1,935 grams of historic soil and rock samples back to Earth on 25 June 2024.

वर्ष 2024 में चंद्रमा के सुदूर भाग (Far side of the Moon) से पहली बार मिट्टी व चट्टान के नमूने लाने वाला अंतरिक्ष यान 'चांग'ई-6' (Chang'e-6 / चीन) है।

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250📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UTGeography of J&K (Jammu Climate)

Consider following statements about the climate of Jammu:
Statement I: Kashmir valley influences climate of Northern Jammu.
Statement II: Southern plains of Jammu experience temperate climate.
Which of the given statement is /are correct?

Explanation

Statement I is correct: The high Pir Panjal ranges and Kashmir valley macroclimate directly influence the cold sub-Himalayan climate of Northern Jammu (Doda, Kishtwar, Bhaderwah, Ramban). Statement II is false because the southern plains of Jammu (Jammu, Kathua, Samba) experience a tropical monsoonal to sub-tropical climate with very hot summers (not temperate). Correct: Only I.

केवल कथन I सही है क्योंकि कश्मीर घाटी उत्तरी जम्मू के पर्वतीय क्षेत्रों की जलवायु को प्रभावित करती है; दक्षिणी जम्मू के मैदानी भाग उपोष्णकटिबंधीय (Sub-tropical) हैं, शीतोष्ण (Temperate) नहीं। सही विकल्प A है।

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251📚Quantitative Aptitude, Reasoning & Basic MathematicsCoding-Decoding (+2 Shift)

Match the word with its coded form:
Word:
i) CAT
ii) DOG
iii) APPLE
iv) BALL

Coded Form:
1) DCNN
2) ECV
3) FQI
4) CRRNG

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Letter shift coding (+2 to each letter): CAT

-> C(+2)E, A(+2)C, T(+2)V =

ECV (2); DOG

-> D(+2)F, O(+2)Q, G(+2)I =

FQI (3); APPLE

-> A(+2)C, P(+2)R, P(+2)R, L(+2)N, E(+2)G =

CRRNG (4); BALL

-> B(+2)D, A(+2)C, L(+2)N, L(+2)N =

DCNN (1). Correct match: i-2, ii-3, iii-4, iv-1 (Choice B).

प्रत्येक अक्षर में

+2

की वृद्धि: CAT

->

ECV (2), DOG

->

FQI (3), APPLE

->

CRRNG (4), BALL

->

DCNN (1)। सही विकल्प B है।

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252📚Animal Sciences, Zoology, Veterinary Physiology & ImmunologyMolluscan Physiology (Pila Enzymes)

Which digestive enzyme is found in the resorptive cells of the digestive gland (hepatopancreas) of Pila (apple snail)?

Explanation

The digestive gland of the herbivorous freshwater apple snail Pila globosa secretes Cellulase (along with amylase and protease) to break down structural plant cellulose into fermentable glucose.

सेब घोंघे (पाइला ग्लोबोसा) की पाचक ग्रंथि कोशिकाओं में पौधों के सेल्यूलोज को पचाने वाला एंजाइम 'सेल्यूलेज' (Cellulase) पाया जाता है।

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253📚Animal Sciences, Zoology, Veterinary Physiology & ImmunologyCytokines & Immune Functions Matching

Match the Cytokines with Their Immunological Functions:
Column -A:
i. IL-1
ii. IL-2
iii. IFN-gamma
iv. TNF-alpha

Column -B:
1. Stimulates the autocrine growth of T-cells, plays a key role in adaptive immunity
2. Activates macrophages, enhances antigen presentation, and regulates cell-mediated responses
3. Plays a significant role in inflammation, systemic shock, and apoptosis
4. Promotes local inflammation, endogenous pyrogen fever, and activation of T-cells

Choose The Correct Option:

Explanation

i -> 4 (IL-1: pro-inflammatory cytokine and endogenous pyrogen inducing fever and vascular adhesion), ii -> 1 (IL-2: T-cell growth factor stimulating clonal expansion), iii -> 2 (IFN-

\gamma

: macrophage-activating factor secreted by Th1 and NK cells), iv -> 3 (TNF-

lpha

: tumor necrosis factor inducing inflammation, septic cachexia, and apoptosis). Correct match: i-4, ii-1, iii-2, iv-3 (Choice A).

i-4 (IL-1 - बुखार व सूजन), ii-1 (IL-2 - टी-सेल वृद्धि कारक), iii-2 (IFN-गामा - मैक्रोफेज सक्रियण), iv-3 (TNF-अल्फा - सूजन व एपोप्टोसिस)। सही विकल्प A है।

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254📚Animal Sciences, Zoology, Veterinary Physiology & ImmunologyB-Lymphocyte Activation & Humoral Immunity

B lymphocytes are involved in the human immune response to a bacterial infection. Which of the following cellular processes would TYPICALLY be carried out by these B cells in response to the infection?
I. cell division by mitosis (clonal selection and expansion)
II. transcription producing mRNA for antibody synthesis
III. engulfing and digesting bacteria via phagocytosis
Options:

Explanation

Upon encountering a specific bacterial antigen, activated B lymphocytes undergo rapid clonal expansion through Mitotic Cell Division (I) and massive Transcription/Translation producing mRNA to synthesize immunoglobulin antibodies as plasma cells (II). Phagocytic engulfment and digestion of whole bacteria (III) is performed by professional phagocytes (macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils), NOT by B lymphocytes. Correct: I and II only (Choice A).

जीवाणु संक्रमण के विरुद्ध B-लिम्फोसाइट्स समसूत्री विभाजन द्वारा क्लोनल प्रसार (I) और एंटीबॉडी संश्लेषण हेतु mRNA प्रतिलेखन (II) करती हैं (जीवाणुओं का भक्षण फैगोसाइट्स करते हैं, B कोशिकाएं नहीं)। सही विकल्प A है।

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255📚Animal Sciences, Zoology, Veterinary Physiology & ImmunologyComplement System (C5a Chemotaxis)

A complement split product component that is strongly chemotactic for attracting neutrophils to sites of infection is:

Explanation

Complement fragment C5a (along with C3a and C4a, termed anaphylatoxins) is the most potent biological chemotactic factor, stimulating directed migration (chemotaxis), degranulation, and respiratory burst activation of neutrophils and macrophages toward inflammatory foci.

संक्रमण स्थल पर न्यूट्रोफिल को आकर्षित करने वाला सबसे शक्तिशाली केमोटैक्टिक पूरक घटक 'C5a' (एनाफिलाटॉक्सिन) होता है।

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256📚General Science & EnvironmentSoil Pollution & Acid Rain

Which among the following is a major cause of soil pollution and acidification?

Explanation

Acid Rain (containing dissolved nitric and sulfuric acids from

SO_2

and

NO_x

emissions) causes severe soil acidification, leaching essential nutrient cations (

Ca^{2+}, Mg^{2+}

) and mobilizing toxic aluminum.

मृदा प्रदूषण और अम्लीकरण का प्रमुख कारण 'अम्लीय वर्षा' (Acid Rain) है।

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257📚General Science & EnvironmentGlobal Warming Effects

Global warming and climate change will cause:

Explanation

Rising global average temperatures cause thermal expansion of ocean waters, melting of polar ice caps, and rapid retreat/decrease of mountain glaciers

\implies

All of the above. Choice D.

ग्लोबल वार्मिंग के कारण समुद्र के स्तर में वृद्धि, हिमनदों (ग्लेशियरों) का पिघलना और बर्फ की चादरों में कमी सभी परिणाम होते हैं (All of the above)।

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258📚General Awareness & Current Affairs (National & J&K)Indian Agriculture (Plantation Crops)

Which of the following is NOT a plantation crop?

Explanation

Plantation agriculture involves single-crop extensive farming for commercial export: Tea, Coffee, and Rubber are classic plantation crops. Wheat is an extensive food grain cereal crop (Rabi crop), NOT a plantation crop.

दिए गए विकल्पों में से 'गेहूं' (Wheat) एक खाद्यान्न फसल है, यह बागानी/रोपण फसल (Plantation crop) नहीं है (चाय, कॉफी, रबर बागानी फसलें हैं)।

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259📚General Awareness & Current Affairs (National & J&K)Economic Sectors (Secondary Sector)

The _______ covers economic activities in which natural raw materials are transformed into finished manufactured goods through industrial processes:

Explanation

The Secondary Sector (Industrial/Manufacturing Sector) encompasses economic activities where primary raw materials (agricultural crops, minerals, timber) are processed, manufactured, and converted into finished goods.

वह क्षेत्र जिसमें प्राकृतिक उत्पादों को विनिर्माण के माध्यम से अन्य रूपों में परिवर्तित किया जाता है, 'द्वितीयक क्षेत्र' (Secondary Sector / औद्योगिक क्षेत्र) कहलाता है।

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260📚General Science & EnvironmentSoil Pollution & Acid Rain

Which among the following is a direct cause of soil acidification and pollution?

Explanation

Acid Rain (containing dissolved sulfuric acid

H_2SO_4

and nitric acid

HNO_3

from

SO_2

and

NO_x

emissions) leaches essential plant nutrients, increases soil acidity, and releases toxic aluminum ions into the soil.

मृदा प्रदूषण और मिट्टी के अम्लीकरण का मुख्य कारण 'अम्लीय वर्षा' (Acid Rain) है।

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261📚Indian Polity, History & GeographyAgricultural Institutions (NAFED)

NAFED (National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd) is connected with:

Explanation

NAFED (established in 1958) is the apex organization of marketing cooperatives for agricultural produce in India, promoting Agricultural Marketing and procurement of crops at Minimum Support Price (MSP).

नेफेड (NAFED) का मुख्य संबंध 'कृषि विपणन' (Agricultural marketing / कृषि उपज की खरीद व विपणन) से है।

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262📚Indian Polity, History & GeographyAgriculture (Plantation Crops)

Which of the following is NOT a plantation crop?

Explanation

Tea, coffee, rubber, coconut, and oil palm are commercial plantation crops grown on large estates. Wheat is an extensive food grain cereal crop (Rabi crop).

गेहूं (Wheat) एक खाद्यान्न फसल है, यह 'रोपण / बागानी फसल' (Plantation crop) नहीं है (चाय, कॉफी, रबर बागानी फसलें हैं)।

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263📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsPhysical Geography (Ganga Basin)

Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): Ganga Plain is the most densely populated part of India.
Reason (R): Ganga is the least harnessed river in India.
Choose the correct statement:

Explanation

Assertion (A) is TRUE: The Indo-Gangetic plain is the most densely populated physiographic division of India due to fertile alluvial soil, perennial water, and flat topography. Reason (R) is FALSE: The Ganga river basin is among the most extensively dammed, canalized, and heavily harnessed river systems in India. Correct: A is true, but R is false (Choice C).

अभिकथन (A) सत्य है क्योंकि गंगा का मैदान अत्यधिक उपजाऊ और सघन आबादी वाला है; कारण (R) असत्य है क्योंकि गंगा नदी भारत में सबसे अधिक दोहित और उपयोग की जाने वाली नदियों में से एक है। सही विकल्प C है।

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264📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsAgricultural Crop Producers Matching

Match Column - X with Column - Y and select the correct answer:
Column - X (Agriculture products):
1. Gram (Chickpea)
2. Cardamom
3. Pineapple

Column - Y (Foremost producer):
I. Madhya Pradesh
II. West Bengal
III. Kerala

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

1 -> I (Gram/Pulses: Madhya Pradesh is the largest producer in India), 2 -> III (Cardamom: Kerala produces the largest volume in the Cardamom Hills), 3 -> II (Pineapple: West Bengal is among the leading producers, especially the North Bengal Siliguri belt). Correct match: 1-I, 2-III, 3-II (Choice B).

1-I (चना - मध्य प्रदेश), 2-III (इलायची - केरल), 3-II (अनानास - पश्चिम बंगाल)। सही विकल्प B है।

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265📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsAgricultural Revolutions Matching

Match Column - X (Revolutions) with Column - Y (Sector/Relation):
Column - X (Revolutions):
1. Golden Revolution
2. Silver Fibre Revolution
3. Golden Fibre Revolution

Column - Y (Sector/Relation):
I. Jute Production
II. Cotton Production
III. Horticulture and Honey

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

1 -> III (Golden Revolution: Horticulture, fruits, and Honey production), 2 -> II (Silver Fibre Revolution: Cotton production), 3 -> I (Golden Fibre Revolution: Jute production). Correct match: 1-III, 2-II, 3-I (Choice C).

1-III (स्वर्ण क्रांति - बागवानी और शहद), 2-II (रजत रेशा क्रांति - कपास), 3-I (स्वर्ण रेशा क्रांति - जूट)। सही विकल्प C है।

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266📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsCulture & Music of Kashmir

Which is a traditional Kashmiri stringed musical instrument, often used in the classical Sufiana Maqam of the region?

Explanation

The Santoor (a trapezoid-shaped hundred-stringed hammered dulcimer, played with curved walnut mallets called mezrab) is the quintessential traditional musical instrument of Kashmir, popularized globally by Pandit Bhajan Sopori and Pandit Shivkumar Sharma.

कश्मीर का पारंपरिक सौ तारों वाला वाद्य यंत्र जो सूफियाना संगीत में प्रयुक्त होता है, 'संतूर' (Santoor) है।

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267📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsNAPCC 8 National Missions

Consider the following National Missions that come under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC):
I. National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
II. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Explanation

India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC, launched in 2008) comprises eight national missions, which include both the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE - I) and the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA - II). Correct: Both I and II (Choice A).

जलवायु परिवर्तन पर राष्ट्रीय कार्य योजना (NAPCC) के 8 मिशनों में 'उन्नत ऊर्जा दक्षता मिशन' (I) और 'सतत कृषि मिशन' (II) दोनों शामिल हैं। सही विकल्प A है।

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268📚General EnglishPrepositions

Choose the correct preposition: "Fate smiles ________ those who untiringly grapple with stark realities of life."

Explanation

The figurative idiom is 'fate/fortune smiles on (or upon) someone' (meaning to bestow good fortune or favor). Choice B.

भाग्य मेहरबान होने के संदर्भ में 'Fate smiles on' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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269📚General Awareness, Current Affairs & J&K UT Special ReferenceAgricultural Practices

Rearing of silkworms for the commercial production of raw silk fibre is known as:

Explanation

Sericulture is the commercial rearing of silkworms (especially Bombyx mori) for the production of raw silk fibre. (Apiculture is beekeeping; Floriculture is flower farming).

रेशम के उत्पादन के लिए रेशम के कीड़ों का पालन 'सेरीकल्चर' (Sericulture / रेशमकीट पालन) कहलाता है।

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270📚Computer Science, Operating Systems & Digital ElectronicsMicroprocessor Architecture (8085)

The classic Intel 8085 microprocessor IC has how many physical pins?

Explanation

The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit NMOS microprocessor housed in a standard 40-pin Dual In-line Package (DIP).

इंटेल 8085 माइक्रोप्रोसेसर में कुल '40 पिन' (40 pins / DIP पैकेज) होते हैं।

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271📚Computer Science, Operating Systems & Digital ElectronicsMicroprocessor Machine Cycles

Which of the following represents the correct fundamental machine cycle sequence in microprocessor instruction execution?

Explanation

In standard microprocessor architecture (like 8085), the execution of instructions initiates with Opcode Fetch, followed by Memory Read/Write or I/O Read/Write machine cycles as required by the instruction. Choice A.

माइक्रोप्रोसेसर में बुनियादी मशीन चक्रों का सही क्रम ऑपकोड फेच (Opcode fetch) से शुरू होता है, उसके बाद मेमोरी रीड/राइट और आई/ओ ऑपरेशन्स आते हैं। सही विकल्प A है।

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272📚Computer Science, Operating Systems & Digital Electronics8085 Vectored Interrupts

What is the hexadecimal vectored interrupt restart address for the RST-5 software instruction in the 8085 microprocessor?

Explanation

In 8085, vector restart locations are calculated as

N \times 8

. For RST-5:

5 \times 8 = 40_{10}

. Converting 40 to hexadecimal:

40 = (2 \times 16) + 8 = (0028)_{16}

. Therefore, the restart vector address is 0028 H. Choice C.

8085 में RST-5 का वेक्टर पता

= 5 \times 8 = 40

(दशमलव)

= 0028\text{ H}

(हेक्साडेसिमल)। सही विकल्प C है।

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273📚Computer Science, Operating Systems & Digital ElectronicsMicroprocessors (Z80 Architecture)

In the Zilog Z80 8-bit microprocessor, how is the alternate (shadow) set of working registers (

A', F', B', C', D', E', H', L'

) officially designated?

Explanation

The Z80 features a duplicate shadow register set denoted by a prime/apostrophe Suffix (e.g.

A', F', BC', DE', HL'

) toggled using the EX AF, AF' and EXX exchange instructions. Choice A.

Z80 माइक्रोप्रोसेसर में शैडो रजिस्टरों को प्राइम चिन्ह यानी 'प्रत्यय / सफिक्स' (Suffix - जैसे

A', B'

) द्वारा दर्शाया जाता है।

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274📚Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Quality Control & InstrumentationFlame Test Color Intensities

Arrange the following cations in decreasing order of the visual brightness/intensity of their characteristic flame emission color:

Na^+, K^+, Ba^{2+}

Explanation

Sodium (

Na^+

) emits an intensely brilliant, persistent golden-yellow flame (D-lines at 589 nm) of very high luminous intensity. Barium (

Ba^{2+}

) produces an apple-green flame of moderate brightness. Potassium (

K^+

) emits a faint, delicate lilac/violet flame of low visual luminosity that is easily masked by traces of sodium. Decreasing order:

Na^+ > Ba^{2+} > K^+

. Choice C.

ज्वाला के रंग की दृश्य तीव्रता का घटता क्रम: सोडियम (

Na^+

- अत्यधिक चमकदार सुनहरा पीला)

>

बेरियम (

Ba^{2+}

- सेब जैसा हरा)

>

पोटेशियम (

K^+

- हल्का बैंगनी/लीलाक)। सही विकल्प C है।

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275📚Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Genetics & MicrobiologyBiotechnology & Biosafety

Which of the following is a recognized environmental challenge or biosafety risk associated with using Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs) in field bioremediation?

Explanation

The foremost biosafety concern regarding GEMs released into open environments is ecological disruption, persistence, uncontained dispersion beyond the remediation perimeter, and horizontal gene transfer of recombinant plasmids to native soil microbiota. Choice B.

बायोरेमेडिएशन में आनुवंशिक रूप से संशोधित सूक्ष्मजीवों (GEMs) का मुख्य जोखिम उनका 'प्रदूषित स्थल से बाहर फैलना और अनियंत्रित प्रसार' है।

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276📚Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Genetics & MicrobiologyAgricultural Microbiology (Biofertilizers)

Biofertilizers primarily assist crop plants by biologically providing and fixing which essential nutrient in an available form?

Explanation

Biofertilizers (such as Rhizobium, Azotobacter, and Azospirillum) primarily enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen (

N_2

) into bioavailable ammonia (

NH_3

NH_4^+

). Choice B.

जैव उर्वरक (Biofertilizers) मुख्य रूप से पौधों को वायुमंडलीय 'नाइट्रोजन' (Nitrogen) जैविक रूप से स्थिर करके उपलब्ध कराते हैं। सही विकल्प B है।

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277📚Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Genetics & MicrobiologyBiofertilizers (Azospirillum)

The beneficial rhizosphere biofertilizer bacterium Azospirillum improves agricultural crop yields mainly by:

Explanation

While Azospirillum synthesizes plant growth-promoting phytohormones (IAA), its classical primary agro-biological benefit is associative Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF), converting atmospheric

N_2

into bioavailable ammonia for non-leguminous cereals and grasses. Choice A.

एज़ोस्पिरिलम (Azospirillum) मुख्य रूप से वायुमंडलीय नाइट्रोजन को अमोनिया में स्थिर करके (Biological nitrogen fixation) फसलों की उपज बढ़ाता है।

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278📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeBioremediation & Phytoremediation

A major operational drawback and practical limitation of using phytoremediation to decontaminate heavy-metal-polluted soils is:

Explanation

The principal commercial limitation of phytoremediation is that plant extraction and hyperaccumulation are biologically slow processes restricted by seasonal growth cycles, requiring multiple years or decades to remediate contaminated soil. Choice B.

फाइटोरीमेडिएशन (पादप उपचार) की सबसे बड़ी कमी यह है कि इसमें पौधों की धीमी वृद्धि के कारण मिट्टी को साफ होने में बहुत लंबा समय (Slow growth and time-consuming) लगता है।

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279📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeScope of Environmental Science

The academic discipline of Environmental Science primarily focuses on understanding the:

Explanation

Environmental Science is an interdisciplinary field integrating biological, chemical, and physical sciences to study environmental systems and specifically evaluate human impacts on natural ecosystems, climate, and planetary resources. Choice B.

पर्यावरण विज्ञान का मुख्य केंद्र 'पर्यावरण और प्राकृतिक प्रक्रियाओं पर मानव गतिविधियों के प्रभावों' (Human impacts on the environment) का अध्ययन करना है।

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280📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeClimate Economics (Carbon Credits)

The international 'carbon credit' and cap-and-trade market system allows countries and corporations to:
(A) Buy the right to pollute in exchange for forest conservation/offsets
(B) Set a cap on carbon emissions and trade emission allowances among countries
(C) Receive credits from the UN for reducing emissions
(D) Both A and B are correct

Explanation

Under the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and compliance emissions trading schemes, an overall cap is placed on emissions (B), and regulated entities can trade carbon credits or purchase verified emission reductions from forestry/renewable projects (A)

\implies

Both A and B are correct. Choice D.

कार्बन क्रेडिट प्रणाली के तहत उत्सर्जन की सीमा (Cap) तय करके व्यापार किया जाता है और उत्सर्जन भरपाई के लिए क्रेडिट खरीदे जाते हैं (Both A and B are correct)। सही विकल्प D है।

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281📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeEcological Succession (Climax Community)

A climax community in ecological succession is ecologically characterized by having:

Explanation

The climax community represents the final, stable, steady-state equilibrium phase of ecological succession, characterized by maximal biomass, complex food webs, high species diversity, and equilibrium with the regional climate. Choice A.

पारिस्थितिक अनुक्रमण का चरम समुदाय (Climax community) 'उच्च प्रजाति विविधता और स्थिर, स्थायी संरचना' (High species diversity and stable composition) द्वारा पहचाना जाता है।

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282📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeRadiological Hazards (Cesium-137)

Which anthropogenic radioactive isotope is most commonly associated with severe fallout, widespread soil contamination, and bioaccumulation following major nuclear power plant accidents (such as Chernobyl and Fukushima)?

Explanation

Cesium-137 (

^{137}Cs

, half-life

\approx 30.17\text{ years}

) is a volatile, high-yield nuclear fission product that mimics potassium in biological systems, rapidly dispersing and binding to soils to create long-term environmental radiological hazards following nuclear accidents. Choice C.

परमाणु दुर्घटनाओं (जैसे चेरनोबिल) के बाद दीर्घकालिक पर्यावरणीय विकिरण और मिट्टी के संदूषण के लिए मुख्य रूप से जिम्मेदार रेडियोधर्मी समस्थानिक 'सीज़ियम-137' (Cesium-137) है।

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283📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeEcological Succession Principles

Which of the following statements about ecological succession are true?
I. Primary succession occurs in areas where soil is already present.
II. Secondary succession occurs after a major disturbance such as fire or flood in an area with pre-existing soil.
III. Climax communities are the final stable stage of ecological succession.
IV. Ecological succession is a one-time, irreversible process that can never be reset.
Choose the correct statements:

Explanation

Statements II and III are correct: Secondary succession initiates where a previous ecosystem was disturbed but residual soil and seed banks remain (II), and the climax community represents the self-perpetuating terminal successional phase (III). Statement I is false (Primary succession begins on sterile substrates lacking soil, e.g. bare rock or lava flows). Statement IV is false (disturbances routinely reset succession back to earlier seral stages). Choice B (II, III).

कथन II और III सही हैं (द्वितीयक अनुक्रमण आग या बाढ़ के बाद बची हुई मिट्टी में होता है और चरम समुदाय अंतिम चरण है; प्राथमिक अनुक्रमण नग्न चट्टानों पर होता है जहां मिट्टी नहीं होती)। सही विकल्प B है।

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284📚Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Genetics & MicrobiologyBiofertilizer Agronomy

Which of the following statements about the production and use of biofertilizers are true?
I. Biofertilizers are produced by fermenting organic materials such as plant residues or manure.
II. The effectiveness of biofertilizers can be influenced by environmental factors, including soil temperature and moisture content.
III. Biofertilizers must always be used in conjunction with chemical fertilizers to be effective.
IV. Certain types of biofertilizers can provide resistance to plant diseases, enhancing overall plant health.
Choose the correct statements:

Explanation

Statements II and IV are correct: Living biofertilizer inoculants are sensitive to soil abiotic stress (temperature, pH, moisture) (II), and many plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) suppress phytopathogens via siderophores, antibiotics, and induced systemic resistance (IV). Statement I is false (that describes compost/organic manure, whereas biofertilizers are specific cultured microbial inoculants). Statement III is false (biofertilizers are effective in organic agriculture without synthetic fertilizers). Choice B (II, IV).

कथन II और IV सही हैं (जैव उर्वरकों की प्रभावशीलता मिट्टी के तापमान व नमी पर निर्भर करती है और ये पौधों को रोगों से लड़ने की क्षमता भी प्रदान करते हैं)। सही विकल्प B है।

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285📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeForest Management & Conservation

Which of the following statements about forest management and conservation are true?
I. Sustainable forest management includes balancing forest resource extraction with conservation efforts.
II. Deforestation for urban expansion always leads to long-term ecological damage.
III. Reforestation programs can help restore degraded ecosystems and improve biodiversity.
IV. Forestry practices that emphasize monoculture plantations are more beneficial for biodiversity.
Choose the correct statements:

Explanation

Statements I and III are correct: Sustainable forestry balances sustainable yield harvesting with ecological preservation (I), and multi-species ecological reforestation restores soil, watersheds, and biodiversity (III). Statement IV is false because monoculture tree plantations support severely impoverished biodiversity compared to natural forests. Choice A (I, III).

कथन I और III सही हैं (सतत वन प्रबंधन निष्कर्षण और संरक्षण में संतुलन बनाता है और पुनर्वनीकरण जैव विविधता को बहाल करता है; मोनोकल्चर बागान जैव विविधता के लिए हानिकारक होते हैं)। सही विकल्प A है।

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286📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeResource Management Matching

Match the environmental conservation method in Column -A with its primary practical focus in Column -B:
Column -A (Conservation Method):
1. Soil Conservation
2. Forest Conservation
3. Water Resource Management
4. Wildlife Conservation

Column - B (Focus):
i. Contour Plowing and terrace farming to prevent erosion
ii. Prevention of Deforestation and enforcing afforestation
iii. Efficient Irrigation Techniques (drip and sprinkler systems)
iv. Establishment of National Parks and biosphere reserves

Options:

Explanation

1 -> i (Soil conservation employs contour tillage and windbreaks to minimize topsoil runoff), 2 -> ii (Forestry focuses on controlling clear-cutting and illegal timber harvesting), 3 -> iii (Water management adopts micro-irrigation to conserve groundwater), 4 -> iv (Wildlife protection legally designates national parks to safeguard natural habitats). Correct match: 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv (Choice A).

1-i (मृदा संरक्षण - समोच्च जुताई), 2-ii (वन संरक्षण - वनों की कटाई की रोकथाम), 3-iii (जल प्रबंधन - कुशल ड्रिप सिंचाई), 4-iv (वन्यजीव संरक्षण - राष्ट्रीय उद्यानों की स्थापना)। सही विकल्प A है।

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287📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeEcosystem Services Matching

Match the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment categories of ecosystem services with their illustrative real-world examples:
Column - A (Service Type):
1. Provisioning Service
2. Regulating Service
3. Supporting Service
4. Cultural Service

Column - B (Example):
i. Timber, medicinal plants, and clean freshwater production
ii. Climate regulation and Carbon sequestration by forests and wetlands
iii. Soil formation, primary production, and Nutrient cycling
iv. Ecotourism, recreational, spiritual, and aesthetic inspiration

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

1 -> i (Provisioning: direct material goods harvested from nature like food, timber, and fiber), 2 -> ii (Regulating: ecological buffer benefits including carbon capture, flood moderation, and pollination), 3 -> iii (Supporting: underlying biological processes underpinning all other services like nutrient cycling and soil genesis), 4 -> iv (Cultural: non-material educational and recreation benefits). Correct match: 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv (Choice A).

1-i (प्रावधान सेवा - लकड़ी, भोजन और जल), 2-ii (नियामक सेवा - जलवायु नियमन और कार्बन अवशोषण), 3-iii (सहायक सेवा - पोषक चक्र और मृदा निर्माण), 4-iv (सांस्कृतिक सेवा - इकोटूरिज्म और आध्यात्मिक प्रेरणा)। सही विकल्प A है।

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288📚Ecology, Environmental Science, Conservation & WildlifeBioremediation Mechanisms

Consider the following statements regarding environmental biotechnology:
Assertion (A): Environmental biotechnology is successfully employed to clean up contaminated soil and aquatic pollution through bioremediation processes.
Reason (R): Bioremediation involves utilizing adapted microorganisms to metabolically degrade hazardous toxic pollutants in the environment, converting them into less harmful substances like

CO_2

and

H_2O

.
Which one of the following options is correct?

Explanation

Both statements are true and causally linked: Bioremediation cleans environmental pollutants (A) precisely because microbial metabolism breaks down complex toxic organic molecules via catabolic enzymatic pathways into harmless mineralized end-products (

CO_2, H_2O

, biomass) (R). Choice A.

अभिकथन और कारण दोनों सही हैं तथा कारण, अभिकथन की सही व्याख्या करता है (बायोरेमेडिएशन में सूक्ष्मजीव प्रदूषकों को उपापचयी रूप से विघटित कर हानिरहित पदार्थों में बदल देते हैं)। सही विकल्प A है।

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289📚Diagnostic Radiology Physics, Biomedical Instrumentation & Applied MathematicsBiomedical Transducers & Sensors

Which of the following is used to convert sound energy into electrical signals?

Explanation

A microphone is an electroacoustic transducer that detects acoustic sound pressure waves and converts sound mechanical vibrations into proportional electrical signals.

ध्वनि ऊर्जा को विद्युत संकेतों में परिवर्तित करने के लिए माइक्रोफोन (Microphone) का उपयोग किया जाता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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290📚Diagnostic Radiology Physics, Biomedical Instrumentation & Applied MathematicsBiomaterials & Medical Implants

What is the primary advantage of using ceramics in dental crowns and bridges?

Explanation

Dental ceramics (such as zirconia and alumina-based porcelains) provide superior compressive strength, outstanding abrasion and wear resistance, biocompatibility, and chemical durability in the oral cavity, alongside excellent natural tooth aesthetics.

दांतों के क्राउन और ब्रिज में सिरेमिक का प्राथमिक लाभ इसकी उच्च मजबूती और घिसाव प्रतिरोधक क्षमता (High strength and resistance to wear) है। सही विकल्प A है।

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291📚Diagnostic Radiology Physics, Biomedical Instrumentation & Applied MathematicsX-Ray Exposure Factors

What is the effect of increasing the kilovolt (kV) in an industrial X-ray exposure?

Explanation

Increasing the tube voltage (kVp) increases both the penetrability and the total photon intensity of the X-ray beam (intensity scales approximately with

kV^2

). Because more photons penetrate the subject to reach the detector, the required radiographic exposure time is significantly reduced.

एक्स-रे ट्यूब की वोल्टेज (kV) बढ़ाने से एक्स-रे बीम की तीव्रता और भेदन क्षमता बढ़ती है, जिससे आवश्यक एक्सपोज़र समय कम (Reducing the exposure time) हो जाता है। सही विकल्प A है।

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292📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryPesticides & Environmental Fate

What does the term "pesticide residue" refer to?

Explanation

Pesticide residue refers to any specified chemical substances remaining in or on food, agricultural commodities, animal feed, soil, or water resulting from the use of a pesticide, including active ingredients, toxicologically significant breakdown metabolites, and impurities.

'कीटनाशक अवशेष' (Pesticide residue) का तात्पर्य कीटनाशक के प्रयोग के बाद फसलों, मिट्टी या खाद्य पदार्थों पर बची रह जाने वाली रासायनिक मात्रा (The remaining pesticide after use) से है। सही विकल्प B है।

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293📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryPesticides & Environmental Impact

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of excessive pesticide use?

Explanation

Overuse of synthetic pesticides causes severe environmental degradation: killing non-target pollinators (honeybees), destabilizing food webs, driving pesticide resistance in target pests, and killing beneficial nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria and earthworms. It degrades and damages soil health, rather than improving soil structure.

अत्यधिक कीटनाशकों के प्रयोग से परागणकों की हानि होती है, प्रतिरोधकता बढ़ती है और पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र बिगड़ता है; यह मिट्टी की संरचना में सुधार (Improved soil structure) नहीं करता बल्कि उसे नुकसान पहुँचाता है। सही विकल्प D है।

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294📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistrySoil Chemistry & Nitrogen Dynamics

Which of the following is a major consequence of nitrogen saturation in the soil?

Explanation

When atmospheric nitrogen deposition exceeds the biological uptake capacity of plants and microbes (nitrogen saturation), excess mobile nitrate (

NO_3^-

) leaches into groundwaters accompanied by essential nutrient base cations (

Ca^{2+}, Mg^{2+}, K^+

). This cation depletion mobilizes phytotoxic aluminum (

Al^{3+}

) and causes severe soil acidification.

मिट्टी में नाइट्रोजन की अत्यधिक संतृप्ति (Nitrogen saturation) का सबसे प्रमुख दुष्परिणाम आवश्यक पोषक तत्वों का बह जाना और मिट्टी का अम्लीकरण (Acidification of the soil) होना है। सही विकल्प B है।

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295📚Chemical Sciences & Environmental ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry & Soil Monitoring

What method is commonly used to detect pesticides in soil samples?

Explanation

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with QuEChERS extraction is the most widely recognized standard analytical method for identifying and quantifying semi-volatile organochlorine, organophosphate, and pyrethroid pesticide residues in soil matrices due to its superior chromatographic separation and mass spectral fingerprinting.

मिट्टी के नमूनों में कीटनाशक अवशेषों की सटीक पहचान और विश्लेषण के लिए व्यापक रूप से 'गैस क्रोमैटोग्राफी-मास स्पेक्ट्रोमेट्री' (GC-MS) का उपयोग किया जाता है। सही विकल्प D है।

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296📚Biological Sciences, Genetics, Biotechnology & EcologyGlobal Environmental Change & Climate

Presently, the main cause of global warming is:

Explanation

The primary driver of contemporary global climate change is the rapid anthropogenic increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations—most prominently carbon dioxide (

CO_2

), released by fossil fuel combustion, cement manufacturing, and deforestation—which traps outgoing infrared terrestrial radiation.

वर्तमान समय में ग्लोबल वार्मिंग का मुख्य कारण वातावरण में ग्रीनहाउस गैस कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड की बढ़ती सांद्रता (Increasing CO2 Concentration) है। सही विकल्प A है।

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297📚Biological Sciences, Genetics, Biotechnology & EcologyBiotechnology & Genetically Modified Crops

Correct for "Golden rice"
i. Rice with beta- carotene
ii. Yellow in colour
iii. It is a GM rice
Choose correct combination:

Explanation

Golden Rice is a genetically modified (GM) biofortified strain of Oryza sativa engineered with daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) and bacterium (Pantoea ananatis) genes to biosynthesize provitamin A (beta-carotene) in the edible endosperm, which imparts its characteristic golden-yellow color to combat dietary vitamin A deficiency.

गोल्डन राइस एक आनुवंशिक रूप से संशोधित (GM) चावल है जिसमें बीटा-कैरोटीन होता है और यह पीले रंग का होता है। अतः तीनों कथन i, ii और iii सत्य हैं। सही विकल्प D है।

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298📚Biological Sciences, Genetics, Biotechnology & EcologyBiotechnology & Renewable Biofuels

Match the following columns A with the appropriate option in column B
Column - A
1. 1st generation biofuel
2. 2nd generation biofuel
3. 3rd generation biofuel
4. 4th generation biofuel
Column - B
i. Produced from algal biomass
ii. Produced from food crops
iii. Produced from non-food crops
iv. Produced by capturing and storing CO_2
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Classification of biofuels across technological generations:
- 1st generation: Derived directly from edible food crops (corn starch, sugarcane ethanol, soybean oil) -> (ii)
- 2nd generation: Produced from non-food lignocellulosic biomass (agricultural residues, switchgrass, jatropha) -> (iii)
- 3rd generation: Derived from microalgae and macroalgae biomass -> (i)
- 4th generation: Advanced bio-solar fuels produced by genetically modified cyanobacteria/microbes integrating carbon capture and storage (BECCS) -> (iv).
Hence: 1-(ii), 2-(iii), 3-(i), 4-(iv). Choice B.

जैव ईंधन की पीढ़ियों का सही मिलान:
1. प्रथम पीढ़ी -> खाद्य फसलों से (ii)
2. द्वितीय पीढ़ी -> अखाद्य लिग्नोसेल्युलोसिक बायोमास से (iii)
3. तृतीय पीढ़ी -> शैवाल (एल्गी) बायोमास से (i)
4. चतुर्थ पीढ़ी -> कार्बन कैप्चर और जेनेटिकली मॉडिफाइड सूक्ष्मजीवों से (iv)।
अतः सही कूट B है।

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299📚General Awareness, Science & J&K UT Special ReferenceIndian Agriculture & Soils

Which soil present in the hilly regions of South India make the area more suitable for the cultivation of Tea and Coffee?

Explanation

Laterite soils, formed by intense tropical leaching in high-rainfall hilly slopes (Western Ghats, Nilgiris, Shevaroy Hills), are rich in iron and aluminum oxides and acidic in nature, making them ideally suited for plantation crops like tea, coffee, rubber, and cashew.

दक्षिण भारत के पहाड़ी ढलानों पर पाई जाने वाली लेटराइट मिट्टी (Laterite soil) चाय और कॉफी की खेती के लिए सर्वाधिक उपयुक्त होती है। सही विकल्प A है।

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300📚General Awareness, Science & J&K UT Special ReferenceEcology & Protected Areas of India

Phumdis, Floating islands are an exceptional feature of which of the following lakes?

Explanation

Phumdis are a unique heterogeneous mass of floating vegetation, organic matter, and soil characteristic of Loktak Lake in Manipur, home to the world's only floating national park, Keibul Lamjao National Park.

तैरते हुए द्वीप 'फुुमडी' (Phumdis) मणिपुर की प्रसिद्ध लोकतक झील (Loktak lake) की अनूठी विशेषता हैं जहाँ केइबुल लामजाओ राष्ट्रीय उद्यान स्थित है। सही विकल्प C है।

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301📚Preventive & Curative Conservation, Museum Studies & Cultural HeritageFungal & Mold Control in Museums

Arrange the following preventive measures for controlling fungus growth on museum objects in the correct order (from least to most effective):
1. Regular inspection and monitoring of humidity levels.
2. Use of dehumidifiers to maintain optimal humidity.
3. Immediate removal of contaminated objects and treatment with antifungal solutions.
4. Storing objects in airtight containers to prevent moisture buildup.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Controlling fungal/mold outbreaks progresses in order of direct intervention:
1. Baseline environmental monitoring and humidity inspection.
2. Active mechanical climate control using dehumidifiers to keep relative humidity below

60\%

.
3. Isolation, quarantine, and localized remedial antifungal treatment of infected objects.
4. Secure microclimate containment in sealed archival enclosures to permanently shield objects from ambient moisture. Option D (1, 2, 3, 4) matches this hierarchy.

फफूंद (Fungus) की रोकथाम के उपायों का क्रम: 1) आर्द्रता की नियमित निगरानी; 2) आर्द्रता

60\%

से नीचे रखने के लिए डीह्यूमिडिफायर का उपयोग; 3) संक्रमित वस्तुओं को तुरंत अलग करना और एंटीफंगल उपचार; 4) नमी से सुरक्षित रखने के लिए वायुरोधी पात्रों में भंडारण। सही विकल्प D है।

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302📚Preventive & Curative Conservation, Museum Studies & Cultural HeritageClimate Control in Museums

Which of the following atmospheric conditions is most critical in preventive conservation to ensure the long-term preservation of museum objects?

Explanation

Rapid fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity (RH) cause repetitive dimensional expansion and contraction in hygroscopic materials (wood, parchment, textiles, paper, ivory), leading to warping, cracking, flaking of paint layers, and mechanical failure. Maintaining stable, constant environmental parameters (typically

18-22^\circ\text{C}

and

45-55\%

RH) is the single most critical foundation of preventive conservation.

सांस्कृतिक विरासत के दीर्घकालिक संरक्षण के लिए तापमान (

18-22^\circ\text{C}

) और सापेक्ष आर्द्रता (45-55% RH) को एक नियंत्रित और स्थिर सीमा में बनाए रखना सबसे महत्वपूर्ण है, क्योंकि उतार-चढ़ाव से लकड़ी, कागज और वस्त्रों में दरारें और विरूपण आता है। सही विकल्प A है।

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303📚Preventive & Curative Conservation, Museum Studies & Cultural HeritageWood Conservation Methodology

Consider the following steps involved in the conservation of wooden objects with polished and unpolished surfaces. Arrange them in the correct chronological order of conservation for both types of wood, from the initial treatment to the final steps.
1. Cleaning the surface to remove dirt and surface contaminants.
2. Assessing the object's condition and identifying any cracks or structural issues.
3. Applying a protective finish to maintain the wood's appearance and stability.
4. Consolidating the wood with a suitable consolidant if it is fragile or crumbling.
5. Repairing any cracks or structural damage with appropriate materials.
Choose the correct chronological order for both polished and unpolished wood:

Explanation

The universal conservation sequence for wooden heritage artifacts begins with:
2. Condition assessment, documentation, and structural diagnosis.
1. Gentle surface cleaning to remove dust, soot, and particulate soil.
4. In-depth consolidation of fragile, decayed, or insect-damaged wood fibers.
5. Structural stabilization, joint re-adhesion, and crack repair with compatible materials.
3. Application of a reversible protective barrier finish (e.g., microcrystalline wax).
Correct order: 2 -> 1 -> 4 -> 5 -> 3 (Option C).

काष्ठ (लकड़ी) की वस्तुओं के संरक्षण का सही क्रम: 2) वस्तु की स्थिति का प्रारंभिक आकलन और दरारों की पहचान

->

1) सतह की सफाई

->

4) कमजोर लकड़ी का संसज्जन (consolidation)

->

5) दरारों और संरचनात्मक क्षति की मरम्मत

->

3) सुरक्षात्मक फिनिश (जैसे माइक्रोक्रिस्टलाइन वैक्स) लगाना। सही विकल्प C (

2 -> 1 -> 4 -> 5 -> 3

) है।

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304📚Preventive & Curative Conservation, Museum Studies & Cultural HeritageCondition Report Content Boundaries

Which of the following steps is NOT typically involved in creating a condition report for an object in a museum or archive?

Explanation

A condition report is strictly a physical and technical conservation assessment focused on the material condition, structural vulnerabilities, photographs, and preservation recommendations. Detailed historical research, cultural significance, and ownership provenance belong to the curatorial cataloging and accession register, not the routine condition report.

कंडीशन रिपोर्ट मुख्य रूप से वस्तु की भौतिक स्थिति, क्षति, फोटो और संरक्षण सिफारिशों पर केंद्रित होती है। वस्तु का विस्तृत ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि और स्वामित्व (provenance) का प्रलेखन क्यूरेटर के एक्सेशन रजिस्टर का कार्य है, न कि कंडीशन रिपोर्ट का। सही विकल्प A है।

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305📚Preventive & Curative Conservation, Museum Studies & Cultural HeritageDefinition of Preventive Conservation

Which of the following best describes preventive conservation in the context of heritage and art conservation?

Explanation

As defined by ICOM-CC, Preventive Conservation comprises all indirect measures and actions aimed at avoiding and minimizing future deterioration or loss. These measures operate in the context or the surroundings of an item (climate control, lighting, pest control, security, storage furniture, and proper handling protocols) without direct physical or chemical intervention on the object itself.

निवारक संरक्षण (Preventive Conservation) का अर्थ कलाकृतियों पर सीधे हस्तक्षेप किए बिना, उनके पर्यावरण (तापमान, आर्द्रता, प्रकाश, कीट नियंत्रण, भंडारण और सुरक्षित हैंडलिंग) को नियंत्रित करके क्षति के जोखिम को कम करना है। सही विकल्प B है।

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306📚Preventive & Curative Conservation, Museum Studies & Cultural HeritagePreventive vs Curative Conservation

Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes preventive conservation from curative conservation?

Explanation

As established by ICOM-CC:
- Preventive Conservation: Indirect, proactive actions carried out on the environment (climate, lighting, pest management, storage enclosures) to prevent or delay damage.
- Curative Conservation: Direct, reactive physical and chemical treatments applied to the artifact itself to halt active deterioration or repair damaged components.

निवारक संरक्षण (Preventive) पर्यावरणीय नियंत्रण (तापमान, प्रकाश आदि) द्वारा क्षति को होने से रोकता है, जबकि उपचारात्मक संरक्षण (Curative) क्षतिग्रस्त वस्तु पर सीधे मरम्मत व रासायनिक उपचार करके उसे स्थिर करता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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307📚Camera Mechanics, Optics & Exposure TriangleFull Frame Sensors vs Crop Sensors

Consider the following statements:
I: A camera isn't the sole factor in determining image quality, but a full-frame sensor will get you a solid start.
II: If you are a commercial photographer or need to print photos at large sizes, a full-frame sensor will help you to meet the highest standards for resolution and detail.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Both statements are true. A full-frame sensor (

36 \times 24\text{ mm}

) has a larger surface area with larger photosites (pixels) than crop-sensor formats, resulting in superior signal-to-noise ratio, broader dynamic range, shallower depth of field control, and high resolving power essential for commercial exhibitions and large-format gallery prints.

कथन I और II दोनों सही हैं: हालांकि केवल कैमरा ही छवि की गुणवत्ता का एकमात्र कारक नहीं है, लेकिन फुल-फ्रेम सेंसर बड़े पिक्सल और बेहतर डायनामिक रेंज प्रदान करता है, जो बड़े आकार के प्रिंट और व्यावसायिक फोटोग्राफी के लिए उच्चतम गुणवत्ता सुनिश्चित करता है। सही विकल्प C है।

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308📚Digital Electronics, Microprocessors & Microcontrollers8085 Microprocessor Bus Architecture

Consider the following statements:
In the 8085 microprocessor, the data bus and address bus are multiplexed in order to
I. Increase the speed of the microprocessor
II. Reduce the number of chips
III. Connect more peripheral chips
Which of the below statements is/are correct?

Explanation

In the Intel 8085 microprocessor, the lower-order 8 address lines and 8 data lines are time-multiplexed (

AD_0 - AD_7

) solely to minimize the physical pin count of the IC package (fitting into an inexpensive 40-pin DIP package) and reduce motherboard chip count.

8085 माइक्रोप्रोसेसर में पिनों की संख्या 40 तक सीमित रखने और चिप्स की संख्या कम करने (Reduce the number of chips/pins) के लिए एड्रेस और डेटा बस (

AD_0-AD_7

) को मल्टीप्लेक्स किया जाता है। सही विकल्प A है।

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309📚Digital Electronics, Microprocessors & Microcontrollers8085 Stack & Subroutines

The following sequence of instructions is executed by an 8085 microprocessor.
1000 LXI SP, 27FF
1003 CALL 1006
1006 POP H
The contents of the stack pointer (SP) and the HL register pair after the execution of these instructions are:

Explanation

Step-by-step execution:
1. `1000 LXI SP, 27FF`: initializes Stack Pointer to

27FF\text{H}

.
2. `1003 CALL 1006`: pushes the return address (the next instruction address, which is

1006\text{H}

) onto the stack (

10\text{H}

27FE\text{H}

06\text{H}

27FD\text{H}

), decrementing SP by 2 to

27FD\text{H}

.
3. `1006 POP H`: pops the top two stack bytes into HL (

L = 06\text{H}, H = 10\text{H} \implies HL = 1006\text{H}

) and increments SP by 2 back to

27FF\text{H}

.
Final state:

SP = 27FF\text{H}, HL = 1006\text{H}

`CALL 1006` निर्देश अगली PC सामग्री (1006) को स्टैक पर पुश करता है (SP = 27FD)। इसके तुरंत बाद `POP H` स्टैक से 1006 को HL में लोड करता है और SP को वापस 2 बढ़ाकर 27FF कर देता है। अतः SP = 27FF, HL = 1006। सही विकल्प D है।

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310📚Digital Electronics, Microprocessors & Microcontrollers8085 Hardware Interrupts & Control Signals

Match the two lists and choose the correct answer from the code given below:
List -I (in 8085 Microprocessor):
(w) RST 6.5
(x) INTR
(y) TRAP
(z) HLDA

List-II (Application):
(i) Highest priority of interrupts
(ii) Vectors interrupt
(iii) Interrupt request
(iv) Hold acknowledgement

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Matching 8085 hardware signals:
- (w) RST 6.5: vectored hardware interrupt (branches to

0034\text{H}

)

->

(ii).
- (x) INTR: general non-vectored interrupt request line

->

(iii).
- (y) TRAP: non-maskable, highest priority interrupt

->

(i).
- (z) HLDA: Hold Acknowledge output signal to DMA controller

->

(iv).
Matches: (w)-(ii), (x)-(iii), (y)-(i), (z)-(iv) (Option D).

RST 6.5: वेक्टर्ड इंटरप्ट (ii); INTR: इंटरप्ट रिक्वेस्ट (iii); TRAP: सर्वोच्च प्राथमिकता वाला इंटरप्ट (i); HLDA: होल्ड एकनॉलेजमेंट (iv)। सही विकल्प D है।

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311📚Digital Electronics, Microprocessors & Microcontrollers8085 Addressing Modes

Match the two lists and choose the correct answer from the code given below:
List -I (addressing mode in 8085 Microprocessor):
(w) Immediate addressing
(x) Implied addressing
(y) Register addressing
(z) Direct addressing

List-II (Instruction):
(i) MOV A, B
(ii) LDA 305C
(iii) LXI H, 2025t
(iv) RRC

Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Matching 8085 addressing modes:
- (w) Immediate: data is part of the instruction (`LXI H, 2025H`)

->

(iii).
- (x) Implied/Implicit: operand is implicit in the opcode (`RRC` rotates accumulator)

->

(iv).
- (y) Register: operands are processor registers (`MOV A, B`)

->

(i).
- (z) Direct: 16-bit memory address is specified in instruction (`LDA 305C`)

->

(ii).
Matches: (w)-(iii), (x)-(iv), (y)-(i), (z)-(ii) (Option A).

इमीडिएट: LXI H, 2025t (iii); इम्प्लाइड: RRC (iv); रजिस्टर: MOV A, B (i); डायरेक्ट: LDA 305C (ii)। सही विकल्प A है।

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312📚Digital Electronics, Microprocessors & Microcontrollers8086 Microprocessor Architecture

What is the size of the address space of an 8086 microprocessor?

Explanation

The Intel 8086 microprocessor features a 20-bit physical address bus (

A_0 - A_{19}

), enabling it to directly address

2^{20}\text{ bytes} = 1,048,576\text{ bytes} = 1\text{ Megabyte}

of physical memory.

8086 माइक्रोप्रोसेसर में 20 एड्रेस लाइनें होती हैं, जिससे इसका भौतिक मेमोरी एड्रेस स्पेस

2^{20} = 1

मेगाबाइट (1 Megabyte) होता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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313📚Digital Electronics, Microprocessors & Microcontrollers8086 Instruction Set

The arithmetic instructions of the 8086 operate on:
I. Signed and unsigned numbers
II. Unpacked BCD data
III. Analog data
Select the correct answer using the codes given below-

Explanation

The 8086 instruction set directly performs arithmetic on signed binary numbers (using two's complement), unsigned binary numbers, packed BCD, and unpacked BCD numbers (utilizing ASCII/BCD adjustment instructions AAA, AAS, AAM, AAD). Digital microprocessors do not operate directly on analog data. Statements I and II are correct.

8086 माइक्रोप्रोसेसर के अंकगणितीय निर्देश साइन्ड और अनसाइन्ड संख्याओं (I) तथा BCD/ASCII डेटा (II) पर कार्य करते हैं। एनालॉग डेटा पर सीधे कार्य नहीं कर सकते। सही विकल्प B है।

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314📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationMechanics of Soil Erosion

Soil erosion by rainfall starts with

Explanation

Water erosion progresses sequentially in distinct stages: (1) Splash erosion (detachment of soil particles caused directly by the kinetic impact of falling raindrops), (2) Sheet erosion (uniform removal of thin layers of soil by surface runoff), (3) Rill erosion (formation of small, distinct channels), (4) Gully erosion, and (5) Stream bank erosion. Hence, rainfall erosion starts with splash erosion.

वर्षा द्वारा मृदा अपरदन (Soil erosion) विभिन्न चरणों में शुरू होता है: सबसे पहले वर्षा की बूंदों के गतिज प्रभाव से मिट्टी के कण अलग होते हैं जिसे 'स्पलैश अपरदन' (Splash erosion) कहा जाता है। इसके बाद परत अपरदन (Sheet), अवनालिका अपरदन (Rill) और गली अपरदन (Gully) होता है। अतः सही उत्तर Splash erosion (विकल्प B) है।

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315📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationUniversal Soil Loss Equation & Factors

Which one of the following is NOT a factor affecting soil erosion?

Explanation

In the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE:

A = R \cdot K \cdot LS \cdot C \cdot P

), the primary physical factors governing water erosion are Climate/Rainfall erosivity (

R

), Soil erodibility (

K

), Topography/Slope (

LS

), Vegetation cover (

C

), and Conservation support practices (

P

). Population is a demographic/socioeconomic parameter, not a direct physical factor governing soil detachment and transport mechanics.

सार्वभौमिक मृदा हानि समीकरण (USLE) के अनुसार मृदा अपरदन को सीधे प्रभावित करने वाले भौतिक कारक जलवायु (वर्षा तीव्रता), वनस्पति आवरण, स्थलाकृति तथा मृदा के गुण हैं। जनसंख्या (Population) एक जनसांख्यिकीय कारक है, जो मृदा अपरदन का प्रत्यक्ष भौतिक कारक नहीं है। सही उत्तर विकल्प C है।

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316📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationContour Bunding & Soil Conservation

Which of the following area is suitable for the construction of contour bunds?

Explanation

Contour bunds are earthen embankments constructed along contour lines in areas having low annual rainfall (< 600 mm to 750 mm) and high soil infiltration rates (permeable soils). This allows runoff water to be impounded behind the bunds and safely infiltrate into the root zone without causing waterlogging or breaching. In heavy rainfall areas, graded bunds are used instead.

समोच्च मेड़बंदी (Contour bunds) कम वर्षा वाले क्षेत्रों (वार्षिक वर्षा 600-750 mm से कम) तथा उच्च अंतःस्यंदन दर (High infiltration rate/पारगम्य मिट्टी) में जल संरक्षण के लिए सबसे उपयुक्त होती है, जहाँ पानी मेड़ों के पीछे रुककर जमीन में समा जाता है। भारी वर्षा वाले क्षेत्रों में ग्रेडेड बंड्स का प्रयोग होता है। अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प A है।

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317📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationVegetative Erosion Control

Which of the following statements are correct?
i. Vegetation decreases soil erosion by holding soil particles together
ii. Vegetation reduces soil erosion by reducing raindrop impact
iii. Vegetation decreases soil erosion by decreasing infiltration rate
Choose the Correct Option:

Explanation

Statement i is correct because extensive plant root networks bind soil particles together mechanically. Statement ii is correct because plant canopies intercept falling raindrops, dissipating their kinetic energy. Statement iii is incorrect because vegetation increases (not decreases) soil infiltration rates by creating root channels/macropores and improving organic matter content.

कथन i सही है क्योंकि पौधों की जड़ें मिट्टी के कणों को बाँधकर रखती हैं। कथन ii सही है क्योंकि वनस्पति की छतरी वर्षा की बूंदों के आघात को धीमा कर देती है। कथन iii गलत है क्योंकि वनस्पति मिट्टी की अंतःस्यंदन दर को बढ़ाती है (घटाती नहीं)। अतः केवल i और ii सही हैं (विकल्प C)।

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318📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationHydraulics of Water Erosion

When slope of a land is increased four times the erosive capacity of flowing water is

Explanation

According to principles of soil conservation hydraulics: (1) Velocity of runoff is proportional to the square root of slope (

v \propto S^{1/2}

); if slope increases 4 times, velocity is doubled (

2\times

). (2) The erosive power / erosive capacity of flowing water varies as the square of velocity (

v^2 \propto S

), so doubling velocity increases erosive capacity by 4 times (

2^2 = 4

). (Note: carrying capacity varies as

v^5 = 32\times

, and size of particles pushed varies as

v^6 = 64\times

). Hence, erosive capacity increases four times.

मृदा संरक्षण यांत्रिकी के अनुसार, ढलान (Slope) 4 गुना होने पर अपवाह का वेग दोगुना (

v \propto \sqrt{S}

) हो जाता है। बहते जल की अपरदन क्षमता (Erosive capacity) वेग के वर्ग (

v^2

) के समानुपाती होती है, अतः अपरदन क्षमता

2^2 = 4

गुना बढ़ जाती है (विकल्प B)। (कणों को ले जाने की क्षमता 32 गुना तथा सबसे बड़े कण का आकार 64 गुना बढ़ता है)।

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319📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationRainwater Harvesting Techniques

The method of collecting surface runoff from a small catchment area and storing it in the root zone of an adjacent infiltration basin is known as

Explanation

Micro-catchment water harvesting (in-situ rainwater harvesting) involves collecting overland surface runoff from a short catchment slope (< 1000

\text{m}^2

) and directing it immediately to an adjacent cropped planting basin or infiltration pit where it is stored directly in the crop root zone.

छोटे जलग्रहण क्षेत्र से सतह के अपवाह को एकत्रित करके उसे पास के अंतःस्यंदन बेसिन में सीधे पौधों की जड़ क्षेत्र (Root zone) में संचित करने की विधि 'सूक्ष्म-जलग्रहण जल संचयन' (Micro-catchment water harvesting) कहलाती है। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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320📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationWind Erosion Mechanics

Size of the soil particles that can be transported by wind in saltation

Explanation

Wind erosion transports particles via three distinct physical modes: (1) Suspension: very fine particles (< 0.1 mm) carried aloft in the atmosphere, (2) Saltation: medium-sized soil grains between 0.1 mm and 0.5 mm that bounce in short leaps along the surface (representing 50% to 75% of total wind erosion), (3) Surface creep: larger particles (0.5 mm to 1.0 mm or 2.0 mm) rolled along the surface.

वायु अपरदन में 'उत्परिवर्तन' (Saltation) द्वारा गति करने वाले मिट्टी के कणों का आकार 0.1 से 0.5 मिमी (0.1 - 0.5 mm) होता है। यह कुल वायु अपरदन का 50% से 75% हिस्सा होता है। 0.1 मिमी से छोटे कण निलंबन (Suspension) तथा 0.5 मिमी से बड़े कण सतह विसर्पण (Surface creep) द्वारा चलते हैं। सही विकल्प B है।

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321📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationBiological Soil Conservation

The practice of growing field crops in narrow strips across the slope, with alternate strips of erosion resisting and permitting crops is known as

Explanation

Strip cropping is an agronomic/biological soil conservation practice where crops are grown in narrow strips across the slope, alternating strips of erosion-permitting row crops (e.g., maize, sorghum) with close-growing, erosion-resisting legume/grass crops (e.g., pulses, clover).

ढलान के लंबवत संकरी पट्टियों में अपरदन-रोधी (दलहनी/घास) और अपरदन-अनुमोदक फसलों को बारी-बारी से एकांतर क्रम में उगाने की कृषि पद्धति को 'पट्टीदार खेती' (Strip cropping) कहा जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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322📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationGully Morphology

Shape of the gully formed where both the topsoil and subsoil have the same resistance against erosion is

Explanation

V-shaped gullies are formed when both the topsoil and subsoil exhibit similar resistance to water erosion; downcutting occurs at a uniform rate along the channel bed and side slopes. In contrast, U-shaped gullies develop where the subsoil is easily erodible compared to a more resistant topsoil layer, causing undercutting and vertical bank collapse.

जब ऊपरी मिट्टी (Topsoil) और उप-मृदा (Subsoil) दोनों में अपरदन के प्रति समान प्रतिरोध होता है, तो 'V-आकार की अवनालिका' (V shape gully) बनती है। जब उप-मृदा अधिक क्षरणशील होती है, तो 'U-आकार' की अवनालिका बनती है। अतः सही उत्तर V shape (विकल्प B) है।

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323📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationLand Slope & Engineering Measures

Which of the following soil conservation structure is suitable for the land having a slope of 6%?

Explanation

Contour bunding is officially recommended for agricultural lands with gentle slopes up to 6% in semi-arid and permeable soil tracts. For steeper slopes (typically above 16% to 33%), bench terracing is employed. Hence, for a 6% slope, contour bund is the suitable structure.

6% तक की ढलान वाली कृषि भूमि और कम वर्षा वाले क्षेत्रों के लिए 'समोच्च मेड़बंदी' (Contour bund) सबसे उपयुक्त मृदा संरक्षण संरचना है। 16% से 33% की तीव्र ढलानों पर सीढ़ीदार खेत (Bench terrace) बनाए जाते हैं। अतः सही विकल्प A है।

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324📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationIrrigation Duty & Delta

The total depth of water required for the entire crop period is known as

Explanation

In irrigation engineering, Delta (

\Delta

) represents the total depth of water (expressed in cm or meters) required by a crop during its entire base/crop period for full growth and maturity. Duty (

D

) is the area irrigated per unit discharge (ha/cumec), related by

\Delta = \frac{864 B}{D}\text{ cm}

किसी फसल के पूरे फसल काल (Crop period) के दौरान आवश्यक पानी की कुल गहराई को 'डेल्टा' (Delta -

\Delta

) कहा जाता है। इसे सेंटीमीटर या मीटर में मापा जाता है। सही उत्तर Delta (विकल्प D) है।

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325📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationEvapotranspiration Measurement

Lysimeter is used to find out

Explanation

A lysimeter is an experimental hydrologic measuring device consisting of a soil-filled tank equipped with weighing/drainage measurement systems, used to directly determine the actual evapotranspiration (

ET

) of crops under field conditions.

लाइसीमीटर (Lysimeter) का उपयोग फसलों द्वारा होने वाले कुल वाष्पोत्सर्जन (Evapotranspiration - वाष्पीकरण + वाष्पोत्सर्जन) को सटीक रूप से मापने के लिए किया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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326📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationCrop Water Requirement

Crop coefficient is a ratio of

Explanation

In the FAO Penman-Monteith methodology, the crop coefficient (

K_c

) is defined as the ratio of the actual crop evapotranspiration (

ET_c

) to the standardized reference crop evapotranspiration (

ET_0

K_c = \frac{ET_c}{ET_0}

फसल गुणांक (Crop coefficient -

K_c

) किसी विशिष्ट फसल के वाष्पोत्सर्जन (

ET_c

) और संदर्भ फसल वाष्पोत्सर्जन (

ET_0

) का अनुपात होता है (

K_c = ET_c / ET_0

)। अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प A है।

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327📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationMicro-Irrigation & Fertigation

Which of the following are correct related to fertigation?
i. Even distribution of nutrients throughout the root zone
ii. Not suited for semi-arid regions
iii. It is very sensitive to clogging
iv. Nutrients are available to plants when and where required
Choose the Correct Option:

Explanation

Fertigation (injecting soluble fertilizers through irrigation systems, especially drip) achieves uniform nutrient distribution directly in the root zone (i is correct), is highly sensitive to emitter clogging by chemical precipitates (iii is correct), and delivers nutrients directly at crop demand stages (iv is correct). Statement ii is false because fertigation is extraordinarily well-suited for water-scarce semi-arid regions. Hence, i, iii, and iv are correct.

फर्टिगेशन (सिंचाई जल के साथ उर्वरक देना) में पोषक तत्वों का जड़ क्षेत्र में समान वितरण होता है (i सही), ड्रिप उत्सर्जकों में रुकावट/क्लॉगिंग का जोखिम रहता है (iii सही), तथा पौधों को समय पर पोषक तत्व मिलते हैं (iv सही)। यह अर्ध-शुष्क क्षेत्रों के लिए अत्यंत उपयोगी है, अतः कथन ii गलत है। सही विकल्प D (i, iii and iv only) है।

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328📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationSubsurface Drainage Systems

Which of the following type of drains are used to lower the water table in a low lying area?
i. Interceptor drains
ii. Relief drains
Choose the Correct Option:

Explanation

Relief drains are installed in a parallel grid or herringbone layout across flat, low-lying agricultural fields specifically to lower and maintain the groundwater table at a safe depth below the crop root zone. Interceptor drains are placed along hillsides or toes of slopes to cut off lateral seepage before it reaches low ground. Thus, ii only is correct.

निचले समतल क्षेत्रों में उच्च भूजल स्तर (Water table) को नीचे करने के लिए समानांतर ग्रिड में 'रिलीफ नालियां' (Relief drains - ii only) बिछाई जाती हैं। इंटरसेप्टर नालियां पहाड़ी ढलानों से आने वाले रिसाव को रोकने के लिए उपयोग की जाती हैं। अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प B (ii only) है।

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329📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationSurface Irrigation Methods

Which of the following irrigation method is suitable for heavy soils with low infiltration rates?

Explanation

Check basin irrigation is ideally suited for heavy-textured clayey soils with low infiltration rates because water can be ponded within level bunded basins for the extended duration necessary for water to infiltrate uniformly without causing surface erosion or runoff loss.

कम अंतःस्यंदन दर वाली भारी मिट्टी (चिकनी मिट्टी/Heavy clay soils) के लिए 'थाला या क्यारी सिंचाई' (Check basin irrigation) सबसे उपयुक्त है क्योंकि इसमें पानी को समतल क्यारियों में भरकर रखा जाता है जिससे वह धीरे-धीरे गहराई तक समा जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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330📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationIrrigation Equipment Matching

Consider the following pairs
i. Drip irrigation - 1. Venturi Injector
ii. Sprinkler irrigation - 2. Riser pipe
iii. Centrifugal pump - 3. V notch weir
iv. Fertigation - 4. Impeller
- 5. Lateral pipe
Which of the following gives correctly matched pairs?

Explanation

Matching the components: (i) Drip irrigation uses Lateral pipes (5) fitted with emitters, (ii) Sprinkler irrigation uses vertical Riser pipes (2) to elevate sprinkler heads above crop canopy, (iii) Centrifugal pumps rely on a rotating Impeller (4) to impart kinetic energy, (iv) Fertigation employs a Venturi Injector (1) to draw fertilizer solution into the pressurized line. Hence, the correct match is i-5, ii-2, iii-4, iv-1 (Option C).

सही मिलान: (i) ड्रिप सिंचाई - लेटरल पाइप (5), (ii) स्प्रिंकलर सिंचाई - राइजर पाइप (2), (iii) अपकेंद्री पंप - इम्पेलर (4), (iv) फर्टिगेशन - वेंचुरी इंजेक्टर (1)। अतः सही संयोजन i-5, ii-2, iii-4, iv-1 (विकल्प C) है।

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331📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationHydraulic Conductivity Testing

Single auger hole method is used to find out

Explanation

The single auger hole method (developed by Ernst and Hooghoudt) is the standard in-situ field testing procedure used to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity (

K

) of soil below a shallow water table.

एकल ऑगर छिद्र विधि (Single auger hole method) का उपयोग भूजल स्तर के नीचे मिट्टी की 'संतृप्त हाइड्रोलिक चालकता' (Hydraulic conductivity) को सीधे खेत में मापने के लिए किया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प A है।

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332📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationSoil Moisture Instruments

Which of the following instrument is used for the measurement of soil moisture content?

Explanation

A Tensiometer measures soil matric potential (soil moisture tension), which directly correlates to soil moisture content via the soil water characteristic curve. (A hydrometer measures liquid specific gravity, a hygrometer measures air humidity, and an infiltrometer measures infiltration rate).

टेन्सियोमीटर (Tensiometer) मृदा नमी तनाव (Soil moisture tension) को मापता है जिससे मिट्टी की नमी की मात्रा (Moisture content) ज्ञात की जाती है। हाइड्रोमीटर तरल घनत्व, हाइग्रोमीटर वायु आर्द्रता तथा इन्फिल्ट्रोमीटर अंतःस्यंदन मापता है। अतः सही विकल्प A है।

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333📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationSoil Moisture Tension & Classification

Water that is held in soil between tension of about 0.33 bars to 31 bars is known as

Explanation

Soil water is classified into: (1) Gravitational water: held at tension < 0.33 bar (1/3 atm), draining away under gravity; (2) Capillary water: retained in soil capillary pores between field capacity (0.33 bar) and the hygroscopic coefficient (31 bars); (3) Hygroscopic water: held tightly at tension > 31 bars. Hence, water held between 0.33 and 31 bars is Capillary water.

मिट्टी में 0.33 बार (क्षेत्र क्षमता/Field capacity) से 31 बार (आर्द्रताग्राही गुणांक) तनाव के बीच रुकी हुई नमी को 'केशिका जल' (Capillary water) कहा जाता है। 0.33 बार से कम पर गुरुत्वीय जल तथा 31 बार से अधिक पर आर्द्रताग्राही जल होता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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334📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationAquifer Parameters & Specific Yield

The ratio of the volume of water released from storage by a saturated porous medium due to gravity to the total volume of the medium is known as

Explanation

In hydrogeology, Specific Yield (

S_y

) is defined as the ratio of the volume of water drained by gravity from a saturated rock or soil aquifer (

V_w

) to the total gross volume of the medium (

V_T

S_y = \frac{V_w}{V_T}

गुरुत्वाकर्षण के प्रभाव से किसी संतृप्त भूगर्भीय माध्यम से बाहर निकलने वाले जल के आयतन और उस माध्यम के कुल आयतन के अनुपात को 'विशिष्ट प्राप्ति' या 'विशिष्ट लब्धि' (Specific yield -

S_y

) कहा जाता है। सही विकल्प A है।

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335📚Soil & Water Conservation Engineering, Hydrology & IrrigationSpate Irrigation & Water Management

Irrigation consists of watering terraced fields by diverting flood flows into them is Known as

Explanation

Spate irrigation (floodwater harvesting) is an ancient, specialized water management practice in arid mountainous environments where seasonal spate flood flows from ephemeral streams or wadis are diverted into bunded terraced fields for crop production.

मौसमी पहाड़ी नालों या नदियों से आने वाली बाढ़ के पानी (Flood flows) को मोड़कर सीढ़ीदार खेतों में सिंचाई करने की पारंपरिक पद्धति को 'स्पेट सिंचाई' (Spate irrigation) कहा जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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336📚Farm Power, Machinery & IC EnginesTillage Implements & Classification

Which of the following is a secondary tillage implement?

Explanation

Tillage operations are categorized as primary or secondary. Primary tillage implements (mouldboard plough, disc plough, chisel plough, subsoiler) cut and shatter undisturbed compact soil. Secondary tillage implements (disc harrow, spike-tooth harrow, spring-tine cultivator, rotavator) pulverize the soil clods, level the seedbed, and destroy weeds.

द्वितीयक भू-परिष्करण (Secondary tillage) का उद्देश्य मिट्टी के ढेलों को तोड़कर बीज शैय्या तैयार करना है। 'डिस्क हैरो' (Disc harrow) एक द्वितीयक भू-परिष्करण उपकरण है। जबकि मोल्ड बोर्ड हल, डिस्क हल और छेनी हल (Chisel) प्राथमिक भू-परिष्करण हल हैं। सही विकल्प A है।

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337📚Farm Power, Machinery & IC EnginesSowing & Planting Methods

The process of placing seeds in holes made in the seedbed and closing the seed with soil is known as

Explanation

Dibbling is the planting method of punching holes in the seedbed at precise distances and depths using a dibbler or hand tool, depositing seeds into each hole, and packing soil over them. (Drilling drops continuous seed lines in furrows; broadcasting scatters seeds randomly).

बीज शैय्या में निश्चित दूरी और गहराई पर छेद बनाकर उसमें बीज डालने और उसे मिट्टी से ढकने की प्रक्रिया को 'डिबलिंग' (Dibbling) कहा जाता है। छिटकवां विधि (Broadcasting) में बीज बिखेरे जाते हैं और ड्रिलिंग में कतारों में बोए जाते हैं। सही उत्तर Dibbling (विकल्प B) है।

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338📚Farm Power, Machinery & IC EnginesWeeding Equipment & Dryland Tools

Weeding equipment suitable for dry lands

Explanation

The Star-type long-handle dryland weeder (peg-and-star wheel weeder) is specifically developed and recommended by agricultural institutes for dryland crops and upland row farming, operating effectively in loose, dry soil. In contrast, the cono-weeder is exclusively used in wetland lowland rice fields.

शुष्क भूमि (Dry lands) में कतारबद्ध फसलों की निराई-गुड़ाई के लिए 'स्टार टाइप लॉन्ग हैंडल वीडर' (Star type long handle weeder) सबसे उपयुक्त और अनुशंसित उपकरण है। कोनो वीडर (Cono weeder) जलमग्न धान के खेतों के लिए होता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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339📚Farm Power, Machinery & IC EnginesHarvesting Machinery

A machine to cut grain crops is known as

Explanation

A Reaper is a harvesting machine designed specifically to cut standing cereal grain crops (such as wheat, paddy, and barley) and lay them uniformly in swaths. A mower is used for grass/forage, a reaper-binder cuts and ties crops into bundles, and a windrower forms windrows.

खड़ी अनाज वाली फसलों (जैसे गेहूं, धान) को काटने के लिए उपयोग की जाने वाली मशीन को 'रीपर' (Reaper) कहा जाता है। घास काटने की मशीन मोवर तथा काटने और बांधने वाली मशीन रीपर-बाइंडर कहलाती है। सही विकल्प B है।

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340📚Farm Power, Machinery & IC EnginesCombine Harvester Operations

Which of them are the functions of a combine harvester
i) Cutting the standing crops
ii) Feeding the cut crops with the threshing unit
iii) Threshing the crops
iv) Cleaning the grains freeing it from straw
Choose the Correct Option:

Explanation

A combine harvester executes all harvesting operations in a single integrated continuous pass: (i) cutting standing crops with the cutter bar, (ii) conveying/feeding cut crop smoothly to the threshing cylinder, (iii) threshing the grain heads with cylinder and concave, and (iv) cleaning and separating grain from chaff and straw via straw walkers, sieves, and blower fan. All four are functions of a combine harvester.

कंबाइन हार्वेस्टर (Combine harvester) एक ही बार में निम्नलिखित सभी कार्य करता है: (i) खड़ी फसल की कटाई, (ii) कटी फसल को थ्रेशिंग यूनिट में भेजना (फीडिंग), (iii) दानों की गहाई (थ्रेशिंग), और (iv) दानों को भूसे से अलग करके साफ करना। अतः चारों (i, ii, iii, and iv) इसके कार्य हैं (विकल्प D)।

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341📚Farm Power, Machinery & IC EnginesMowers & Forage Harvesters

Swinging knives are used in

Explanation

A Flail Mower features a high-speed horizontal rotor shaft to which swinging T-shaped or Y-shaped steel knives/hammers are loosely hinged. Centrifugal force extends the knives outward to shred tough stalks, brush, and crop residues upon impact.

झूलते हुए चाकू (Swinging knives / Flails) 'फ्लेल मोवर' (Flail mower) में प्रयुक्त होते हैं। इसके क्षैतिज घूमने वाले रोटर पर हिंज किए गए चाकू अपकेंद्री बल से बाहर निकलकर झाड़ियों और अवशेषों को काटते हैं। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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342📚Farm Power, Machinery & IC EnginesSpecial Farm Equipment

Main part of a post hole digger is

Explanation

A Post Hole Digger is a tractor PTO-driven implement designed to bore vertical cylindrical holes into the soil for fencing posts or tree saplings. Its main digging/working tool is a rotating helical Auger with hardened cutting blades.

पोस्ट होल डिगर (Post hole digger - बाड़ के खंभे गाड़ने हेतु गड्ढे खोदने वाला यंत्र) का मुख्य कार्यकारी भाग 'ऑगर' (Auger / पेचदार बरमा) होता है, जो मिट्टी को काटकर बाहर निकालता है। अतः सही विकल्प A है।

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343📚Farm Power, Machinery & IC EnginesLand Levelling & Earthmoving Machinery

Heavy duty machinery meant for initial cutting and filling of land undulations is called

Explanation

A Scraper (tractor-drawn or motorized earthmoving scraper) is heavy-duty earthmoving equipment specifically designed for bulk excavation: scooping soil from high mounds (cutting), hauling it over distances, and discharging it evenly into low depressions (filling) during initial land levelling.

भूमि के बड़े ऊबड़-खाबड़ टीलों की शुरुआती कटाई (Cutting) करने और गड्ढों को भरने (Filling) के लिए प्रयुक्त भारी मशीन को 'स्क्रेपर' (Scraper) कहा जाता है। यह मिट्टी खोदकर ले जाता है और समतल करता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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344📚Renewable Energy & Electrical EngineeringRenewable Energy Benefits

Which of the following are the benefits of renewable energy?
i. Environmental benefits
ii. Sustainability
iii. Energy security
Choose the Correct Option:

Explanation

The deployment of renewable energy sources provides: (i) Environmental benefits (near-zero greenhouse gas and particulate emissions), (ii) Long-term sustainability (unlimited replenishing resources), and (iii) Energy security (reduced vulnerability to geopolitical supply disruptions and price volatility). All three are major benefits.

नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा के प्रमुख लाभों में शामिल हैं: (i) पर्यावरणीय लाभ (कम प्रदूषण और शून्य जीएचजी उत्सर्जन), (ii) स्थिरता/सततता (Sustainability - कभी समाप्त न होना), और (iii) ऊर्जा सुरक्षा (आयात पर निर्भरता कम होना)। अतः तीनों (i, ii and iii) सही हैं (विकल्प D)।

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345📚Renewable Energy & Electrical EngineeringEnvironmental Impact of Energy

Which one of the following is the major environmental benefit of renewable energy?

Explanation

The single greatest environmental benefit of transitioning to renewable energy systems (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal) is the dramatic reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (such as

CO_2

and

CH_4

), combating anthropogenic climate change and global warming.

नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा स्रोतों का सबसे बड़ा पर्यावरणीय लाभ 'ग्रीनहाउस गैसों के उत्सर्जन में कमी' (Reduced greenhouse gas emission) है, जिससे ग्लोबल वार्मिंग और वायु प्रदूषण पर प्रभावी रोक लगती है। अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSB

346📚Agricultural Process Engineering, Post-Harvest & Protected CultivationGrain Cleaning & Washing Methods

Which of the following is a wet cleaning method?

Explanation

Flotation washing (soaking, immersion, and buoyancy washing in water baths) is a wet cleaning technique that separates light buoyant debris (floating) from heavy soil, dirt, and stones (sinking). Aspiration, electrostatic, and magnetic separators are dry cleaning methods.

फ्लोटेशन वाशिंग (Flotation washing / प्लवन धुलाई) एक 'गीली सफाई विधि' (Wet cleaning method) है, जिसमें पानी के टब में घनत्व के अंतर के आधार पर तैरने वाले कचरे और नीचे बैठने वाली भारी अशुद्धियों को धोकर अलग किया जाता है। बाकी सभी सूखी सफाई विधियां हैं। सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSB

347📚Agricultural Process Engineering, Post-Harvest & Protected CultivationLSU Grain Dryer Architecture

Which of the following is a continuous flow-mixing type of grain dryer?

Explanation

The LSU (Louisiana State University) Dryer is the classic continuous-flow mixing type column grain dryer widely used for paddy. It incorporates alternating inverted V-shaped air channels (baffles) that continuously mix and turn the grain mass as it descends by gravity, ensuring uniform drying and minimizing moisture gradients.

एलएसयू ड्रायर (LSU Dryer - Louisiana State University Dryer) धान और अनाज सुखाने के लिए एक प्रसिद्ध 'कंटीन्यूअस फ्लो-मिक्सिंग' (Continuous flow-mixing) प्रकार का ड्रायर है। इसमें लगे उल्टे V-आकार के बफ़ल्स अनाज को नीचे गिरते समय लगातार मिलाते रहते हैं। सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSB

348📚Engineering Drawing, Agricultural Schemes & General AgricultureAgricultural Welfare Schemes

Government scheme to provide crop insurance to ensure comprehensive risk cover for crops to farmers against all non-preventable natural risks is

Explanation

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), launched in 2016 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, is India's flagship national crop insurance scheme providing comprehensive financial support and risk cover to farmers against all non-preventable natural risks (drought, flood, unseasonal rainfall, pests, diseases) from pre-sowing to post-harvest.

प्राकृतिक आपदाओं (सूखा, बाढ़, ओलावृष्टि, कीट आदि) से फसलों को होने वाले नुकसान से किसानों को सुरक्षा प्रदान करने वाली भारत सरकार की प्रमुख फसल बीमा योजना 'प्रधानमंत्री फसल बीमा योजना' (PMFBY) है, जिसे 2016 में शुरू किया गया था। अतः सही विकल्प A है।

2025JKSSB

349📚Engineering Drawing, Agricultural Schemes & General AgricultureIndian Agricultural Geography

Which state of India occupies first position in Jowar Production?

Explanation

Maharashtra is the leading Jowar (Sorghum) producing state in India, historically accounting for the largest agricultural land area and total grain production of both Kharif and Rabi jowar, followed by Karnataka and Rajasthan.

भारत में ज्वार (Jowar / Sorghum) के उत्पादन और क्षेत्रफल में 'महाराष्ट्र' (Maharashtra) राज्य प्रथम स्थान पर है, इसके बाद कर्नाटक का स्थान आता है। अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प D (Maharashtra) है।

2025JKSSB

350📚Engineering Drawing, Agricultural Schemes & General AgricultureAgricultural Economics & MSP

Which one of the following bodies recommends the minimum support price for agricultural crops?

Explanation

The Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), an expert advisory body attached to the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, is mandated to analyze input costs, market trends, and inter-crop parity to recommend Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for 22 mandated agricultural crops plus Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) for sugarcane.

भारत में फसलों के लिए न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य (MSP) की सिफारिश करने वाली अधिकृत संस्था 'कृषि लागत एवं मूल्य आयोग' (CACP - Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices) है। कैबिनेट समिति (CCEA) इस पर अंतिम निर्णय लेती है। सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSB

351📚Engineering Drawing, Agricultural Schemes & General AgricultureAgro-Climatic Zones of India

How many number of agro-climatic zones are there in India?

Explanation

According to the Planning Commission of India (under the National Agricultural Research Project / Agro-Climatic Regional Planning framework), the country is divided into 15 broad Agro-Climatic Zones based on topography, rainfall, temperature, cropping systems, and water resources.

योजना आयोग (Planning Commission of India) के वर्गीकरण के अनुसार भारत को 15 प्रमुख कृषि-जलवायु क्षेत्रों (15 Agro-climatic zones) में विभाजित किया गया है। (जबकि राष्ट्रीय मृदा सर्वेक्षण ब्यूरो ने 20 कृषि-पारिस्थितिक क्षेत्र बनाए हैं)। सही उत्तर 15 (विकल्प B) है।

2025JKSSB

352📚Engineering Drawing, Agricultural Schemes & General AgriculturePlant Pathology & Agricultural Institutes

Which institute recently issued an advisory to farmers to control 'Fruit Rot Disease' (Kole Roga) in arecanut plantations?

Explanation

The ICAR - Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) located at Kasaragod, Kerala, is the premier national research organization mandated with plantation crops. It routinely issues advisories to farmers for the prevention and management of Fruit Rot Disease (Kole Roga / Mahali, caused by Phytophthora meadii) in arecanut plantations, recommending timely prophylactic spraying of 1% Bordeaux mixture.

सुपारी (Arecanut) के बागानों में 'फल सड़न रोग' (कोले रोगा / महाली - Kole Roga, जो फाइटोफ्थोरा कवक से होता है) के नियंत्रण के लिए सलाह जारी करने वाला शीर्ष अनुसंधान संस्थान 'केन्द्रीय रोपण फसल अनुसंधान संस्थान, कासरगोड' (ICAR-CPCRI, Kasaragod, Kerala) है। सही विकल्प A है।

2025JKSSB

353📚Museology, Museum Studies & Exhibition PracticesMuseum Architecture & Gallery Design

Match the following aspects of museum gallery and building design with their primary importance:
Aspects:
1. Lighting
2. Accessibility
3. Spatial Layout
4. Climate Control
Importance:
i. Ensures that visitors with different physical abilities can easily access all parts of the museum.
ii. Helps in the preservation of artifacts by controlling temperature and humidity levels.
iii. Plays a vital role in enhancing the visual appeal and directing attention to key objects in exhibits.
iv. Determines the flow of visitors, making the exhibition experience smooth and engaging
Options:

Explanation

Gallery and architectural design parameters: (1) Lighting enhances visual clarity, focuses visitor attention, and prevents photochemical damage (iii); (2) Accessibility ensures barrier-free universal design for visitors of all physical capabilities (i); (3) Spatial Layout choreographs visitor flow and narrative sequence (iv); (4) Climate Control maintains strict RH and temperature to preserve artifact physical integrity (ii). Match: 1-iii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-ii.

संग्रहालय गैलरी और भवन डिजाइन: (1) प्रकाश व्यवस्था (Lighting) - दृश्य आकर्षण बढ़ाना और प्रमुख वस्तुओं पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना (iii); (2) सुगमता (Accessibility) - सभी शारीरिक क्षमताओं वाले आगंतुकों के लिए आसान पहुंच (i); (3) स्थानिक विन्यास (Spatial layout) - आगंतुकों के सुगम प्रवाह और अनुभव को निर्धारित करना (iv); (4) जलवायु नियंत्रण (Climate control) - तापमान और आर्द्रता नियंत्रित कर कलाकृतियों का संरक्षण (ii)। सही विकल्प A है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

354📚Museology, Museum Studies & Exhibition PracticesFunctional Museum Planning

Match the following museum design elements with their respective purposes:
Elements:
1. Architectural Design
2. Exhibition Display Cases
3. Visitor Services Areas
4. Emergency Exits and Signage
Purposes:
i. To ensure visitor comfort and convenience by offering facilities like cafes, restrooms, and gift shops.
ii. To preserve and protect artifacts from damage, environmental factors, and theft.
iii. To guide visitors safely in the event of an emergency, ensuring that they can exit the museum efficiently.
iv. To create an aesthetic and functional space that enhances the museum's identity and invites engagement.
Options:

Explanation

Design functions: (1) Architectural Design creates an aesthetically inspiring, functional public identity for the institution (iv); (2) Exhibition Display Cases provide sealed microclimate protection against dust, pollutants, touch, and theft (ii); (3) Visitor Services Areas provide hospitality, rest, dining, and retail facilities (i); (4) Emergency Exits and Signage ensure life safety and rapid evacuation (iii). Match: 1-iv, 2-ii, 3-i, 4-iii.

संग्रहालय डिजाइन तत्व: (1) वास्तुकला डिजाइन - सौंदर्यपूर्ण और कार्यात्मक स्थान का निर्माण जो संग्रहालय की पहचान बनाए (iv); (2) डिस्प्ले केस - कलाकृतियों को धूल, चोरी और पर्यावरण से सुरक्षित रखना (ii); (3) आगंतुक सेवा क्षेत्र - कैफेटेरिया, शौचालय और उपहार की दुकानें (i); (4) आपातकालीन निकास और संकेत - आपातकाल में सुरक्षित निकासी (iii)। अतः सही विकल्प A (1-iv, 2-ii, 3-i, 4-iii) है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

355📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) in Museums

Which of the following is the most effective preventive measure against insect infestations in museums and archives?
1. Regular fumigation with chemical pesticides.
2. Regularly rotating displayed artifacts.
3. Using mothballs in storage areas.
4. Maintaining low humidity levels and proper ventilation.
Options:

Explanation

Under modern Integrated Pest Management (IPM), chemical fumigation is avoided because toxic residues harm staff and degrade fragile organic materials. The most effective preventive measure is environmental climate control: maintaining relative humidity below 50% and ensuring proper air circulation/ventilation, which suppresses mold, deprives insect pests of vital hydration, and prevents breeding. Thus, Only 4 is correct.

संग्रहालयों में एकीकृत कीट प्रबंधन (IPM) के तहत कीटनाशकों से नियमित धूमन (Fumigation) से बचा जाता है। कीटों के संक्रमण को रोकने का सबसे प्रभावी निवारक उपाय 50% से कम सापेक्ष आर्द्रता बनाए रखना और उचित वेंटिलेशन (हवा का संचार) सुनिश्चित करना है, जिससे कीटों के पनपने के लिए आवश्यक नमी नहीं मिलती। सही विकल्प D है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

356📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryFungal Prevention Engineering

Match the preventive conservation measures with their primary function in fungal prevention:
Column -A (Preventive Measure):
1. Silica Gel
2. HEPA Filtration System
3. Dehumidifiers
4. Insulated Storage Facilities
Column -B (Function):
i. Controls airborne fungal spores
ii. Reduces moisture levels
iii. Regulates temperature fluctuations
iv. Prevents condensation and moisture buildup
Options:

Explanation

Preventive tools and functions: (1) Silica Gel acts as a passive desiccant/buffer that regulates and reduces moisture levels in microclimates (ii); (2) HEPA Filtration traps particulates down to 0.3 microns, removing airborne fungal spores (i); (3) Dehumidifiers actively extract water vapor to prevent condensation and moisture buildup in galleries (iv); (4) Insulated Storage Facilities buffer against external temperature swings, preventing dew point condensation (iii). Match: 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-iii.

कवक रोकथाम उपाय और उनके कार्य: (1) सिलिका जेल - केस के भीतर नमी के स्तर को नियंत्रित/कम करना (ii); (2) HEPA फिल्ट्रेशन सिस्टम - हवा में मौजूद फफूंद के बीजाणुओं (Spores) को छानना (i); (3) डीह्यूमिडिफायर - हवा से नमी निकालकर संघनन और जलभराव रोकना (iv); (4) इंसुलेटेड स्टोरेज - तापमान के उतार-चढ़ाव को नियंत्रित करना (iii)। अतः सही विकल्प A (1-ii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-iii) है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

357📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryHierarchy of Environmental Mold Controls

Arrange the following factors influencing fungal growth on cultural heritage materials in the decreasing order of their importance:
1. Humidity above 65%
2. Poor Ventilation
3. Presence of Organic Material
4. Temperature above 25°C
Options:

Explanation

Decreasing order of importance for mold management: (1) Relative humidity above 65% is the primary trigger without which fungal spores cannot germinate; (4) Temperature above 25°C provides optimal thermal kinetics for hyphal growth; (2) Poor ventilation creates stagnant, humid microclimates allowing spores to settle; (3) Organic material provides the nutrient source (always present in heritage objects). Decreasing sequence:

1 \to 4 \to 2 \to 3

(Option A).

फफूंद वृद्धि को प्रभावित करने वाले कारकों का घटता क्रम: 65% से अधिक आर्द्रता (1, मुख्य प्रेरक) > 25°C से अधिक तापमान (4, वृद्धि तेज करता है) > खराब वेंटिलेशन (2, स्थिर आर्द्र वातावरण बनाता है) > कार्बनिक सामग्री (3, पोषक तत्व)। अतः सही घटता क्रम

1 \to 4 \to 2 \to 3

(विकल्प A) है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

358📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryAtmospheric Deterioration Agents

Which of the following atmospheric factors are considered critical for Preventive Conservation in museums and heritage sites?
Statement I: Relative Humidity (RH) should be kept stable to prevent material warping, mold growth, and decay.
Statement II: Airborne pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide and dust, do not pose a significant threat to artifacts.
Statement III: Temperature control is crucial to minimize thermal stress on materials.
Statement IV: Direct exposure to UV radiation can accelerate fading and deterioration of organic materials.
Choose the correct statement:

Explanation

Environmental control tenets: Statement I is true (RH stability prevents swelling, dimensional shrinkage, and mold). Statement II is completely false (

SO_2

forms sulfuric acid, and particulate dust accelerates chemical abrasion and soiling). Statement III is true (temperature stability prevents thermal cycling and slows deterioration reaction rates). Statement IV is true (UV radiation drives photochemical fading and bond scission). Thus, Statements I, III, and IV only are correct.

निवारक संरक्षण के पर्यावरणीय कारक: कथन I सही है (स्थिर आर्द्रता से विरूपण और फफूंद नहीं लगती)। कथन II असत्य है क्योंकि सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड और धूल कलाकृतियों के लिए अत्यंत हानिकारक हैं। कथन III सही है (तापमान नियंत्रण थर्मल तनाव को रोकता है)। कथन IV सही है (पराबैंगनी विकिरण रंगों को उड़ाता है और सामग्री का क्षरण करता है)। अतः सही उत्तर I, III, and IV only (विकल्प B) है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

359📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryClimate Control & Air Filtration Measures

Which of the following measures are essential for atmospheric control in Preventive Conservation?
Statement I: Using HVAC systems to maintain consistent temperature and humidity levels.
Statement II: Installing UV filters on display case lights and windows.
Statement III: Regularly cleaning and filtering air to reduce dust and chemical pollutants.
Statement IV: Allowing natural ventilation in display areas without monitoring environmental conditions.
Choose the correct statement:

Explanation

Atmospheric control protocols: Statements I, II, and III represent standard museum conservation engineering (HVAC for constant temp/RH, UV filters on glazing/luminaires, and multi-stage particulate/chemical air filtration). Statement IV is hazardous because unmonitored natural ventilation introduces fluctuating humidity, outdoor particulate matter, and urban smog. Thus, Statements I, II, and III only are correct.

निवारक संरक्षण में वायुमंडलीय नियंत्रण: कथन I, II और III आवश्यक मानक उपाय हैं (HVAC सिस्टम, खिड़कियों/लाइटों पर UV फिल्टर लगाना, और हवा से धूल व रासायनिक प्रदूषक छानना)। कथन IV गलत है क्योंकि बिना निगरानी के प्राकृतिक हवा आने देने से नमी में भारी उतार-चढ़ाव और धूल का प्रवेश होता है। अतः सही उत्तर I, II, and III only (विकल्प A) है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

360📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryConservation Tools & Environmental Control

Match the following atmospheric control tools with their corresponding functions in Preventive Conservation:
Tools:
1. HVAC Systems
2. Silica Gel
3. UV Filters
4. Air Purifiers
Functions:
i. Controls relative humidity levels in enclosed spaces.
ii. Filters harmful ultraviolet rays from lighting systems.
iii. Regulates temperature and humidity levels systematically.
iv. Removes airborne pollutants and dust particles.
Options:

Explanation

Environmental tools and roles: (1) HVAC Systems systematically regulate whole-building climate (temperature and humidity) (iii); (2) Silica Gel provides passive relative humidity buffering inside sealed showcases (i); (3) UV Filters block ultraviolet wavelengths from daylight and artificial illumination (ii); (4) Air Purifiers extract particulate dust and acidic gaseous contaminants (iv). Match: 1-iii, 2-i, 3-ii, 4-iv.

उपकरण और उनके कार्य: (1) HVAC सिस्टम - पूरे भवन में तापमान और आर्द्रता का व्यवस्थित नियंत्रण (iii); (2) सिलिका जेल - बंद डिस्प्ले केस में सापेक्ष आर्द्रता नियंत्रित रखना (i); (3) UV फिल्टर - प्रकाश व्यवस्था से हानिकारक पराबैंगनी किरणों को रोकना (ii); (4) एयर प्यूरीफायर - वायुजनित प्रदूषकों और धूल कणों को हटाना (iv)। सही विकल्प A (1-iii, 2-i, 3-ii, 4-iv) है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

361📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryEnvironmental Controls for Historic Metals

Match the environmental concern with the correct preventive measure for coin conservation:
Column -A (Environmental Concern):
1. Oxidation of copper
2. Tarnishing of silver
3. Physical damage to gold coins
4. General environmental pollutants
Column -B (Preventive Measure):
i. Store in an anoxic environment
ii. Maintain low relative humidity
iii. Use soft padded holders
iv. Use sealed display cases
Options:

Explanation

Mitigation matches: (1) Oxidation of copper is arrested by maintaining low relative humidity below 35-40% (ii); (2) Tarnishing of silver by sulfides is prevented by anoxic enclosures or sulfur scavengers (i); (3) Pure gold is soft and susceptible to scratching/denting, prevented by using soft padded acid-free holders (iii); (4) General environmental pollutants are sealed off using well-gasketed microclimate display cases (iv). Match: 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iii, 4-iv.

सिक्का संरक्षण उपाय: (1) तांबे का ऑक्सीकरण - कम सापेक्ष आर्द्रता बनाए रखना (ii); (2) चांदी का काला पड़ना - एनोक्सिक (ऑक्सीजन-रहित) वातावरण (i); (3) सोने के सिक्कों को भौतिक क्षति - नरम गद्देदार धारक (Soft padded holders, iii); (4) सामान्य पर्यावरण प्रदूषक - सीलबंद डिस्प्ले केस (iv)। अतः सही विकल्प A (1-ii, 2-i, 3-iii, 4-iv) है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

362📚Preventive Conservation, Heritage Material Science & Conservation ChemistryConservation Ethics Matching

Match the following key principles of conservation with their correct descriptions:
Principles:
1. Minimal Intervention
2. Reversibility Principle
3. Documentation
4. Environmental Control
Descriptions:
i. Ensuring all conservation actions can be undone without damaging the object.
ii. Recording every step of conservation for future reference and transparency.
iii. Avoiding excessive treatments and preserving original materials as much as possible.
iv. Controlling temperature, humidity, and light exposure to prevent deterioration.
Options:

Explanation

Matching ethical principles: (1) Minimal Intervention avoids unnecessary chemical/physical treatments, conserving maximum original material (iii); (2) Reversibility Principle ensures introduced consolidants and adhesives can be safely undone in the future (i); (3) Documentation provides complete records of examination and treatment for transparency (ii); (4) Environmental Control regulates climate and illumination to arrest decay passively (iv). Match: 1-iii, 2-i, 3-ii, 4-iv.

संरक्षण सिद्धांतों का मिलान: (1) न्यूनतम हस्तक्षेप - अत्यधिक उपचार से बचना और मूल सामग्री को संरक्षित रखना (iii); (2) उत्क्रमणीयता - सभी कार्यों को बिना क्षति पहुंचाए पूर्ववत किया जा सके (i); (3) प्रलेखन - पारदर्शिता हेतु प्रत्येक चरण का रिकॉर्ड रखना (ii); (4) पर्यावरण नियंत्रण - तापमान, नमी और प्रकाश को नियंत्रित करना (iv)। अतः सही विकल्प A (1-iii, 2-i, 3-ii, 4-iv) है।

2025JKSSBCulture Department (Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museums)

363📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsIndian Climate & Monsoon Patterns

Consider the following statements:
I. The duration of monsoon decreases from southern India to northern India
II. The amount of annual rainfall in the northern plains of India increases from east to west
Which of the following statements above is/are correct?

Explanation

Statement I is correct: The southwest monsoon arrives first in southern India (Kerala coast by June 1) and withdraws last from the south, meaning the duration of the rainy season decreases progressively northward. Statement II is incorrect: As the Bay of Bengal branch of the monsoon moves up the Gangetic plain from east to west, it progressively loses moisture, causing rainfall to decrease from east to west (e.g., Kolkata receives ~160 cm, Patna ~105 cm, Delhi ~65 cm).

कथन I सही है: दक्षिण भारत (केरल) में मानसून सबसे पहले आता है और सबसे अंत में लौटता है, इसलिए दक्षिण से उत्तर की ओर मानसून की अवधि घटती जाती है।
कथन II गलत है: उत्तर भारत के मैदानों में पूर्व से पश्चिम की ओर जाने पर मानसूनी पवनों में नमी कम हो जाती है, जिससे वर्षा की मात्रा पूर्व से पश्चिम की ओर घटती है (बढ़ती नहीं)। अतः केवल कथन I सही है।

2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department

364📚General Awareness with Special Reference to J&K UT & Current AffairsClimate & Geography of J&K

The climate of Jammu is classified as:

Explanation

The climate of Jammu division (the plains and outer foothills) is classified as subtropical, characterized by hot summers, monsoonal rains, and mild, cool winters, in contrast to the temperate climate of the Kashmir Valley.

जम्मू क्षेत्र (मैदानी और निचली शिवालिक पहाड़ियों) की जलवायु को उपोष्णकटिबंधीय (Subtropical) के रूप में वर्गीकृत किया गया है, जिसमें गर्म ग्रीष्मकाल और ठंडी सर्दियां होती हैं।

2025JKSSBLabour & Employment Department

365📚Classical Calligraphy Principles, Measurement & OrthographyLanguages using Nastaliq Script

اردو رسم الخط "خط نستعلیق" میں لکھی پڑھی جانے والی زبانوں کے صحیح جوڑے کی نشاندہی کریں۔
(Identify the correct pair of language groups written and read in the Urdu script "Khat-e-Nastaliq":)
1. عربی، فارسی، پنجابی، ڈوگری
2. فارسی، عربی، گوجری، پنجابی
3. گوجری، عربی، فارسی، پہاڑی
4. پنجابی، عربی، فارسی، ہندی
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Persian, Arabic, Punjabi (Shahmukhi), Dogri, and Gojri historically share the Perso-Arabic Nastaliq/Naskh writing system. Group 4 is incorrect because Hindi is strictly written in the Devanagari script. Hence, Groups 1 and 2 represent the correct sets.

خطِ نستعلیق اور عربی/فارسی رسم الخط میں عربی، فارسی، پنجابی (شاہ مکھی)، ڈوگری اور گوجری لکھی اور پڑھی جاتی ہیں۔ زمرہ 4 میں ہندی شامل ہے جو دیوناگری میں لکھی جاتی ہے۔ لہٰذا درست جوڑا 1 اور 2 ہے۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

366📚Classical Calligraphy Principles, Measurement & OrthographyCalligraphy Terminology

"خوشنویسی" کا مترادف لفظ کیا ہوگا؟
(What is the synonymous term for "Khushnaveesi"?)

Explanation

Khushnaveesi (the Persian term for beautiful writing / calligraphy) is directly synonymous with the Arabic-derived term Khattati (خطاطی).

خوشنویسی کا لغوی و فنی مترادف لفظ 'خطاطی' ہے، جس کا مطلب خوبصورت اور اصول کے مطابق لکھنا ہے۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

367📚Traditional Calligraphy Tools, Inks, Papers & MaterialsMidad-e-Siyah Definition

فن خوش نویسی میں "مدادِ سیاہ" کسے کہا جاتا ہے؟
(In calligraphy, what is "Midad-e-Siyah"?)

Explanation

In classical Arabic and Persian calligraphy literature, 'Midad' (مداد) or 'Midad-e-Siyah' means writing ink (روشنائی / سیاہی).

عربی اور فارسی کی کلاسیکی کتب میں 'مداد' یا 'مدادِ سیاہ' تحریر میں استعمال ہونے والی کالی روشنائی (سیاہی) کو کہتے ہیں۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

368📚History & Masters of Islamic & Kashmiri CalligraphyPreeminence of Khat-e-Naskh

خوشنویسی میں عربی رسم الخط کا کون سا خط مشہور ترین ہے؟
(In calligraphy, which Arabic script is universally the most famous and widespread?)

Explanation

Khat-e-Naskh (خط نسخ) is universally the most famous, standard, and widely used script for Arabic writing, book publication, and the printing of the Holy Quran across the Islamic world.

عربی زبان اور رسم الخط میں خطِ نسخ دنیا بھر میں سب سے زیادہ مشہور، رائج اور کثیر الاستعمال خط ہے، جس میں قرآن مجید اور عربی کی تمام کتب طبع ہوتی ہیں۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

369📚Classical Calligraphy Principles, Measurement & OrthographyUrdu Orthography and Imla

درج ذیل الفاظ میں سے درست املا کی نشاندہی کیجئے؟
(Identify the correct spelling (imla) from the following words:)

Explanation

The correct standard Urdu/Arabic spelling for the word meaning 'comprehension/explanation' is تفہیم (Tafheem, spelled with Tey, Fey, Hey, Yeh, Meem).

اردو اور عربی میں درست لفظ 'تفہیم' (فہم سے بابِ تفعیل) ہے جس کا مطلب سمجھانا یا فہم عطا کرنا ہے۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

370📚Classical Calligraphy Principles, Measurement & OrthographyTechnical Terms in Calligraphy

تصریق، تشقیق، تحقیق، توفیق وغیرہ جیسی اصطلاحات کس فن سے منسوب ہے؟
(Technical terms like Tasreeq, Tashqeeq, Tahqeeq, and Taufeeq belong to which art?)

Explanation

In classical Arabic calligraphy treatises (such as Ibn Muqla's Risalah fi Ilm al-Khatt), terms like Tasreeq, Tashqeeq, and Taufeeq represent technical stroke and line execution rules in the Art of Calligraphy/Writing (فن کتابت).

تصریق، تشقیق، تحقیق اور توفیق فنِ خطاطی و کتابت کی مستند اور کلاسیکی اصطلاحات ہیں جن کا تعلق خط کی نوک پلک سنوارنے اور قلم کی حرکت سے ہے۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

371📚Classical Calligraphy Principles, Measurement & OrthographyUrdu Grammar - Plurals

لفظ "نقطہ" کی جمع کیا ہے؟
(What is the correct plural form of the word "Nuqta"?)

Explanation

The proper classical Arabic broken plural (جمع مکسر) of the singular noun 'نقطہ' (dot) is 'نقاط' (Nuqaat).

عربی اور شستہ اردو قواعد کی رو سے لفظ 'نقطہ' کی باضابطہ جمع مکسر 'نقاط' ہے۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

372📚Classical Calligraphy Principles, Measurement & OrthographyUrdu Orthography and Imla

درج ذیل مرکبات میں سے صحیح املاء والے جواب کی نشاندہی کیجئے؟
(Identify the set containing entirely correct spelling (imla):)

Explanation

All words in group B ('محقق، تحقیق، تحقیقات' - Researcher, Research, Researches) are 100% authentic, correct standard Arabic/Urdu words derived from the root ح-ق-ق.

درج ذیل مرکبات میں زمرہ B کے تمام الفاظ 'محقق، تحقیق، تحقیقات' املا اور قواعد کے اعتبار سے بالکل درست ہیں۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

373📚Traditional Calligraphy Tools, Inks, Papers & MaterialsTraditional Ink Preparation

"دلیھو" روشنائی بنیادی طور پر کن چیزوں سے تیار ہوتی ہے؟
(From which ingredients is "Doodha / Leeho" traditional ink fundamentally prepared?)

Explanation

Traditional carbon lampblack calligraphy ink (دلیھو/دھواں سیاہی) is fundamentally formulated by burning oil (کڑوا تیل) to obtain fine soot, which is then ground and emulsified with water and gum arabic (تیل اور پانی).

روایتی کالی روشنائی (دلیھو/سیاہی) کی تیاری میں بنیادی طور پر چراغ یا تیل کے جلنے سے حاصل شدہ دھوئیں (کاجل) کو گوند اور پانی کے ساتھ گھوٹ کر تیار کیا جاتا ہے۔

2025JKSSBSkill Development Department

374📚Communication Models, Theories & Media SystemsPaulo Freire Critical Pedagogy

What is the primary goal of participation according to Paulo Freire?
A) To transfer knowledge from experts to marginalized communities.
B) To facilitate conscientisation and collective action against oppressive elements.
C) To create a climate of acceptance for exogenous ideas.
D) To ensure controlled participation by elites.

Explanation

In his foundational work 'Pedagogy of the Oppressed', Brazilian educator Paulo Freire asserted that genuine participation achieves 'conscientisation' (critical consciousness), empowering oppressed people to critically perceive social reality and undertake collective action to transform it.

पाउलो फ्रेरे के अनुसार सहभागिता का मुख्य उद्देश्य 'चेतना जागृति' (Conscientisation) उत्पन्न करना है, जिससे शोषित वर्ग अपनी वास्तविक स्थिति को समझकर उत्पीड़क तत्वों के विरुद्ध सामूहिक कार्रवाई कर सके।

2025JKSSBHigher Education Department

375📚Communication Models, Theories & Media SystemsSemiotics of Brand Logos

A designer is creating a logo for a brand. Which type of sign in semiotics would be most appropriate for the logo?
A) Icon
B) Index
C) Symbol
D) Signifier

Explanation

Brand logos are conventionally categorized as 'Symbols' because the connection between the graphic mark (e.g., Apple's apple, Nike's swoosh) and the company is learned, arbitrary, and culturally established rather than naturally occurring.

ब्रांड लोगो को सेमिओटिक्स में मुख्य रूप से 'सिंबल' (Symbol/प्रतीक) माना जाता है क्योंकि ब्रांड और उसके प्रतीक के बीच का संबंध मनमाना (arbitrary) होता है और सामाजिक अभ्यास व प्रचार द्वारा स्थापित होता है।

2025JKSSBHigher Education Department

376📚Radio, Television & Educational Broadcasting (EDUSAT)Microphone Polar Patterns

A radio station wants to broadcast a live concert. Which type of microphone would be most suitable for capturing the sound of the entire audience?
A) Omni-directional
B) Uni-directional
C) Bi-directional
D) Cardioid

Explanation

An Omni-directional microphone has a spherical 360-degree pickup pattern that captures ambient sound equally from all directions, making it ideal for recording ambient crowd applause, audience room response, and live concert ambience.

लाइव कॉन्सर्ट में पूरे सभागार और दर्शकों की सामूहिक ध्वनि और तालियों को रिकॉर्ड करने के लिए 'ओम्नी-डायरेक्शनल' (Omni-directional) माइक्रोफोन सबसे उपयुक्त होता है क्योंकि यह 360 डिग्री से समान ध्वनि ग्रहण करता है।

2025JKSSBHigher Education Department

377📚Radio, Television & Educational Broadcasting (EDUSAT)Microphone Pick-up Characteristics

Match the following types of microphones with their descriptions:
1. Omni-directional
2. Uni-directional
3. Bi-directional
Descriptions:
i. Picks up sound from one direction only
ii. Picks up sound equally from all directions
iii. Picks up sound from two opposite directions
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Microphone directional polar patterns:
- Omni-directional: Captures sound equally from all 360 degrees (1-ii).
- Uni-directional (Cardioid/Shotgun): Sensitive to sound from the front only, rejecting rear noise (2-i).
- Bi-directional (Figure-8): Sensitive to sound from front and back while rejecting sides (3-iii).

माइक्रोफोन के प्रकार और विवरण का सही मिलान:
1. ओम्नी-डायरेक्शनल: सभी दिशाओं سے समान ध्वनि पकड़ता है (ii)
2. यूनी-डायरेक्शनल: केवल एक दिशा से ध्वनि पकड़ता है (i)
3. बाई-डायरेक्शनल: दो विपरीत दिशाओं (आगे और पीछे) سے ध्वनि पकड़ता है (iii)। अतः सही विकल्प A है।

2025JKSSBHigher Education Department

378📚Radio, Television & Educational Broadcasting (EDUSAT)Microphone Technical Classifications

Which of the following is NOT a standard type of microphone polar pattern used in broadcasting?
A) Omni-directional
B) Uni-directional
C) Bi-directional
D) Multi-directional

Explanation

In professional audio engineering, the standard microphone polar patterns are Omni-directional, Uni-directional (Cardioid, Supercardioid, Hypercardioid), and Bi-directional (Figure-8). 'Multi-directional' is not a recognized technical polar pattern category.

प्रसारण में माइक्रोफोन के ध्रुवीय पैटर्न में ओम्नी, यूनी और बाई-डायरेक्शनल तकनीकी रूप से मान्य हैं। 'मल्टी-डायरेक्शनल' कोई मानक तकनीकी माइक्रोफोन प्रकार नहीं है।

2025JKSSBHigher Education Department

379📚Communication Models, Theories & Media SystemsParticipatory Paradigm Attributes

Consider the following statements about the participatory paradigm:
i. It recognizes cultural differences and rejects a universal development model.
ii. It prioritizes the use of big media like television and newspapers.
iii. It encourages self-management and collective decision-making.
iv. It is primarily concerned with creating a climate of acceptance for exogenous ideas.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements i and iii are correct. The participatory model respects indigenous knowledge and cultural pluralism, rejecting one-size-fits-all Western models, and fosters community self-reliance. Statements ii and iv pertain to the classical modernization/dominant paradigm (big media and acceptance of exogenous foreign models).

सहभागी प्रतिमान के बारे में कथन i और iii सत्य हैं। यह सांस्कृतिक भिन्नताओं का सम्मान करता है और सामूहिक निर्णय लेने को प्रोत्साहित करता है। कथन ii और iv 'प्रमुख प्रतिमान' (Dominant Paradigm) के लक्षण हैं। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

2025JKSSBHigher Education Department

380📚Journalism, Digital Media, PR & AdvertisingNew Media Dynamics

Consider the following statements about new media:
i. New media relies on digital computer technology for content distribution.
ii. Traditional media is more interactive than new media.
iii. New media allows users to produce, distribute, and consume content simultaneously.
iv. Print media is faster in delivering real-time updates compared to new media.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements i and iii are correct. New media operates on digital microprocessing/IP networks and breaks down the barrier between audience and creator, turning users into 'prosumers'. Statements ii and iv are false (new media is infinitely more interactive and delivers instantaneous live updates compared to daily print editions).

कथन i और iii सही हैं। न्यू मीडिया डिजिटल तकनीक पर आधारित है और उपयोगकर्ताओं को एक साथ सामग्री बनाने (Produce) और उपभोग (Consume) करने की सुविधा देता है। कथन ii और iv गलत हैं क्योंकि पारंपरिक मीडिया न्यू मीडिया जितना संवादात्मक या त्वरित नहीं है।

2025JKSSBHigher Education Department

381📚Agronomy, Irrigation & Spices / Plantation TechnologyAgricultural Schemes & Irrigation

In which year was the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) launched?

Explanation

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) was launched on 1st July 2015 with the overarching vision of extending irrigation coverage ('Har Khet Ko Pani') and improving water use efficiency ('More Crop Per Drop').

प्रधानमंत्री कृषि सिंचाई योजना (PMKSY) को 1 जुलाई 2015 को शुरू किया गया था। इसका मुख्य उद्देश्य 'हर खेत को पानी' और 'प्रति बूंद अधिक फसल' (More Crop Per Drop) के तहत सिंचाई दक्षता में सुधार करना है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department

382📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyPomology & Physiological Disorders

Spongy tissue disorder is specifically found in which variety of mango?

Explanation

Spongy tissue is a major, specific physiological ripening disorder that severely affects the prized 'Alphonso' (Hapus) mango variety, caused by convective heat emitted from the soil during high summer, leading to non-edible sour, spongy pulp breakdown around the stone.

स्पंजी ऊतक (Spongy Tissue) विकार विशेष रूप से आम की विश्व प्रसिद्ध 'अल्फांसो' (हापुस) किस्म में पाया जाने वाला एक गंभीर कायिकीय विकार है, जो फल के पकने के दौरान अत्यधिक मिट्टी की गर्मी के कारण गूदे को स्पंजी और खट्टा बना देता है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department

383📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyPomology & Fruit Cultivars

The Cox Orange Pippin is a variety of which fruit?

Explanation

Cox's Orange Pippin is an English heritage dessert apple (Malus domestica) cultivar, first raised from seed in 1825 by Richard Cox in Buckinghamshire, prized for its complex, aromatic, and rich flavor.

'कॉक्स ऑरेंज पिपिन' (Cox Orange Pippin) सेब (Apple) की एक अत्यंत प्रसिद्ध और सुगंधित मीठी किस्म है, जिसकी उत्पत्ति 1825 में इंग्लैंड में हुई थी। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department

384📚Plant Pathology, Entomology & Crop ProtectionTemperate Fruit Pathology

What is Apple Scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis?

Explanation

Apple Scab is a destructive fungal disease caused by the ascomycete fungus Venturia inaequalis. It produces dull olive-green to black velvety and scabby lesions on leaves, blossoms, and developing fruits, severely affecting commercial fruit yield and quality in temperate zones like Jammu & Kashmir.

एप्पल स्कैब (Apple Scab) कवक 'वेंटुरिया इनइक्वलिस' (Venturia inaequalis) के कारण होने वाला एक विनाशकारी फंगल रोग है, जो सेब की पत्तियों, फूलों और फलों पर गहरे भूरे-काले पपड़ीदार (scabby) धब्बे उत्पन्न करता है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department

385📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyPomology & Origin of Crops

Where is the origin of the banana?

Explanation

Cultivated bananas (Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana) originated in Southeast Asia and the Indo-Malaysian archipelago, where wild diploid seeded ancestors were first domesticated and selected for parthenocarpy.

केले (Banana / Musa spp.) का उत्पत्ति स्थल दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया (Southeast Asia) और इंडो-मलेशियाई क्षेत्र माना जाता है, जहाँ से इसका प्रसार विश्व के अन्य उष्णकटिबंधीय क्षेत्रों में हुआ। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

2025JKSSBAgriculture Production & Farmer Welfare / Horticulture Department

386📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyOlericulture & Disorders

'Blossom End Rot' is a physiological disorder commonly observed in which crop?

Explanation

Blossom End Rot (BER) is a common physiological disorder in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) caused by localized Calcium deficiency in the distal placental tissues of the fruit, exacerbated by irregular soil moisture and rapid vegetative growth.

ब्लॉसम एंड रॉट (Blossom End Rot) टमाटर (Tomato) की फसल में पाया जाने वाला एक बहुत सामान्य विकार है, जो फलों के निचले हिस्से में कैल्शियम (Ca) की कमी और अनियमित जल आपूर्ति के कारण होता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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387📚Plant Pathology, Entomology & Crop ProtectionEntomology & Pest Management

The fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) is a major pest of which crop?

Explanation

Leucinodes orbonalis (Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer / BSFB) is the most economically destructive pest of eggplant/brinjal, where larvae bore into tender terminal shoots during vegetative growth and bore into fruits during fruiting.

फल एवं तना छेदक (Leucinodes orbonalis) बैंगन (Brinjal) का सबसे विनाशकारी और प्रमुख कीट है। इसकी सूंडी (larva) कोमल तनों और फलों में छेद करके भारी नुकसान पहुंचाती है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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388📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyOlericulture & Taxonomy

Which of the following are not cucurbitaceous crops?
I. Watermelon
II. Pumpkin
III. Muskmelon
IV. Chow-chow
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), Muskmelon (Cucumis melo), and Chow-chow / Chayote (Sechium edule) ALL belong to the Cucurbitaceae family. Therefore, 'None of the above' are non-cucurbitaceous crops (all are cucurbits).

तरबूज (Watermelon), कद्दू (Pumpkin), खरबूजा (Muskmelon) और चाउ-चाउ (Chow-chow / Sechium edule) - ये चारों ही कुकरबिटेसी (Cucurbitaceae) कुल की फसलें हैं। इसलिए इनमें से 'कोई भी नहीं' (None of the above) ऐसा है जो कुकरबिट न हो। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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389📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyVegetable Botanical Classification

Match the following scientific names with their common crop names:
Scientific Name:
i. Pisum sativum
ii. Glycine max
iii. Cucumis melo var. conomon
iv. Phaseolus vulgaris
Common Name:
1. French bean
2. Oriental pickling melon
3. Soybean
4. Pea
Options:

Explanation

Correct botanical matches:
- i. Pisum sativum = Pea (4)
- ii. Glycine max = Soybean (3)
- iii. Cucumis melo var. conomon = Oriental pickling melon (2)
- iv. Phaseolus vulgaris = French bean (1)
This yields the combination: i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1.

वैज्ञानिक नामों का सही सुमेलन:
- i. पाइसम सैटाइवम (Pisum sativum) = मटर (4)
- ii. ग्लाइसिन मैक्स (Glycine max) = सोयाबीन (3)
- iii. कुकुमिस मेलो वर. कोनोमोन = ओरिएंटल पिकलिंग तरबूज/ककड़ी (2)
- iv. फैसिओलस वल्गेरिस (Phaseolus vulgaris) = फ्रेंच बीन (1)
अतः सही कूट A (i-4, ii-3, iii-2, iv-1) है।

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390📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyProtected Cultivation & Hydroponics

What is Hydroponics?

Explanation

Hydroponics is the science and technique of growing plants without soil, utilizing an inert substrate (like gravel, perlite, or rockwool) or liquid culture supplied with a balanced aqueous mineral nutrient solution.

हाइड्रोपोनिक्स (Hydroponics) बिना मिट्टी के केवल पोषक तत्वों से युक्त जलीय घोल या अक्रिय माध्यम में पौधों को उगाने की आधुनिक तकनीक है (Soil-less cultivation)। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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391📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyOlericulture & Perennial Crops

Which one of the following is a perennial vegetable?

Explanation

Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis / Kundru) is a dioecious, perennial cucurbit vine that remains productive for 4 to 5 years. Tomato, potato, and bitter gourd are cultivated as seasonal annual crops.

कुंदरू या आईवी लौकी (Ivy gourd / Coccinia grandis) एक बहुवर्षीय (perennial) सब्जी है जिसकी लताएं कई वर्षों तक जीवित रहकर फल देती हैं। टमाटर, करेला और आलू एकवर्षीय फसलें हैं। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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392📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyPost-Harvest Physiology & Tuber Crops

Greening in potatoes is due to:

Explanation

Exposure of potato tubers to natural or artificial light during growth or storage triggers the synthesis of chlorophyll, accompanied by the accumulation of bitter, toxic glycoalkaloids (primarily alpha-solanine and chaconine).

आलू के कंदों का हरा होना (Greening) भंडारण या खेत में प्रकाश (Light) के संपर्क में आने के कारण होता है। प्रकाश से क्लोरोफिल के साथ-साथ विषाक्त ग्लाइकोएल्कलॉइड 'सोलेनाइन' का निर्माण होता है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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393📚Agronomy, Irrigation & Spices / Plantation TechnologyIrrigation Engineering

Which of the following is not a surface irrigation method?

Explanation

Typhoon irrigation is a localized drip / micro-irrigation system utilizing thin-walled perforated drip tubes (often used for sugarcane or row crops). Furrow, border, and surge irrigation are surface gravity irrigation methods.

टाइफून सिंचाई (Typhoon irrigation) ड्रिप / सूक्ष्म-सिंचाई प्रणाली का एक प्रकार है, न कि सतही सिंचाई विधि। फरो (कूड़), बॉर्डर (पट्टी), और सर्ज सिंचाई पारंपरिक सतही सिंचाई (Surface irrigation) विधियां हैं। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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394📚Plant Pathology, Entomology & Crop ProtectionNematology & Soil Fumigation

Which of the following is used as a soil fumigant?

Explanation

Methyl Bromide is a volatile, heavy gaseous halogenated hydrocarbon used extensively as a broad-spectrum soil fumigant to eradicate soil-borne fungi, nematodes, insects, and weed seeds before planting high-value crops.

मिथाइल ब्रोमाइड (Methyl Bromide) का उपयोग मिट्टी में उपस्थित कवक, सूत्रकृमि (nematodes), कीट और खरपतवार के बीजों को नष्ट करने के लिए एक व्यापक स्पेक्ट्रम मृदा फ्यूमिगेंट (Soil Fumigant / धूमक) के रूप में किया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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395📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologySoil Testing & Analytical Instruments

The instrument used for the analysis of micronutrients in soil is:

Explanation

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) is the standard analytical laboratory instrument used for sensitive, accurate quantification of soil and plant micronutrient cations such as Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), and Copper (Cu).

मृदा और पादप नमूनों में सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों (जैसे Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn) के यथार्थ मापन हेतु 'परमाणु अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रोफोटोमीटर' (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer / AAS) का उपयोग किया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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396📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologySoil Chemical Analysis

Which indicator is used for Ca (Calcium) analysis in soil?

Explanation

Murexide (ammonium purpurate) is the specific metallochromic indicator used in EDTA titrations of Calcium alone at high alkalinity (pH 12 to 12.5 achieved with NaOH). Eriochrome Black T is used at pH 10 to measure total Ca + Mg.

मृदा और जल नमूनों में ईडीटीए (EDTA) अनुमापन द्वारा केवल कैल्शियम (

Ca

) की जांच के लिए उच्च पीएच (pH 12) पर 'म्यूरेक्साइड' (Murexide) सूचक का उपयोग किया जाता है। (एरियोक्रोम ब्लैक टी का प्रयोग कुल Ca + Mg हेतु होता है)। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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397📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologySoil Fertility & Nutrient Testing

Which method is used for the estimation of phosphorus (P) in acidic soils?

Explanation

Bray's No. 1 method (extractant: 0.03 N NH4F + 0.025 N HCl) is standardly used for estimating available phosphorus in acidic soils (pH < 6.5). Olsen's 0.5 M NaHCO3 method is used for neutral to alkaline soils.

अम्लीय मृदा (Acidic soils, pH < 6.5) में उपलब्ध फास्फोरस के आकलन हेतु 'ब्रे विधि' (Bray's Method / Bray-1: 0.03N NH4F + 0.025N HCl) का उपयोग किया जाता है। क्षारीय मृदा के लिए ओल्सेन विधि का प्रयोग होता है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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398📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologySoil Chemistry & Nutrient Availability

Which micronutrients are not available in acidic conditions?

Explanation

Unlike cationic micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) whose solubility and availability increase under acidic conditions, Molybdenum (an anionic micronutrient, MoO4^2-) forms insoluble complexes with iron and aluminum hydrous oxides at low pH, making it unavailable in acidic soils. Boron also suffers leaching losses.

अधिकांश सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्वों (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) की उपलब्धता अम्लीय परिस्थितियों में बढ़ जाती है, लेकिन मोलिब्डेनम (Molybdenum) और बोरॉन ऐसे सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व हैं जिनकी उपलब्धता अम्लीय परिस्थितियों (कम pH) में अत्यधिक घट जाती है क्योंकि मोलिब्डेनम Fe/Al ऑक्साइडों द्वारा स्थिर हो जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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399📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologySoil Physical Properties

Which soil has the highest porosity?

Explanation

Clay soil has the highest total porosity (typically 50% to 60% total pore space) because of its immense number of minute micropores, whereas sandy soil has a lower total porosity (35% to 45%) despite having larger individual macropores.

चिकनी मिट्टी (Clay soil) में कुल सरंध्रता (Porosity / छिद्रों का कुल आयतन) सबसे अधिक (50-60%) होती है क्योंकि इसमें अनगिनत सूक्ष्म रंध्र (micropores) होते हैं। बलुई मिट्टी में बड़े रंध्र होने के बावजूद कुल सरंध्रता कम होती है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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400📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologySoil Physical Properties

Select the permanent property of soil:

Explanation

Soil texture (the relative proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles smaller than 2 mm) is an inherent, unchangeable, permanent physical property of soil that cannot be significantly modified by ordinary agricultural operations. Moisture, structure, and temperature change continuously.

मृदा बनावट या कण-आकार (Soil Texture - बालू, सिल्ट और क्ले का सापेक्ष अनुपात) मिट्टी का एक स्थायी (permanent) भौतिक गुण है जिसे सामान्य जुताई या कृषि क्रियाओं द्वारा बदला नहीं जा सकता। संरचना और नमी परिवर्तनशील होते हैं। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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401📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologySoil Classification & Texture

How many soil classes are there in the textural triangle?

Explanation

The standard USDA Soil Textural Triangle classifies soil into exactly 12 textural classes based on percentages of sand, silt, and clay (Sand, Loamy Sand, Sandy Loam, Loam, Silt Loam, Silt, Sandy Clay Loam, Clay Loam, Silty Clay Loam, Sandy Clay, Silty Clay, and Clay).

यूएसडीए (USDA) मृदा बनावट त्रिभुज (Textural Triangle) में रेत, सिल्ट और क्ले के प्रतिशत के आधार पर मृदा को कुल 12 बनावट वर्गों (Textural classes) में वर्गीकृत किया गया है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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402📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologySoil Fertility Testing

The extractant used for P analysis in the Olsen method is:

Explanation

The Olsen method uses 0.5 M Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solution buffered at pH 8.5 as the extractant to determine plant-available phosphorus in neutral, calcareous, and alkaline soils.

ओल्सेन विधि (Olsen Method) में उदासीन और क्षारीय मृदा से उपलब्ध फास्फोरस निष्कर्षण के लिए 0.5 M सोडियम बाइकार्बोनेट (

NaHCO_3

, pH 8.5) घोल का उपयोग किया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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403📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologySoil Testing Instrumentation

Flame photometer is used for the estimation of:

Explanation

The Flame Photometer is the primary optical instrument used in routine soil testing laboratories for determining available Potassium (K) and Sodium (Na) by measuring atomic emission at 766.5 nm upon aspiration into a flame.

फ्लेम फोटोमीटर (Flame Photometer) का उपयोग मृदा और जल विश्लेषण में मुख्य रूप से पोटेशियम (Potassium / K) और सोडियम (Na) के उत्सर्जन मापन द्वारा उनके निर्धारण हेतु किया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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404📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologySoil Water Physics

Capillary water is held in:

Explanation

Capillary water is held by surface tension and cohesive forces in the micropores of the soil against gravitational drainage (between field capacity and permanent wilting point), serving as the main source of water absorbed by plant roots.

केशिका जल (Capillary water) मृदा के सूक्ष्म रंध्रों (Micro pores) में पृष्ठीय तनाव और संसंजक बलों द्वारा गुरुत्वाकर्षण बल के विरुद्ध रुका रहता है। यही जल पौधों की जड़ों द्वारा अवशोषण हेतु मुख्य रूप से उपलब्ध होता है। अतः सही विकल्प A है।

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405📚Floriculture, Ornamental Gardening & Landscape ArchitectureTurfgrass Pathology

Brown patch disease of lawn is caused by:

Explanation

Brown patch is a common and destructive foliar disease of turfgrass lawns caused by the soil-borne rhizoctonia fungus Rhizoctonia solani, particularly active during hot, humid summer conditions.

लॉन (घास के मैदान) का ब्राउन पैच रोग (Brown patch disease) 'राइजोक्टोनिया सोलानी' (Rhizoctonia solani) नामक मृदा-जनित कवक (Fungi) के कारण होता है। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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406📚Plant Biochemistry, Cell Biology & PhysiologyPlant Tissue Culture Media

Which is the most extensively used basal media in plant tissue culture?

Explanation

Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, formulated by Toshio Murashige and Folke K. Skoog in 1962 during tobacco tissue culture research, is by far the most widely used basal nutrient medium in plant micropropagation due to its high concentration of inorganic salts.

पादप ऊतक संवर्धन में सर्वाधिक व्यापक रूप से उपयोग किया जाने वाला आधारीय माध्यम 'मुराशीगे और स्कूग माध्यम' (Murashige and Skoog / MS medium, 1962) है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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407📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologyAgricultural Meteorology

Climate pertains to a ______:

Explanation

Climate refers to the long-term statistical pattern, mean, and variability of weather conditions in a given region over an extended period of time (conventionally standardized as 30 years or more by WMO), whereas weather describes short-term daily conditions.

जलवायु (Climate) किसी क्षेत्र में मौसम की दीर्घकालिक सांख्यिकीय दशाओं (दीर्घ अवधि / Long period of time, सामान्यतः 30 वर्ष या उससे अधिक) के औसत को दर्शाती है। मौसम अल्पकालिक होता है। अतः सही विकल्प A है।

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408📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyNational Horticultural Schemes

National Horticulture Mission (NHM) was started in:

Explanation

The National Horticulture Mission (NHM), a centrally sponsored scheme to promote the holistic growth of the horticulture sector covering fruits, vegetables, root and tuber crops, spices, and flowers, was launched in the financial year 2005-06 during the 10th Five-Year Plan.

राष्ट्रीय बागवानी मिशन (National Horticulture Mission - NHM) की शुरुआत केंद्र सरकार द्वारा 10वीं पंचवर्षीय योजना के तहत वर्ष 2005-06 में की गई थी, जिसका उद्देश्य बागवानी क्षेत्र का समग्र विकास करना था। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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409📚Agronomy, Irrigation & Spices / Plantation TechnologySoil & Water Conservation

What are the components of a water harvesting system?

Explanation

A complete water harvesting system integrates four key functional components: the catchment area (which captures and produces surface runoff), conveyance systems, a storage facility (tank, pond, or underground cistern), and the command / recharge area (where harvested water is utilized).

जल संचयन प्रणाली (Water harvesting system) के प्रमुख घटकों में जलग्रहण क्षेत्र (Catchment area), भंडारण सुविधा (Storage facility / जलाशय/टैंक) और कमान क्षेत्र (Command area - जहाँ जल का उपयोग होता है) - ये सभी शामिल हैं। अतः सही विकल्प D (All of the above) है।

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410📚Agronomy, Irrigation & Spices / Plantation TechnologyEnvironmental Biotechnology

What is bioremediation?

Explanation

Bioremediation is a sustainable biotechnology process that uses living biological organisms (primarily bacteria, fungi, or green plants) to neutralize, degrade, or remove hazardous environmental pollutants and toxic contaminants from soil, water, and waste sites.

बायोरेमेडिएशन (जैवोपचार) पर्यावरण में मौजूद प्रदूषण और विषाक्त पदार्थों को समाप्त करने या कम करने के लिए जीवित जीवों (विशेष रूप से सूक्ष्मजीवों, कवक या पौधों) का उपयोग करने की जैविक प्रक्रिया है। अतः सही विकल्प A है।

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411📚Agronomy, Irrigation & Spices / Plantation TechnologySoil & Water Conservation

Contour bunding is adopted in areas having a slope up to:

Explanation

In soil and water conservation engineering, contour bunding (constructing narrow earthen embankments along contours) is recommended for agricultural lands in low to moderate rainfall areas with land slopes up to 6%. For steeper slopes, graded bunding or bench terracing is practiced.

मृदा एवं जल संरक्षण में 'कंटूर बंडिंग' (समोच्च मेड़बंदी) को आमतौर पर 6% तक के ढलान वाले क्षेत्रों में और कम वर्षा वाले इलाकों में जल संरक्षण और मिट्टी के कटाव को रोकने के लिए अपनाया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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412📚Agronomy, Irrigation & Spices / Plantation TechnologyIrrigation Systems & Engineering

Which method of irrigation is most suitable for sandy soil and shallow land where land levelling is not possible?

Explanation

Sprinkler irrigation is the most suitable method for undulating, rolling topography and highly permeable sandy soils where surface land leveling is impractical or would strip topsoil, as it applies water uniformly in the form of spray mimicking natural rainfall.

बलुई मिट्टी (Sandy soil) और उबड़-खाबड़ या उथली भूमि जहाँ भूमि का समतलीकरण संभव नहीं है, वहाँ सिंचाई के लिए 'फव्वारा सिंचाई' (Sprinkler irrigation) सबसे उपयुक्त विधि है। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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413📚Agronomy, Irrigation & Spices / Plantation TechnologyCrop Water Requirements

The quantity of irrigation water required to meet the evapotranspiration needs of a crop, excluding effective rainfall, is known as:

Explanation

Consumptive Irrigation Requirement (CIR) is defined as the depth of water required to meet the consumptive use (evapotranspiration) of a crop minus the effective rainfall received during that period: CIR = ETc - Pe.

फसल की वाष्पोत्सर्जन (Evapotranspiration) आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने के लिए आवश्यक सिंचाई जल की वह मात्रा, जिसमें प्रभावी वर्षा को घटा दिया जाता है, 'उपभोगी सिंचाई आवश्यकता' (Consumptive Irrigation Requirement / CIR) कहलाती है। (

CIR = ET_c - P_e

)। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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414📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyPomology & High Density Orcharding

High Density Planting was first established in ______ in Europe during sixties:

Explanation

High Density Planting (HDP) using dwarfing clonal rootstocks (such as Malling 9 / M.9 and M.26) was first established commercially in Apple (Malus domestica) orchards in Europe (specifically England and the Netherlands) during the 1960s.

सघन बागवानी (High Density Planting - HDP) की शुरुआत 1960 के दशक में यूरोप में सबसे पहले 'सेब' (Apple) की फसल में बौने मूलवृंतों (जैसे M.9) का उपयोग करके की गई थी। अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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415📚Plant Pathology, Entomology & Crop ProtectionAgricultural Biotechnology & Pest Resistance

Bt toxin producing plants are resistant to ______:

Explanation

Bt crops (such as Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab endotoxin crystal proteins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis) are engineered specifically for resistance against lepidopteran insect pests, primarily the Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) and American bollworm.

बीटी (Bt) विष उत्पन्न करने वाले पौधे मुख्य रूप से लेपिडोप्टेरा कीटों, विशेष रूप से कपास के 'गुलाबी सुंडी' (Pink Bollworm / पेक्टिनोफोरा गॉसिपिएला) के प्रति प्रतिरोधी होते हैं। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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416📚Pomology, Olericulture & Post-Harvest TechnologyPlantation Crops & Days

When is World Coconut Day celebrated?

Explanation

World Coconut Day is observed globally every year on September 2nd to commemorate the founding anniversary of the International Coconut Community (ICC), established in 1969 under UN-ESCAP.

विश्व नारियल दिवस (World Coconut Day) प्रत्येक वर्ष 2 सितंबर (September 2) को अंतरराष्ट्रीय नारियल समुदाय की स्थापना के उपलक्ष्य में मनाया जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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417📚Agronomy, Irrigation & Spices / Plantation TechnologyMutation Breeding & Field Crops

MCU 7 and MCU 10 are:

Explanation

MCU 7 and MCU 10 are celebrated induced mutant varieties of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) developed by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) through gamma-ray radiation breeding of parent variety MCU 5.

MCU 7 और MCU 10 कपास (Cotton) की प्रसिद्ध प्रेरित उत्परिवर्ती किस्में (Mutant varieties) हैं, जिन्हें विकिरण उत्परिवर्तन प्रजनन द्वारा तमिलनाडु कृषि विश्वविद्यालय द्वारा विकसित किया गया था। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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418📚Agronomy, Irrigation & Spices / Plantation TechnologySpices & Taxonomy

Saffron belongs to which plant family?

Explanation

Saffron (Crocus sativus, the golden heritage spice of Jammu & Kashmir celebrated worldwide) belongs to the Iridaceae (Iris) family. Its dried trifid orange-red stigmas form the valuable commercial spice.

केसर (Saffron / Crocus sativus), जो जम्मू और कश्मीर का प्रमुख जीआई-टैग प्राप्त विरासत मसाला है, 'इरिडेसी' (Iridaceae) कुल से संबंधित है। इसके सूखे त्रि-शाखित वर्तिकाग्र (stigmas) केसर बनाते हैं। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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419📚Agronomy, Irrigation & Spices / Plantation TechnologyBotanical Names of Spices

Curcuma longa is the botanical name of which plant?

Explanation

Curcuma longa is the scientific botanical name of Turmeric (Haldi), a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family Zingiberaceae. (Ginger is Zingiber officinale; Saffron is Crocus sativus; Cumin is Cuminum cyminum).

करकुमा लोंगा (Curcuma longa) 'हल्दी' (Turmeric) का वानस्पतिक नाम है, जो जिंजीबरेसी (Zingiberaceae) कुल का एक प्रकंद युक्त पौधा है। (अदरक का नाम जिंजीबर ऑफिसिनेल है)। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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420📚Soil Science, Plant Nutrition & Agricultural MeteorologySoil Microbiology & Ecology

The release of carbon dioxide by soil microorganisms in the soil is known as:

Explanation

Soil respiration is the process by which carbon dioxide (CO2) is released from the soil into the atmosphere through the collective metabolic activity of soil microorganisms decomposing organic matter along with root respiration.

मृदा सूक्ष्मजीवों और पादप जड़ों द्वारा जैविक पदार्थों के अपघटन और श्वसन क्रिया के दौरान कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड (

CO_2

) गैस को मुक्त करने की प्रक्रिया 'मृदा श्वसन' (Soil respiration) कहलाती है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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421📚Software Engineering, Testing & Quality AssuranceSoftware Verification & Testing

Static analysis in software quality assurance refers to:

Explanation

Static Code Analysis evaluates the software source code or compiled bytecode for defects, security vulnerabilities, syntax violations, and structural complexity without executing the program.

सॉफ्टवेयर गुणवत्ता आश्वासन में स्टैटिक एनालिसिस (Static Analysis) का अर्थ प्रोग्राम को निष्पादित (run) किए बिना उसके स्रोत कोड (source code) या संरचना का विश्लेषण करना है ताकि संभावित त्रुटियों और सुरक्षा कमियों का पता लगाया जा सके। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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422📚Camera Mechanics, Optics & Sensor TechnologyCamera Mounts & Accessories

What is the primary purpose of the "hot shoe" on a camera?

Explanation

The 'hot shoe' is a standardized metal mounting bracket located on top of a camera equipped with electrical contact points designed to mechanically mount and electronically trigger external speedlights (flashes), radio triggers, microphones, and other accessories.

कैमरे के शीर्ष पर स्थित 'हॉट शू' (Hot shoe) का मुख्य उद्देश्य बाहरी फ्लैश (External flash), ट्रिगर और अन्य इलेक्ट्रॉनिक एक्सेसरीज को जोड़ना और सिंक्रनाइज़ करना है। सही विकल्प D है।

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423📚Digital Image Processing, Color Models & Post-ProductionDigital Media & Storage Systems

Which of the following storage devices is known for its speed and durability?

Explanation

Solid State Drives (SSDs) utilize NAND flash memory with no moving mechanical parts, providing blazing read/write data transfer speeds, minimal latency, and exceptional physical shock durability against drops and vibrations.

सॉलिड स्टेट ड्राइव (SSD) में कोई घूमने वाले यांत्रिक भाग नहीं होते, जिससे यह हार्ड डिस्क की तुलना में बहुत तेज गति और उच्च स्थायित्व (Durability) प्रदान करता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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424📚Camera Mechanics, Optics & Sensor TechnologyPhotographic Principles & Standards

Consider the following statement:
I: Crop factor is significant because it impacts the field of view and the apparent focal length of a lens.
II: Cross processing is a photographic technique where film intended for one type of development process is deliberately processed in a different type of solution.
III: Dots per inch (dpi) refers to the number of dots that can fit into a linear space of one inch. It is commonly used in printing and displaying digital images.
IV: Gray card reflects an unknown amount of light and cannot be used as a reference point for setting the camera's exposure.
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Evaluating statements:
- Statement I is correct: Smaller sensors have a crop factor that narrows the field of view, giving the equivalent angle of a longer focal length.
- Statement II is correct: Cross-processing (e.g. developing E-6 transparency slide film in C-41 negative chemicals) produces surreal color shifts and high contrast.
- Statement III is correct: DPI refers to physical printed dots per linear inch.
- Statement IV is FALSE: An 18% photographic gray card reflects a precisely calibrated standard 18% of incident light and is standardly used to calibrate exposure and white balance.
Hence, I, II and III are correct. Choice D.

कथनों का मूल्यांकन:
- कथन I सही है (क्रॉप फैक्टर फील्ड ऑफ व्यू को प्रभावित करता है)।
- कथन II सही है (क्रॉस प्रोसेसिंग में फिल्म को जानबूझकर दूसरे रासायनिक घोल में प्रोसेस किया जाता है)।
- कथन III सही है (DPI प्रिंटिंग में प्रति इंच डॉट्स की संख्या है)।
- कथन IV गलत है (ग्रे कार्ड सटीक 18% प्रकाश परावर्तित करता है और एक्सपोजर सेट करने का मानक संदर्भ है)।
अतः कथन I, II और III सही हैं। सही विकल्प D है।

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425📚Exposure Triangle, Lighting & Composition TechniquesCamera Angles & Visual Psychology

An eye-level shot has what effect on the viewer?

Explanation

Shooting at eye level creates a neutral, human, and direct connection between the viewer and the subject. It mimics natural human observation without conveying psychological dominance (high angle) or vulnerability/grandeur (low angle), placing the viewer in the same physical space as the subject.

आई-लेवल शॉट (Eye-level shot) का दर्शक पर यह प्रभाव पड़ता है कि वह विषय के साथ उसी स्थान और स्तर पर सीधे जुड़ाव महसूस करता है। सही विकल्प C है।

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426📚Digital Image Processing, Color Models & Post-ProductionImage Cropping & Composition Editing

What is the purpose of the 'crop' tool in photo editing software?

Explanation

The crop tool allows photographers to trim outer borders of an image, alter its framing and aspect ratio, eliminate distracting peripheral objects, and realign or strengthen the compositional structure.

फोटो संपादन सॉफ्टवेयर में 'क्रॉप टूल' (Crop tool) का उपयोग छवि के अवांछित किनारों को हटाकर उसके आकार, फ्रेमिंग और रचना (Composition) को समायोजित करने के लिए किया जाता है। सही विकल्प B है।

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427📚General Awareness & General Science with Special Reference to J&KJ&K Agriculture & Economy

Purple revolution in Jammu and Kashmir is associated with which crop?

Explanation

The 'Purple Revolution' (Aroma Mission launched by CSIR-IIIM Jammu) in Jammu & Kashmir refers to the transformative commercial cultivation of Lavender, with Doda and Bhaderwah emerging as national hubs of lavender oil distillation.

जम्मू और कश्मीर में 'बैंगनी क्रांति' (Purple Revolution / CSIR एरोमा मिशन) 'लैवेंडर' (Lavender) की व्यावसायिक खेती से संबंधित है। डोडा और भद्रवाह इसके प्रमुख केंद्र हैं। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

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428📚General Awareness & General Science with Special Reference to J&KAgricultural Geography

Highly specialized form of agriculture in which crops like coffee, tea and rubber are cultivated refer to:

Explanation

Plantation agriculture is a large-scale commercial farming system where a single perennial cash crop (such as tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, or cocoa) is cultivated systematically over extensive estates.

चाय, कॉफी और रबर जैसी व्यावसायिक फसलों की बड़े पैमाने पर की जाने वाली विशेष खेती को 'रोपण कृषि' या 'बागानी कृषि' (Plantation agriculture) कहा जाता है। अतः सही विकल्प B है।

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429📚Vehicle Pollution, Emissions & Noise StandardsCombustion Chemistry & Greenhouse Gases

Which of the following is the primary greenhouse gas emitted by burning fuels in vehicles?

Explanation

The complete combustion of fossil hydrocarbons (

C_xH_y + O_2 \to CO_2 + H_2O

) results primarily in Carbon dioxide (

CO_2

), which is emitted in massive volumes and is the principal anthropogenic greenhouse gas responsible for atmospheric heat retention and climate change.

वाहनों में पेट्रोल और डीजल के जलने से निकलने वाली प्राथमिक ग्रीनहाउस गैस 'कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड' (Carbon dioxide -

CO_2

) है। सही विकल्प A है।

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430📚Driving Documents, Licensing, Insurance & OffencesNon-Transferability of Driving Licences

Consider the following statements,
Statement-1: A driver can transfer his driving license to the name of other driver, depending on the importance of the circumstances
Statement-2: A driver cannot transfer his driving license to the name of other driver, under any circumstances
Which of the following combinations is correct

Explanation

Statement 1 is FALSE and Statement 2 is TRUE. A driving licence is a strictly personal, non-transferable statutory certification granted to an individual after evaluating their specific physical fitness, knowledge of road rules, and driving competence. It can never be transferred to another individual under any circumstances.

कथन 1 गलत है और कथन 2 सही है। ड्राइविंग लाइसेंस एक व्यक्तिगत प्रमाणपत्र है जो व्यक्ति की योग्यता जांचने के बाद दिया जाता है, इसे किसी भी परिस्थिति में किसी अन्य व्यक्ति के नाम पर स्थानांतरित (Transfer) नहीं किया जा सकता। सही विकल्प C है।

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431📚Paper, Ink & Platemaking ChemistryFountain Solution Chemistry

Match the following.
i. Wetting agent
ii. Plate preservative
iii. Drying agent
iv. Corrosion inhibitors
1. Gum Arabic
2. Cobalt chloride
3. Magnesium Nitrate
4. IPA
Choose the Correct Option:

Explanation

Offset lithographic fountain solution chemistry: (i) Wetting agent = Isopropanol (IPA) to reduce water surface tension -> 4; (ii) Plate preservative = Gum Arabic to desensitize non-image aluminum areas -> 1; (iii) Drying agent = Cobalt/metallic driers to catalyze ink drying -> 2; (iv) Corrosion inhibitors = Magnesium Nitrate to protect aluminum plates and press components -> 3. Correct match: i-4, ii-1, iii-2, iv-3.

फाउंटेन सॉल्यूशन रसायन का सही मिलान: वेटिंग एजेंट -> IPA (4); प्लेट प्रिजर्वेटिव -> गम अरेबिक (1); ड्राइंग एजेंट -> कोबाल्ट क्लोराइड (2); जंग अवरोधक (Corrosion inhibitor) -> मैग्नीशियम नाइट्रेट (3)। सही विकल्प A है।

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432📚Printing Processes, Typography & Prepress FundamentalsColor Register & Master Flat Systems

Which of the following is the most common registration technique for colour negative stripping?

Explanation

In multi-color prepress film stripping, the 'Single master flat method' (pin register master flat) is the universal standard. A single master layout flat with punch register pins is used to establish the exact positions of margins, crop marks, and image windows, against which all process color flats (C, M, Y, K) are matched in perfect register.

रंगीन नेगेटिव स्ट्रिपिंग में सटीक पंजीकरण (Registration) हेतु सर्वाधिक उपयोग की जाने वाली विधि 'सिंगल मास्टर फ्लैट विधि' (Single master flat method / पिन रजिस्टर सिस्टम) है। सही विकल्प B है।

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433📚Mycology & Fungal PathogenesisThermally Dimorphic Systemic Mycoses

Which among the following fungi exhibits thermal dimorphism-existing in mold form at lower temperatures and yeast form at body temperature?

Explanation

Histoplasma capsulatum is a classic thermally dimorphic endemic systemic fungal pathogen. In nature or in vitro at ambient temperatures (25°C), it grows as a saprophytic mold with tuberculate macroconidia; at mammalian body temperature (37°C), it converts into a small parasitic yeast inside reticuloendothelial macrophages.

'हिस्टोप्लाज्मा कैप्सूलैटम' (Histoplasma capsulatum) थर्मल डाइमॉर्फिज्म प्रदर्शित करता है—यह 25°C पर फफूंद (Mold) के रूप में और 37°C शरीर के तापमान पर यीस्ट (Yeast) के रूप में मौजूद रहता है। सही विकल्प C है।

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434📚Bioinformatics, Genomics & Computational BiologyDatabases & Information Systems: ACID Properties

In the context of databases, what does ACID stand for?

Explanation

In database management systems, ACID is an acronym representing the four fundamental properties that guarantee reliable transaction processing: Atomicity (all or nothing), Consistency (preserves data validity rules), Isolation (concurrent executions do not interfere), and Durability (committed changes survive system failures).

डेटाबेस के संदर्भ में, ACID का पूर्ण रूप 'Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability' (परमाणुता, संगति, अलगाव, स्थायित्व) है, जो डेटाबेस लेनदेन की विश्वसनीयता सुनिश्चित करता है। सही विकल्प A है।

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435📚Clinical Pathology & Diagnostic Quality AssuranceInfectious Pathology: Tuberculosis Histopathology

Which of the following best describes the characteristic pathological feature of tuberculosis?

Explanation

The pathognomonic histopathological hallmark of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is the caseating granuloma. It consists of a central acellular zone of soft, cheesy, eosinophilic caseous necrosis surrounded by an organized collar of epithelioid macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and multinucleated horseshoe-shaped Langhans giant cells.

तपेदिक (Tuberculosis) की विशिष्ट पैथोलॉजिकल पहचान 'लैंगहैंस विशाल कोशिकाओं के साथ केसीनकारी ग्रैनुलोमा' (Caseating granulomas with Langhans giant cells) है, जिसके केंद्र में पनीर जैसा नेक्रोसिस होता है। सही विकल्प A है।

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436🔬General ScienceFood Technology & Preservation

Patulin contamination is typically found in:

Explanation

Patulin is a toxic mycotoxin produced by Penicillium expansum (the blue mould of apples). It is commonly found in rotting apples and unpasteurized apple juice, ciders, and apple compotes.

पैटुलिन (Patulin) माइकोटॉक्सिन का संदूषण आमतौर पर सड़े हुए सेबों और सेब के रस (Apple juice) में पाया जाता है, जो पेनिसिलियम एक्सपैंसम कवक द्वारा निर्मित होता है।

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437🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

What is the primary purpose of watershed management?

Explanation

Watershed management is the integrated conservation, management, and judicious utilization of land, water, and biomass resources within a natural drainage basin to conserve soil moisture, check runoff, and recharge groundwater.

जलसंभर प्रबंधन (Watershed management) का प्राथमिक उद्देश्य जल और मिट्टी का संरक्षण (Water and soil conservation) तथा भूमि क्षरण को रोकना है।

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438🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

Terracing helps in:

Explanation

Terracing modifies steep hillside topography into a series of stepped, horizontal flat benches or graded platforms, substantially reducing surface runoff velocity and preventing soil erosion.

सीढ़ीदार खेती या वेदिकाकरण (Terracing) ढलान पर बहने वाले पानी की गति को कम करके मिट्टी के कटाव को रोकने (Preventing erosion) में सहायता करता है।

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439🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

The volume of earthwork in contour bunding is estimated from:

Explanation

In soil conservation engineering, the earthwork volume for contour bunds, trenches, and embankments is calculated using the trapezoidal formula (

V = L \times \frac{A_1 + A_2}{2}

or prismoidal formula) using cross-sectional area and bund length.

कंटूर बंडिंग (समोच्च मेड़बंदी) में मिट्टी के काम की मात्रा का आकलन ट्रैपेज़ॉइडल फॉर्मूला (Trapezoidal formula) द्वारा अनुप्रस्थ काट क्षेत्रफल और लंबाई के गुणनफल से किया जाता है।

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440🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

For slope >30%, the preferred conservation practice is:

Explanation

On steep slopes exceeding 16% up to 33% and above, contour bunding becomes unviable due to high runoff velocities; bench terracing is the recommended soil and water conservation measure to convert steep slopes into stepped cultivation benches.

30% से अधिक खड़ी ढलानों पर मिट्टी के कटाव को रोकने के लिए सबसे प्रभावी और अनुशंसित संरक्षण उपाय बेंच टेरेसिंग (Bench terracing - सीढ़ीनुमा वेदिकाएं) है।

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441🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

"Consumptive use" of water includes:

Explanation

Consumptive use (evapotranspiration,

ET

) of a crop is the total quantity of water transpired by the plant leaves plus evaporation from the adjacent soil surface and plant foliage during plant growth.

पानी के उपभोगीय उपयोग (Consumptive use / Evapotranspiration) में वाष्पीकरण और वाष्पोत्सर्जन (Evaporation + transpiration) दोनों शामिल होते हैं।

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442🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

What is a gabion structure made from?

Explanation

A gabion is a heavy rectangular cage or basket made of galvanized double-twisted hexagonal wire mesh or welded steel mesh filled with graded quarry stones or river boulders, used for soil erosion and retaining structures.

गैबियन (Gabion) संरचना जस्ती धातु के तार की जाली और पत्थरों (Metal mesh and stones) से भरी एक लचीली सुरक्षात्मक संरचना होती है।

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443🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

Sheet erosion removes soil:

Explanation

Sheet erosion is the uniform detachment and removal of a thin layer of topsoil across a broad, gentle slope caused by sheet overland flow of rainwater, often going unnoticed until substantial fertile soil is lost.

परतदार अपरदन (Sheet erosion) वर्षा जल के बहाव द्वारा भूमि की ऊपरी उपजाऊ मिट्टी की एक समान पतली परत (Uniformly across the surface) को बहा ले जाता है।

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444🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

Which symbol is used to represent earthwork in agricultural engineering drawings?

Explanation

In technical drafting standards (SP 46), earthwork, soil excavation, and compacted embankment cross-sections are standardized using cross-hatching (diagonal intersecting parallel lines) or triangular stippling.

इंजीनियरिंग ड्राइंग में मिट्टी के काम (Earthwork) और भराव को क्रॉस-हैच किए गए पैटर्न (cross-hatched pattern) द्वारा दर्शाया जाता है।

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445🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

Effective slope of a terrace is determined by:

Explanation

In soil conservation engineering, the design dimensions and effective gradient of a terrace or bench terrace system are calculated from the land slope percentage, horizontal spacing (length), and vertical interval (VI) between successive benches.

वेदिका (Terrace) की प्रभावी ढलान का निर्धारण ढलान की लंबाई और ऊर्ध्वाधर अंतराल (Length of slope and vertical interval) द्वारा किया जाता है।

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446🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

What does the duty of water mean?

Explanation

Duty represents the irrigating capacity of a unit volume of water. It is defined as the total area of land (in hectares) that can be fully matured by a continuous discharge of one cubic meter per second (1 cumec) of water throughout the crop base period (hectares/cumec).

पानी की ड्यूटी (Duty of water) से तात्पर्य उस कुल सिंचित क्षेत्र (Area irrigated per unit discharge - हेक्टेयर/क्यूमेक) से है जिसे 1 क्यूमेक पानी के निरंतर प्रवाह से पूरे फसल काल में सींचा जा सकता है।

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447🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

What is used in termite-proofing?

Explanation

Chlorpyrifos (20% EC at 1.0% active concentration in water emulsion) is the standard broad-spectrum organophosphate chemical termiticide specified by IS 6313 for pre- and post-construction anti-termite chemical soil treatment.

दीमक रोधी उपचार (Termite-proofing) में भारतीय मानक IS 6313 के अनुसार क्लोरपाइरीफॉस (Chlorpyrifos) कीटनाशक का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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448🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

Gully depth measurements are used to calculate:

Explanation

In watershed survey and conservation planning, cross-sectional measurements of gully depth, width, and length quantify the total volume of eroded void space, allowing soil conservationists to calculate total sediment loss and soil erosion rates.

गली (नाली) की गहराई और चौड़ाई के माप का उपयोग कटाव के कारण बही मिट्टी की मात्रा और तलछट नुकसान (Sediment loss) की गणना के लिए किया जाता है।

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449🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

Cross-sectional drawing of terrace includes:

Explanation

A cross-sectional profile drawing of a soil conservation terrace depicts its transverse dimensional parameters, specifically the terrace bed width, drop/riser height, cut depth, shoulder bund dimensions, and drainage channel depth.

वेदिका (Terrace) के अनुप्रस्थ काट (Cross-sectional) ड्राइंग में उसकी चौड़ाई और गहराई (Width and depth) तथा राइजर की माप शामिल होती है।

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450🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

Terraces are constructed:

Explanation

Soil conservation terraces (bench terraces, broadbase terraces) are engineered across the slope along contour lines to break long slope lengths, intercept overland runoff, and facilitate safe water infiltration.

मृदा संरक्षण वेदिकाएं (Terraces) हमेशा ढलान के आर-पार (Across the slope / समोच्च रेखाओं के साथ) बनाई जाती हैं ताकि बहते पानी की गति को तोड़ा जा सके।

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451🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

Agronomic measures prevent erosion by:

Explanation

Agronomic (vegetative) soil conservation measures (cover crops, mulching, contour farming) dissipate kinetic raindrop impact, preserve soil organic matter and macropores, and significantly enhance water infiltration into the root zone, reducing surface runoff.

सस्य वैज्ञानिक (Agronomic) उपाय मिट्टी में जल अंतःस्यंदन (Increasing infiltration) को बढ़ाते हैं और मिट्टी की सतह को ढककर कटाव को रोकते हैं।

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452🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

For steep terrain, the most effective erosion control is:

Explanation

On steep hill slopes (>16% up to 33%+), mechanical engineering measures like bench terracing are the most robust and permanent soil conservation solution, reshaping steep slopes into flat tillable benches supported by vegetated or stone risers.

खड़ी और पहाड़ी ढलानों पर मिट्टी के कटाव को रोकने के लिए सबसे प्रभावी इंजीनियरिंग उपाय बेंच टेरेसिंग (Bench terracing) है।

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453🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

Strip cropping is aligned:

Explanation

Contour strip cropping involves cultivating alternate parallel strips of erosion-permitting row crops and erosion-resistant close-growing legume/grass crops oriented across the slope along the natural contour lines.

पट्टीदार खेती (Strip cropping) ढलान के आर-पार (Across the slope / समोच्च रेखाओं के समानांतर) की जाती है ताकि बहते पानी की गति को नियंत्रित किया जा सके।

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454🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

Which of the following acts as an admixture in concrete?

Explanation

Fly ash (pulverized fuel ash from thermal power plants) is a siliceous/aluminous pozzolanic mineral admixture added to concrete to react with calcium hydroxide, improving workability, lowering hydration heat, and enhancing durability.

फ्लाई ऐश (Fly ash) कंक्रीट में एक खनिज मिश्रण (admixture / pozzolana) के रूप में कार्य करता है जो कंक्रीट की ताकत और कार्यशीलता में सुधार करता है।

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455🔬General ScienceCivil Engineering & Drafting

In GIS, attribute data is:

Explanation

In Geographic Information Systems (GIS), attribute data consists of non-spatial tabular descriptive information (e.g. soil type, landowner, pipe diameter, crop yield) linked directly to geographical point, line, or polygon spatial features.

जीआईएस (GIS) में एट्रिब्यूट डेटा (Attribute data) से तात्पर्य स्थानिक विशेषताओं के बारे में वर्णनात्मक सूचना या डेटा (Descriptive information about spatial features) से है जो तालिकाओं में संग्रहीत होता है।

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456🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Consider the following statements about seed certification:
i. Breeder seed is produced by plant breeder or sponsoring institution
ii. Foundation seed can be used for commercial cultivation
iii. Certified seed maintains 95% genetic purity
iv. Truthfully labeled seed has the highest purity standards
Which of the above statements are correct?

Explanation

Statements i and iii are correct. Breeder seed is exclusively produced by the plant breeder or agricultural university (i), and certified seed maintains high genetic purity standards (typically 95-99% depending on crop species, iii). Foundation seed is meant for producing certified seed rather than commercial crop production (ii is false), and breeder seed (not truthfully labeled seed) has the highest purity (iv is false).

कथन i और iii सही हैं। प्रजनक बीज पादप प्रजनक द्वारा तैयार किया जाता है (i) और प्रमाणित बीज उच्च आनुवंशिक शुद्धता बनाए रखता है (iii)। आधार बीज व्यावसायिक खेती के लिए नहीं बल्कि प्रमाणित बीज बनाने के लिए होता है।

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457🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Systemic insecticides are absorbed through:

Explanation

Systemic insecticides (e.g. imidacloprid, thiamethoxam) are taken up by plant tissues through both the foliage (cuticular penetration) and the root system (soil application), translocating through xylem vessels throughout the plant.

सिस्टेमिक (प्रणालीगत) कीटनाशक पौधों द्वारा पत्तियों और जड़ों दोनों (Both leaf and root) के माध्यम से अवशोषित होते हैं और संवहनी ऊतकों द्वारा पूरे पौधे में फैलते हैं।

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458🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Resistance management in pests can be achieved by:

Explanation

Pesticide resistance management (IRM) is achieved by rotating chemical classes with distinct modes of action (MOA), planting non-Bt refuge crops, reducing unnecessary blanket chemical applications, and integrating non-chemical biocontrols (All of the above).

कीटों में कीटनाशक प्रतिरोध को रोकने के लिए विभिन्न क्रियाविधि वाले कीटनाशकों का चक्रीकरण, रिफ्यूज रणनीति और अनावश्यक छिड़काव में कमी (उपरोक्त सभी) आवश्यक उपाय हैं।

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459🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Match the pesticide formulations with their types:
i. EC (Emulsifiable Concentrate)
ii. WP (Wettable Powder)
iii. SC (Suspension Concentrate)
iv. GR (Granules)
1. Mixed with water, forms emulsion
2. Applied as dry powder in suspension
3. Fine solid particles in liquid
4. Applied as solid without water
Options:

Explanation

Pesticide formulation matches:
- EC (Emulsifiable Concentrate) (i) -> Mixed with water, forms milky oil-in-water emulsion (1)
- WP (Wettable Powder) (ii) -> Dry powder forming a suspension when mixed with water (2)
- SC (Suspension Concentrate) (iii) -> Stable suspension of fine insoluble solid active ingredient in a liquid (3)
- GR (Granules) (iv) -> Ready-to-use coarse solid particles applied directly to soil without water (4)
Thus, Option A (i-1, ii-2, iii-3, iv-4) is correct.

कीटनाशक फॉर्मूलेशन का सही मिलान:
- EC (i) -> पानी के साथ मिलकर इमल्शन बनाता है (1)
- WP (ii) -> पानी में निलंबन बनाने वाला सूखा पाउडर (2)
- SC (iii) -> तरल में सूक्ष्म ठोस कणों का सस्पेंशन (3)
- GR (iv) -> बिना पानी के सीधे उपयोग किए जाने वाले दाने (4)। अतः विकल्प A सही है।

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460🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Match the pest control method with example:
i. Mechanical control
ii. Biological control
iii. Chemical control
iv. Cultural control
1. Synthetic pesticides
2. Crop rotation
3. Traps and barriers
4. Parasitoids and predators
Options:

Explanation

Pest control classification matches:
- Mechanical control (i) -> Pheromone traps, light traps, and physical barriers (3)
- Biological control (ii) -> Releasing parasitoids (Trichogramma) and predators (ladybird beetles) (4)
- Chemical control (iii) -> Application of synthetic insecticides (1)
- Cultural control (iv) -> Agronomic practices like crop rotation, intercropping, and sanitation (2)
Thus, Option C (i-3, ii-4, iii-1, iv-2) is correct.

कीट नियंत्रण विधियों और उदाहरणों का सही मिलान:
- यांत्रिक नियंत्रण (i) -> जाल और भौतिक अवरोध (3)
- जैविक नियंत्रण (ii) -> परजीवी और परभक्षी कीट (4)
- रासायनिक नियंत्रण (iii) -> सिंथेटिक कीटनाशक (1)
- सांस्कृतिक/सस्य नियंत्रण (iv) -> फसल चक्र (2)। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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461🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

The pest status is determined by:

Explanation

Whether an insect organism attains pest status depends on its population density exceeding equilibrium levels, the extent of economic damage it inflicts on the crop, and disrupted ecological balance (such as loss of natural enemies).

किसी जीव की कीट (pest) स्थिति उसकी जनसंख्या घनत्व, उसके द्वारा की जाने वाली आर्थिक क्षति, और पारिस्थितिक संतुलन में असंतुलन इन सभी कारकों द्वारा निर्धारित होती है।

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462🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Which of the following are correct in modern beekeeping?
i. Apis dorsata is commonly domesticated.
ii. Apis mellifera is preferred for commercial beekeeping.
iii. Brood frames should not be disturbed frequently.
iv. Beekeeping helps in pollination and increased crop yield.
Options:

Explanation

Apis dorsata (giant rock bee) is a ferocious wild bee that builds single open combs in high places and cannot be domesticated (statement i is false). Statements ii, iii, and iv are correct modern apiculture practices. Thus, Option A (ii, iii, and iv only) is correct.

एपिस डोरसाटा (विशाल रॉक बी) एक जंगली और आक्रामक मक्खी है जिसे पालतू नहीं बनाया जा सकता (कथन i गलत है)। कथन ii, iii और iv आधुनिक मधुमक्खी पालन के लिए पूरी तरह सही हैं। अतः विकल्प A सही है।

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463🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Which disease is caused by bacteria?

Explanation

Fire blight of pome fruits (apples and pears) is caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. Rust, smut, and powdery mildew are all fungal diseases.

फायर ब्लाइट (Fire blight) रोग जीवाणु (Erwinia amylovora) द्वारा सेब और नाशपाती में होता है। जंग (Rust), कंडुआ (Smut), और पाउडरी मिल्ड्यू कवक जनित रोग हैं।

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464🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Crown gall is caused by:

Explanation

Crown gall disease of dicotyledonous woody plants is caused by the soil-borne bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens (now Rhizobium radiobacter) through transfer of its Ti-plasmid T-DNA.

क्राउन गॉल (Crown gall) रोग एग्रोबैक्टीरियम ट्यूमफेशियंस (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) नामक जीवाणु (Bacteria) के संक्रमण से होता है।

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465🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

The most commonly cultivated mushroom in J&K is:

Explanation

White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is the predominant and most extensively cultivated commercial mushroom species in Jammu and Kashmir due to the region's favorable temperate climate.

जम्मू और कश्मीर में सबसे अधिक व्यावसायिक रूप से उगाई जाने वाली खुंबी/मशरूम बटन मशरूम (Button mushroom - Agaricus bisporus) है।

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466🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

The scientific name of button mushroom is:

Explanation

The scientific name of white button mushroom is Agaricus bisporus. Pleurotus ostreatus is oyster mushroom, Volvariella volvacea is paddy straw mushroom, and Lentinus edodes is shiitake.

बटन मशरूम का वैज्ञानिक नाम एगेरिकस बिस्पोरस (Agaricus bisporus) है। प्लूरोटस ऑस्ट्रिएटस ढींगरी/ऑयस्टर मशरूम है।

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467🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

The optimal temperature for button mushroom cultivation is:

Explanation

While vegetative spawn run occurs around 22-25°C, the reproductive fruiting/cropping temperature for button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is maintained at 15 to 20°C (ideally 16-18°C).

बटन मशरूम की फलन और उत्पादन अवस्था (Cropping stage) के लिए अनुकूलतम तापमान 15-20°C (सामान्यतः 16-18°C) होता है।

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468🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Casing in mushroom cultivation involves:

Explanation

Casing is the crucial practice of applying a 3 to 5 cm layer of treated soil, peat moss, or spent compost/FYM mixture over the colonized compost bed to stimulate pinhead initiation and prevent moisture loss.

केसिंग (Casing) का तात्पर्य माइसेलियम फैले कम्पोस्ट के ऊपर उपचारित मिट्टी या पीट मॉस की परत (Covering with soil) बिछाने से है ताकि मशरूम के पिनहेड बन सकें।

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469🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

The humidity required for mushroom cultivation is:

Explanation

Mushroom cropping rooms require a constant high relative humidity maintained between 80% and 90% (85-90%) to support fruiting body development and prevent dehydration.

मशरूम उत्पादन कक्षों में फलन निकायों के उचित विकास और नमी बनाए रखने के लिए 80-90% सापेक्ष आर्द्रता आवश्यक होती है।

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470🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Oyster mushroom can be grown on:

Explanation

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) is a primary wood/lignocellulose decomposer and can be readily grown on paddy straw, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, sawdust, and cotton waste.

ऑयस्टर/ढींगरी मशरूम (Pleurotus spp.) को धान के पुआल, गेहूं के भूसे, और गन्ने की खोई (Sugarcane bagasse) इन सभी लिग्नोसेल्यूलोज युक्त अवशेषों पर आसानी से उगाया जा सकता है।

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471🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Fumigation of compost for casing in button mushroom involves:

Explanation

Casing soil in button mushroom production is standardly chemical-treated and fumigated using a 2% to 4% formaldehyde solution (formalin) under polyethylene sheeting for 48 hours to eradicate weeds, pests, and competing molds.

बटन मशरूम में केसिंग मिट्टी/माध्यम के रासायनिक निर्जर्मीकरण और धूमन (fumigation) के लिए 2-4% फॉर्मेलिन/फॉर्मेल्डिहाइड (Formaldehyde) घोल का व्यापक रूप से उपयोग किया जाता है।

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472🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Systemic fungicides are transported through:

Explanation

While many systemic fungicides exhibit apoplastic acropetal transport via the xylem, truly ambimobile/systemic fungicides (such as Fosetyl-Al) translocate through both xylem and phloem (symplastic and apoplastic transport).

प्रणालीगत (सर्वांगी) कवकनाशी पौधों के संवहनी ऊतकों—जाइलम (Xylem) और फ्लोएम (Phloem) दोनों के माध्यम से गति और परिवहन कर सकते हैं।

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473🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

The mode of action of Trichoderma is:

Explanation

Trichoderma controls soil-borne phytopathogens through multiple synergistic mechanisms: mycoparasitism (producing chitinases and glucanases to lyse host hyphae), competition for nutrients and rhizosphere niches, and antibiosis (secreting peptaibols and trichodermin).

ट्राइकोडर्मा की कार्यप्रणाली में एंटीबायोसिस (एंटीबायोटिक स्राव), पोषक तत्वों व स्थान के लिए प्रतिस्पर्धा (Competition), और माइकोपैरासिटिज्म (कवक परजीवीकरण) ये सभी शामिल हैं।

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474🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Seed treatment with bioagents helps in:

Explanation

Seed inoculation with bioagents (like Trichoderma viride or Pseudomonas fluorescens) controls seed and soil-borne fungal pathogens, stimulates seedling root growth via phytohormones (growth promotion), and solubilizes phosphate and micronutrients in the spermosphere.

बायोएजेंट्स (जैसे ट्राइकोडर्मा और स्यूडोमोनास) द्वारा बीज उपचार से रोगों की रोकथाम, पौधे की वृद्धि में तेजी, और पोषक तत्वों की उपलब्धता ये सभी लाभ प्राप्त होते हैं।

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475🔬General ScienceAgriculture & Plant Protection

Spray equipment should be calibrated:

Explanation

To ensure exact dosing, uniform target coverage, and prevent under- or over-application, spray equipment must be calibrated before each use (or whenever nozzle tips, operating pressure, or crop spacing change).

सटीक खुराक और एकसमान कवरेज सुनिश्चित करने के लिए छिड़काव उपकरण (Sprayer) को प्रत्येक उपयोग से पहले (Before each use) कैलिब्रेट किया जाना चाहिए।

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476🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Which of the following statement is/ are correct about transportation of silkworm eggs
i. Supplied during eye spot stage
ii. Kept in black paper cover
iii. Exposure to direct sunlight
iv. Exposure to fumes, fertilizer
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Silkworm eggs (dfls) are ideally transported during the early morning/cool hours at the eye spot (pinhead) stage packaged carefully inside ventilated boxes wrapped in black paper to ensure darkness and uniform embryonic development. Exposure to direct sunlight, chemical fumes, and fertilizers must be strictly avoided.

रेशमकीट के अंडों (dfls) का परिवहन आई-स्पॉट (eye spot) अवस्था में काले कागज के आवरण में लपेटकर ठंडे समय में किया जाता है। सीधी धूप और रासायनिक धुएं/उर्वरकों के संपर्क से पूरी तरह बचाया जाता है। अतः कथन i और ii सही हैं।

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477🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Silk from silkworm is forced out in liquid form through openings

Explanation

Liquid silk synthesized by the paired labial silk glands passes through the common duct and is extruded through a specialized median opening called the spinneret located on the labium of the silkworm larva, which hardens into solid silk bave upon contact with air.

रेशमकीट के लार्वा के निचले होंठ (लेबियम) पर स्थित एक विशेष छिद्र जिसे स्पिनरेट (Spinneret) कहा जाता है, के माध्यम से तरल रेशम बाहर निकलता है और हवा के संपर्क में आते ही ठोस रेशम धागे में बदल जाता है।

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478🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Identify the correct statements with regard to the specifications of cuttings used as planting material for mulberry plantation in sericulture
i. 4-8 month old hardwood branches
ii. No specific diameter
iii. 18-20 cm long with a minimum of three buds
iv. Irregular ends
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Standard mulberry cuttings for vegetative propagation are prepared from healthy 4-8 month old semi-hardwood branches, cut to a length of 18-20 cm possessing at least 3 active viable buds, with a clean slanting cut at the base (diameter 10-12 mm, pencil thickness). Thus, statements i and iii are correct.

शहतूत के रोपण के लिए तैयार की जाने वाली कलमों (cuttings) को 4-8 महीने पुरानी शाखाओं से काटा जाता है और इनकी लंबाई 18-20 सेमी होती है जिसमें कम से कम 3 सक्रिय कलिकाएं (buds) होनी चाहिए। अतः कथन i और iii सही हैं।

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479🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Ideal relative humidity for spinning cocoons

Explanation

During the mounting and cocoon spinning stage, mature silkworms release substantial moisture while extruding liquid fibroin and voiding gut contents. An ideal relative humidity of 60-70% (and temperature around 24-25°C) along with gentle aeration is required to facilitate quick drying of the sericin gum and prevent defective stained cocoons.

कोकून कताई (spinning) के समय आदर्श सापेक्ष आर्द्रता 60-70% और तापमान 24-25°C होना चाहिए ताकि रेशम का गोंद (sericin) जल्दी सूखे और अच्छी गुणवत्ता के कोकून तैयार हों।

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480🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Consider the following pairs
1. Univoltine silkworms - i. Small cocoons, short filaments, robust larvae
2. Multivoltine silkworms - ii. Large body size, good quality cocoon filament
3. Bivoltine silkworms - iii. Mulberry silkworm
4. Domesticated silk - iv. Inferior cocoon quality
Which of above pairs are correctly matched

Explanation

Pair matching analysis:
- Univoltine silkworms (1) -> Large body size, long heavy cocoons, superior quality filament produced in temperate zones (ii)
- Multivoltine silkworms (2) -> Small cocoons, short filament, robust heat-tolerant larvae adapted to tropical climates (i)
- Domesticated silk (4) -> Mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) (iii)
Therefore, the correctly aligned permutation is 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-iii (Option B).

जोड़ों का सही मिलान:
- यूनिवोल्टाइन (1) -> बड़े आकार के कोकून और उच्च गुणवत्ता वाले फिलामेंट (ii)
- मल्टीवोल्टाइन (2) -> छोटे कोकून, छोटे फिलामेंट और मजबूत लार्वा (i)
- पालतू रेशम (4) -> शहतूत रेशमकीट (बॉम्बिक्स मोरी) (iii)। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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481🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

The whole weight of a single cocoon is influenced by
i. Silkworm species
ii. Rearing season
iii. Harvest conditions
iv. Efficiency
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Single cocoon weight is determined by biological factors such as the silkworm species/breed (i), environmental seasonal variations in temperature and leaf quality during the rearing season (ii), and harvesting time/handling conditions (iii). Efficiency is an operational outcome metric rather than a physical determinant. Thus, i, ii and iii (Option A) is correct.

एकल कोकून का वजन रेशमकीट की प्रजाति/नस्ल (i), पालन के मौसम (तापमान और पत्ती की गुणवत्ता) (ii), और कोकून तुड़ाई की परिस्थितियों/समय (iii) से सीधे प्रभावित होता है। अतः विकल्प A (i, ii and iii) सही है।

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482🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Fibroin in the Bombyx mori comprises a high content of the amino acids

Explanation

Silk fibroin is a crystalline structural fibrous protein primarily composed of simple repeating amino acid residues: Glycine (~43-45%), Alanine (~29-30%), and Serine (~12%), forming tight antiparallel beta-pleated sheet configurations.

बॉम्बिक्स मोरी के सिल्क फाइब्रोइन प्रोटीन में मुख्य रूप से ग्लाइसिन (लगभग 45%) और एलानिन (लगभग 30%) अमीनो एसिड की अत्यधिक मात्रा पाई जाती है, जो रेशम को मजबूत बनाती है।

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483🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Which of the following statement is/ are correct about micrografting in mulberry
i. Shoot tip grafting
ii. Seed grafting
iii. Produce virus free plants
iv. In vitro technique
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Micrografting is an advanced in vitro tissue culture technique (iv) where a shoot tip / apical meristem scion is grafted onto an in vitro germinated seedling rootstock (i) to produce virus-free, disease-free true-to-type certified planting material (iii). It is not seed grafting. Hence, i, iii and iv (Option C) is correct.

शहतूत में माइक्रोग्राफ्टिंग एक इन-विट्रो (प्रयोगशाला) तकनीक है (iv) जिसमें प्ररोह शीर्ष (shoot tip) को ग्राफ्ट किया जाता है (i) ताकि वायरस-मुक्त और रोग-मुक्त पौधे तैयार किए जा सकें (iii)। अतः विकल्प C (i, iii and iv) सही है।

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484🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Consider the following pairs
1. Trichoderma viride - i. Variety
2. Cuttings - ii. Irrigation
3. CSR2 - iii. Collar rot
4. Flat bed method - iv. Propagation
Which of above pairs are correctly matched:

Explanation

Correct association of sericultural practices:
- Trichoderma viride (1) -> Biocontrol agent used against root rot / collar rot diseases in mulberry (iii)
- Cuttings (2) -> Vegetative propagation method for mulberry (iv)
- CSR2 (3) -> High-yielding bivoltine silkworm breed/variety (i)
- Flat bed method (4) -> Traditional bed layout for nursery/irrigation (ii)
Thus, Option C (1-iii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-ii) is the correct match.

जोड़ों का सही मिलान:
- ट्राइकोडर्मा विरिडे (1) -> कॉलर रॉट/जड़ सड़न नियंत्रण (iii)
- कटिंग्स (कलम) (2) -> वानस्पतिक प्रवर्धन (iv)
- CSR2 (3) -> रेशमकीट की प्रसिद्ध बाइवोल्टाइन किस्म/नस्ल (i)
- फ्लैट बेड विधि (4) -> नर्सरी/सिंचाई विधि (ii)। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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485🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

How many days of safe period is advisable for utilization of leaf for silkworm rearing after chemical spray for disease management in mulberry?

Explanation

Following chemical fungicidal spray (such as Carbendazim or Dithane M-45) or systemic insecticide application in mulberry gardens, a minimum safe waiting period (withholding period) of 5 days (or up to 7-10 days depending on pesticide half-life) is strictly advised before harvesting leaves to prevent silkworm toxicity.

शहतूत के बगीचों में कवकनाशी या कीटनाशक रसायनों के छिड़काव के बाद पत्तियों की तुड़ाई और रेशमकीटों को खिलाने के लिए कम से कम 5 दिन (5 days) की सुरक्षित प्रतीक्षा अवधि (safe period) की सिफारिश की जाती है।

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486🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Silk glands of silkworms are modified

Explanation

The silk glands of the silkworm Bombyx mori are anatomically modified paired labial (salivary) glands that occupy a major portion of the caterpillar's body cavity and produce fibroin and sericin.

रेशमकीट की रेशम ग्रंथियां (Silk glands) वास्तव में रूपांतरित लेबियल ग्रंथियां (Labial salivary glands) होती हैं जो फाइब्रोइन और सेरिसिन का उत्पादन करती हैं।

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487🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Which of the following statement is/ are correct about mountages
i. For 100 dfls, about 30 to 40 chandrikes are required
ii. 800-900 worms per m2 are kept on a mountage
iii. Mountages kept under shade in well ventilated place
iv. Third instar larvae are transferred to a mountage
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

For rearing from 100 dfls (approx. 40,000-50,000 worms), about 30 to 40 bamboo chandrikes/mountages are required (i). An optimal density of 800-900 worms/m2 is mounted to prevent double cocoons (ii). Mountages are placed under shade in a well-ventilated room at 24-25°C and 60-70% RH (iii). Statement iv is incorrect because fully mature fifth instar larvae are transferred to mountages, not third instar larvae. Thus, Option A (i, ii and iii) is correct.

कथन i, ii और iii सही हैं: 100 dfls के लिए 30-40 चंद्रिकाएं आवश्यक होती हैं, प्रति वर्ग मीटर 800-900 कीट रखे जाते हैं, और इन्हें हवादार छायादार स्थान पर रखा जाता है। कथन iv गलत है क्योंकि चंद्रिका पर 5वें इन्स्टार के परिपक्व लार्वा को चढ़ाया जाता है, तीसरे इन्स्टार को नहीं। अतः विकल्प A सही है।

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488🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

A Phytoecdysteroid for synchronized maturation of silkworms

Explanation

'Sampoorna' is a commercial plant-derived phytoecdysteroid formulation developed by the Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute (CSRTI), Mysore, used by sericulturists to induce rapid, uniform, and synchronized maturation in fifth instar silkworm larvae.

'सम्पूर्णा' (Sampoorna) केंद्रीय रेशम अनुसंधान एवं प्रशिक्षण संस्थान (CSRTI) मैसूर द्वारा विकसित एक फाइटोएकडिस्टेरॉइड उत्पाद है, जिसका उपयोग 5वें इन्स्टार के रेशमकीटों को एक साथ परिपक्व (synchronized maturation) करने के लिए किया जाता है।

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489🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Silkworm eggs are supplied to farmers for commercial rearing on ________ day of oviposition in case of multivoltine eggs

Explanation

Multivoltine silkworm eggs (non-diapausing) complete embryonic development in 9-10 days at 25°C. To ensure safe transport before the critical eye-spot stage and allow farmers proper incubation time, eggs are supplied on the 3rd day of oviposition (or 3rd-4th day).

मल्टीवोल्टाइन (अ-सुप्तावस्था) रेशमकीट के अंडे किसानों को व्यावसायिक पालन के लिए अंडारोपण के तीसरे दिन (3rd day of oviposition) वितरित किए जाते हैं ताकि किसान समय पर अनुकूल परिस्थितियों में इनक्यूबेशन कर सकें।

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490🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Physical characteristics of cocoons are
i. Colour
ii. Reelability
iii. Shape
iv. Wrinkles
v. Raw silk percentage
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

The external physical / morphological characteristics of cocoons observable on visual inspection are: Colour (white, yellow, greenish), Shape (oval, constricted, spherical), and Wrinkles/grains on the cocoon surface. In contrast, reelability and raw silk percentage are technological / post-reeling parameters. Hence, i, iii and iv (Option B) is correct.

कोकून की प्रत्यक्ष भौतिक/बाह्य विशेषताओं में रंग (Colour), आकार (Shape), और सतह की सिलवटें/झुर्रियां (Wrinkles) शामिल हैं। रीलेबिलिटी और कच्चा रेशम प्रतिशत तकनीकी (reeling) विशेषताएं हैं। अतः विकल्प B (i, iii and iv) सही है।

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491🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Soil sampling for mulberry cultivation is essential to
i. Understand rearing
ii. Understand soil health
iii. Optimize nutrient management
iv. Optimize silkworm species
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Soil testing and sampling in moriculture is conducted specifically to evaluate soil fertility status and soil health (ii) and to formulate balanced fertilizer recommendations / optimize nutrient management (iii). It does not directly determine silkworm rearing or breed selection. Thus, statements ii and iii (Option D) is correct.

शहतूत की खेती में मिट्टी का नमूना लेना और परीक्षण करना मिट्टी के स्वास्थ्य और उर्वरता को समझने (ii) और संतुलित पोषक तत्व प्रबंधन (उर्वरक खुराक) को अनुकूलित करने (iii) के लिए आवश्यक होता है। अतः विकल्प D (ii and iii) सही है।

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492🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Consider the following pairs
1. Basic seed production - i. Productivity of parent silkworm population
2. Industrial seed production - ii. Offspring with desirable traits
3. Parental silkworm rearing - iii. Pure and vigorous silkworm breeds
4. Hybrid seed preparation - iv. Quality silkworm eggs
Which of above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Seed production hierarchy in sericulture:
- Basic seed production (P3/P2/P1) (1) -> Multiplication of pure and vigorous parental silkworm breeds under high sanitation (iii)
- Industrial seed production (2) -> Mass multiplication of commercial quality silkworm eggs (dfls) for sericulturists (iv)
- Parental silkworm rearing (3) -> Maximizing productivity and viability of parent silkworm populations (i)
- Hybrid seed preparation (4) -> Crossing selected parental lines to generate vigorous hybrid offspring with desirable traits (ii)
Thus, Option C (1-iii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-ii) is the correct match.

रेशम बीज उत्पादन चरणों का सही मिलान:
- मूल बीज उत्पादन (1) -> शुद्ध और ओजस्वी रेशमकीट नस्लों का संवर्धन (iii)
- औद्योगिक बीज उत्पादन (2) -> गुणवत्तापूर्ण रेशमकीट अंडों का व्यावसायिक उत्पादन (iv)
- जनक रेशमकीट पालन (3) -> जनक आबादी की उत्पादकता बनाए रखना (i)
- संकर बीज निर्माण (4) -> वांछित लक्षणों वाली संकर संतति तैयार करना (ii)। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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493🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

In silkworm rearing, a group of eggs laid out by a silkworm moth which is examined and certified as disease free is called

Explanation

In sericulture grainage, a batch of eggs laid by an individual mother moth that has been microscopically examined for Pebrine spores and certified free from disease is called a 'dfl' (disease-free laying).

रेशमकीट पालन में पेब्रिन रोग की सूक्ष्मदर्शी जांच के बाद प्रमाणित रोग-मुक्त अंडों के समूह को 'डीएफएल' (dfl - Disease-Free Laying) कहा जाता है।

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494🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Which state is the largest producer of silk in India ?

Explanation

Karnataka is by far the largest producer of raw silk in India, contributing nearly 45-50% of the country's total mulberry raw silk production (centered around Ramanagara, Mysuru, Mandya, and Kolar).

भारत में कच्चे रेशम का सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक राज्य कर्नाटक (Karnataka) है, जो देश के कुल शहतूत रेशम उत्पादन का लगभग 45-50% हिस्सा उत्पादित करता है।

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495🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

What is the fertilizer schedule for rainfed mulberry cultivation

Explanation

The standard recommended fertilizer dose for rainfed mulberry cultivation is 100:50:50 kg NPK/ha/year (applied in two split doses coinciding with rains). By contrast, irrigated mulberry receives a higher dose of 300:120:120 kg NPK/ha/year.

वर्षा आधारित (Rainfed) शहतूत की खेती के लिए अनुशंसित उर्वरक खुराक 100:50:50 किग्रा NPK/हेक्टेयर/वर्ष होती है। (सिंचित शहतूत के लिए 300:120:120 किग्रा NPK/हेक्टेयर/वर्ष होती है)।

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496🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Examination of ________ is the primary method for early detection and disease control of Pebrine

Explanation

Mother moth examination (Pasteur's method) is the cornerstone protocol in sericulture grainages: individual mother moths are homogenized and microscopically examined at 600x magnification to detect oval spores of Nosema bombycis before releasing their eggs as disease-free layings.

पेब्रिन रोग (Nosema bombycis) की रोकथाम और शुरुआती पहचान के लिए 'मदर मॉथ' (Mother moth examination - लुई पाश्चर विधि) का सूक्ष्मदर्शीय परीक्षण मुख्य आधारशिला है।

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497🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Consider the following pairs
1. Eri silkworm - i. Oak
2. Muga silkworm - ii. Mulberry
3. Tasar silkworm - iii. Castor
4. Bombyx mori - iv. Som
Which of above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Silkworms and their primary host plants:
- Eri silkworm (Samia ricini) (1) -> Castor (Ricinus communis) (iii)
- Muga silkworm (Antheraea assamensis) (2) -> Som and Soalu (Machilus bombycina) (iv)
- Tasar silkworm (Antheraea mylitta / A. proylei) (3) -> Asan, Arjun, and Oak (Quercus spp.) (i)
- Bombyx mori (4) -> Mulberry (Morus alba) (ii)
Hence, Option C (1-iii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-ii) is correct.

रेशमकीट और उनके मुख्य पोषक पौधों का सही मिलान:
- एरी रेशमकीट (1) -> अरंडी/कास्टर (iii)
- मूंगा रेशमकीट (2) -> सोम और सोआलू (iv)
- तसर रेशमकीट (3) -> ओक/अर्जुन/आसन (i)
- बॉम्बिक्स मोरी (4) -> शहतूत (मलबरी) (ii)। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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498🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Point out the factors affecting oviposition and egg laying in silkworm
i. Weight of pupa
ii. Larval density
iii. Chandrikae
iv. Mountage
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Fecundity and oviposition efficiency in silkworm female moths are directly influenced by the weight and nutritional reserves of the pupa (i) and the rearing larval density and nutritional feeding during the 5th instar (ii). Chandrikae/mountages are cocoon spinning devices used prior to pupation and not egg oviposition structures. Thus, statements i and ii (Option A) is correct.

रेशमकीट मादा पतंगे की अंडजनन क्षमता (Oviposition) और अंडों की संख्या प्यूपा के वजन (i) और लार्वा अवस्था में पोषण व लार्वा घनत्व (ii) पर सीधे निर्भर करती है। अतः विकल्प A (i and ii) सही है।

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499🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Primary pollinating agent in mulberry is

Explanation

Mulberry (Morus spp.) is an anemophilous plant whose catkin flowers produce copious amounts of light, powdery pollen grains released by explosive stamen movement and carried primarily by wind.

शहतूत (Morus) एक वायु-परागित (Anemophilous) पौधा है जिसमें परागण का मुख्य माध्यम हवा/वायु (Wind) होती है।

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500🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Acid treatment of hibernating eggs is to
i. Break diapause
ii. For artificial hatching
iii. To enhance germination
iv. For hardening
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) treatment (either hot acid treatment at 46.1°C with 1.075 sp. gr. HCl for 5-6 minutes or cold acid treatment) is standardly performed on bivoltine hibernating eggs to break diapause (i) and stimulate artificial hatching (ii) for commercial rearing.

सुप्त (hibernating/bivoltine) रेशमकीट अंडों का हाइड्रोक्लोरिक एसिड (HCl) उपचार डायपॉज (सुप्तावस्था) को तोड़ने (i) और कृत्रिम स्फुटन/हैचिंग कराने (ii) के लिए किया जाता है। अतः विकल्प A (i and ii) सही है।

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501🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute is located at

Explanation

The premier Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute (CSRTI), under the Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, was established in 1961 and is located at Mysuru (Mysore), Karnataka.

केंद्रीय रेशम अनुसंधान एवं प्रशिक्षण संस्थान (CSRTI) मैसूर (Mysuru), कर्नाटक में स्थित है, जिसकी स्थापना 1961 में की गई थी।

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502🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Which are the leading silk producers in global production ?

Explanation

China and India are the two world leaders in raw silk production, together accounting for over 95% of total global raw silk output (China ranks first, followed by India as the second largest producer).

वैश्विक रेशम उत्पादन में शीर्ष दो देश चीन और भारत (China and India) हैं, जो मिलकर विश्व के 95% से अधिक कच्चे रेशम का उत्पादन करते हैं।

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503🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

White powdery patches on lower surface of leaves which later cover the entire leaf surface is the symptom of ________ disease in mulberry

Explanation

White powdery patches on lower surface of leaves which later cover the entire leaf surface is the symptom of powdery mildew disease in mulberry, caused by the ascomycete fungus Phyllactinia dalbergiae.

शहतूत में पत्तियों की निचली सतह पर सफेद चूर्ण जैसे धब्बे बनना और बाद में पूरी पत्ती पर फैलना चूर्णिल आसिता (Powdery mildew - Phyllactinia dalbergiae) रोग का विशिष्ट लक्षण है।

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504🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Advantage of IFS in mulberry cultivation

Explanation

Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) combining mulberry cultivation and sericulture with dairy, vermicomposting, poultry, or intercropping optimize resource recycling, increase organic matter return, and result in enhanced yield and farm income.

शहतूत की खेती में एकीकृत कृषि प्रणाली (IFS) अपनाने से संसाधनों का पुनर्चक्रण होता है, जिससे उपज में वृद्धि (Enhanced yield) और किसानों की आय में सुधार होता है।

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505🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Bombyx mori is a ________ insect

Explanation

The mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori is strictly monophagous; its larvae feed exclusively on fresh leaves of the mulberry genus (Morus spp.) attracted by specific biochemical volatiles such as citral, linalool, and beta-sitosterol.

शहतूत रेशमकीट बॉम्बिक्स मोरी एक विशिष्ट एकल-आहारी या मोनोफैगस (Monophagous) कीट है, जो केवल शहतूत (Morus) की पत्तियों पर ही जीवित रहता है और भोजन करता है।

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506🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

What does the levels P3, P2 and P1 indicate in sericulture?

Explanation

In the organized silkworm seed multiplication chain, P3 (Great Grand Parent / Breeder stock), P2 (Grand Parent / Foundation stock), and P1 (Parental stock) represent the successive tiers of basic silkworm seed production leading to commercial hybrid (F1) industrial seed.

रेशम उत्पादन में P3, P2 और P1 स्तर रेशमकीट बीज उत्पादन (Seed production) की तीन-स्तरीय गुणन प्रणाली (मल्टीप्लिकेशन चेन) को दर्शाते हैं।

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507🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

The respiratory system of the mulberry silkworm consists of
i. Spiracles
ii. Ventricles
iii. Trachea
iv. Vesicles
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

The respiratory system of the silkworm larva comprises 9 pairs of lateral spiracles (stigmata) through which air enters into a branching network of chitinous tracheal tubes (tracheae and tracheoles) delivering oxygen directly to tissues. Hence, i and iii (Option C) is correct.

रेशमकीट का श्वसन तंत्र 9 जोड़ी श्वास-रंध्रों (Spiracles) और उनसे जुड़ी श्वासनलियों (Trachea/Tracheoles) के सघन जाल से मिलकर बना होता है। अतः कथन i और iii सही हैं (विकल्प C)।

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508🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Cocoon quality is affected by
i. Mountage
ii. Chawki tray
iii. Cocoon weight
iv. Leaf cocoon ratio
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Cocoon quality parameters (such as shape, cleanliness, defect rate, and build) are governed by the type and hygiene of the mountage (i) provided during spinning and the physical density and cocoon weight (iii). Thus, i and iii (Option C) is correct.

कोकून की गुणवत्ता सीधे चंद्रिका/माउंटेज (i) के प्रकार व स्वच्छता और कोकून के वजन (iii) से प्रभावित होती है। अतः विकल्प C (i and iii) सही है।

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509🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Indicate the ideal plant spacing for mulberry

Explanation

The traditional and most widely practiced standard square planting system for bushy mulberry cultivation under irrigated conditions across India (recommended by CSRTI) is 90 cm x 90 cm (3 ft x 3 ft), accommodating approximately 12,345 plants per hectare.

भारत में सिंचित दशाओं में झाड़ीदार शहतूत के बागानों के लिए अनुशंसित मानक पौधा अंतरण (plant spacing) 90 सेमी x 90 सेमी (90cm x 90cm या 3 x 3 फीट) होता है।

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510🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Placing cocoons in ________ frees the silk filaments and makes them ready for reeling

Explanation

Cocoon cooking involves immersing cocoons in boiling / hot water (typically 90-95°C) to soften and partially dissolve the gummy sericin protein binding the fibroin brins, thereby swelling the shell and freeing the filament ends for smooth reeling.

कोकून को गर्म पानी (Hot water) में पकाने (cooking) से गोंदनुमा सेरिसिन प्रोटीन नरम हो जाता है, जिससे रेशम के धागे अलग होकर धागाकरण (reeling) के लिए तैयार हो जाते हैं।

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511🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Planning for silkworm rearing involves
i. Rearing House Construction
ii. Feed Management
iii. Environmental Conditions
iv. Hygiene and Disease Prevention
v. Mounting and Harvesting
vi. Field crop quality
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Comprehensive planning for commercial silkworm rearing integrates all aspects: rearing house design/construction (i), mulberry leaf feed management (ii), microclimatic regulation of temperature/humidity (iii), strict disinfection and hygiene (iv), timely mounting and harvesting (v), and ensuring field crop leaf quality (vi). Thus, all items (i to vi, Option A) are correct.

रेशमकीट पालन की समग्र योजना में कीटपालन गृह निर्माण (i), आहार प्रबंधन (ii), पर्यावरणीय परिस्थितियां (iii), स्वच्छता व रोग रोकथाम (iv), माउंटिंग व कटाई (v), और पत्ती की गुणवत्ता (vi) ये सभी छह घटक अनिवार्य रूप से शामिल होते हैं। अतः विकल्प A सही है।

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512🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

A Juvenile Hormone for Silkworms

Explanation

'Sruthi' (and 'Riddhi') is a formulation developed by CSRTI Mysore that acts as a synthetic juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) applied to 5th instar silkworms to prolong the feeding period by 24-36 hours, thereby substantially boosting cocoon shell weight and silk yield.

रेशमकीटों के लिए जुवेनाइल हार्मोन एनालॉग के रूप में 'श्रुति' (Sruthi) का उपयोग किया जाता है, जो पांचवें इन्स्टार की आहार अवधि को थोड़ा बढ़ाकर रेशम उत्पादन और कोकून के वजन में महत्वपूर्ण वृद्धि करता है।

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513🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

What is the number of leaf harvests that can be generally made in a year in mulberry cultivation for silkworm rearing

Explanation

In tropical and sub-tropical intensive mulberry plantations under assured irrigation, 4 to 6 leaf harvests (corresponding to 5 commercial rearing crops per year) are routinely obtained following shoot harvesting or individual leaf plucking schedules.

शहतूत की सघन खेती में रेशमकीट पालन के लिए प्रति वर्ष सामान्यतः 4 से 6 बार (4-6 harvests) पत्तियों की तुड़ाई या शाखा कटाई की जाती है।

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514🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Consider the following pairs
1. Multivoltine hybrids - i. Early disease detection
2. Bivoltine hybrids - ii. 2% formalin for 10-15 minutes
3. Surface sterilisation of eggs - iii. FC1 x FC2
4. Forced eclosion of moths - iv. L14 x CSR2
Which of above pairs are correctly matched?

Explanation

Sericulture hybrid and grainage practice matches:
- Multivoltine hybrids (1) -> L14 x CSR2 (iv)
- Bivoltine hybrids (2) -> FC1 x FC2 (iii)
- Surface sterilisation of eggs (3) -> Dipping egg sheets in 2% formalin for 10-15 minutes (ii)
- Forced eclosion of moths (4) -> Early disease detection (i)
Thus, Option D (1-iv, 2-iii, 3-ii, 4-i) is correct.

जोड़ों का सही मिलान:
- मल्टीवोल्टाइन हाइब्रिड (1) -> L14 x CSR2 (iv)
- बाइवोल्टाइन हाइब्रिड (2) -> FC1 x FC2 (iii)
- अंडों का सतही निर्जर्मीकरण (3) -> 10-15 मिनट के लिए 2% फॉर्मेलिन घोल (ii)
- तितलियों का जबरन प्रस्फुटन (4) -> रोग की शीघ्र पहचान (i)। अतः विकल्प D (1-iv, 2-iii, 3-ii, 4-i) सही है।

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515🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Identify reeling devices in sericulture sector
i. Chandrika
ii. Charkha
iii. Cottage basin
iv. Multi-end reeling machine
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Silk reeling devices used to unwind silk bave from cocoons include the traditional country Charkha (ii), Cottage basin (iii), Multi-end reeling machine (iv), and modern Automatic reeling machines (ARM). Chandrika (i) is a mounting device made of bamboo used for cocoon spinning, not a reeling device. Thus, ii, iii and iv (Option B) is correct.

रेशम धागाकरण (reeling) के प्रमुख उपकरणों में देशी चरखा (ii), कॉटेज बेसिन (iii), और मल्टी-एंड रीलिंग मशीन (iv) शामिल हैं। चंद्रिका (Chandrika) कोकून बनाने (mountage) का उपकरण है, रीलिंग का नहीं। अतः विकल्प B (ii, iii and iv) सही है।

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516🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Shelf rearing is recommended for silkworms in
A) 1st and 2nd instars
B) 2nd and 3rd instars
C) 3rd and 4th instars
D) 4th and 5th instars

Explanation

Shelf rearing (or shoot rearing on shelves/racks) is recommended for late-age silkworms, specifically the 4th and 5th instars, due to their large size, huge feed consumption, and bed space requirements. Young chawki worms (1st and 2nd instars) are reared in chawki trays.

शेल्फ रियरिंग (या अलमारियों/रैकों पर शूट रियरिंग) रेशमकीट के अंतिम आयु चरणों यानी चौथे और पांचवें इन्स्टार (4th and 5th instars) के लिए अनुशंसित है, क्योंकि इस अवस्था में कीड़ों का आकार और पत्ती की खपत बहुत अधिक होती है।

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517🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Which of the following is responsible for the production and supply of basic silkworm seeds to the seed production centers
A) Central Silk Board
B) National Silkworm Seed Organization
C) Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute
D) Indian Silk Export Promotion Council

Explanation

The National Silkworm Seed Organization (NSSO), established in 1975 under the Central Silk Board, is specifically responsible for the production and supply of high-quality basic silkworm seeds (P3, P2, and P1 seeds) to state grainages and commercial seed production centres.

नेशनल सिल्कवर्म सीड ऑर्गनाइजेशन (NSSO), जो केंद्रीय रेशम बोर्ड के तहत 1975 में स्थापित हुआ था, बीज उत्पादन केंद्रों को बुनियादी रेशमकीट बीज (P3, P2, P1) के उत्पादन और आपूर्ति के लिए मुख्य रूप से जिम्मेदार है।

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518🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

What are the points considered while Mulberry saplings are taken from nursery for transplanting
i. Uproot saplings carefully without damage to roots
ii. Checked for root borne diseases
iii. Irrigate nursery beds one month before uprooting
iv. Saplings planted as early as possible
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

When removing mulberry saplings from a nursery: saplings should be uprooted carefully without damaging roots (i), examined for root-knot nematodes or root rot diseases (ii), and transplanted to the main field as early as possible to avoid desiccation (iv). Nursery beds are irrigated 1-2 days before uprooting (not one month before), making iii incorrect.

शहतूत के पौधों को नर्सरी से उखाड़ते समय: जड़ों को नुकसान पहुंचाए बिना सावधानीपूर्वक उखाड़ा जाना चाहिए (i), जड़ जनित रोगों की जांच की जानी चाहिए (ii), और सूखने से बचाने के लिए उन्हें जल्द से जल्द रोपा जाना चाहिए (iv)। नर्सरी क्यारियों की सिंचाई उखाड़ने से 1-2 दिन पहले की जाती है (एक महीने पहले नहीं)।

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519🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Identify a disease of mulberry
A) Blast
B) Tungro
C) Powdery mildew
D) Bud rot

Explanation

Powdery mildew (caused by Phyllactinia dalbergiae / Phyllactinia corylea) is a prominent foliar fungal disease of mulberry, characterized by white powdery patches on the lower surface of leaves. Blast and Tungro affect rice, while Bud rot affects palms.

पाउडरी मिल्ड्यू (चूर्णिल आसिता), जो कवक फिलाक्टिनिया डालबर्गिया (Phyllactinia dalbergiae) के कारण होता है, शहतूत की एक प्रमुख पत्ती रोग है। ब्लास्ट और टुंग्रो धान के रोग हैं, जबकि बड रॉट ताड़ का रोग है।

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520🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Consider the following pairs
1. Young silkworm rearing - i. Variety
2. Decay of cuttings - ii. Irrigation
3. CSR2 - iii. collar rot
4. Flat bed method - iv. Soft succulent leaves with 80% moisture
Which of above pairs are correctly matched?
A) 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv
B) 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-iii
C) 1-iii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-ii
D) 1-iv, 2-iii, 3-i, 4-ii

Explanation

Correct matching: 1. Young silkworm rearing requires soft succulent leaves with ~80% moisture (iv); 2. Decay of cuttings is caused by collar rot / fungal rots (iii); 3. CSR2 is a high-yielding productive bivoltine silkworm breed/variety (i); 4. Flat bed method is a method of irrigation (ii). Thus, 1-iv, 2-iii, 3-i, 4-ii (Option D) is correct.

सही मिलान: 1. युवा रेशमकीट पालन (चावकी) - 80% नमी वाली कोमल रसीली पत्तियां (iv); 2. कलमों का सड़ना - कॉलर रॉट (iii); 3. CSR2 - किस्म/नस्ल (i); 4. फ्लैट बेड विधि - सिंचाई विधि (ii)। अतः सही उत्तर 1-iv, 2-iii, 3-i, 4-ii है।

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521🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Presence of black scar on the silkworm body and maggot emergence hole at the tip of the cocoon are the typical symptoms of
A) Pebrine
B) Flacherie
C) Muscardine
D) Uzi fly

Explanation

Uzi fly (Exorista bombycis / Exorista sorbillans) is a serious tachinid parasitoid of silkworms. When the maggot penetrates the silkworm larva, a black necrotic scar appears at the entry wound. After the silkworm forms a cocoon, the mature maggot bores an escape hole at the tip of the cocoon, piercing it and ruining its commercial silk reeling value.

उजी मक्खी (Exorista sorbillans) रेशमकीट की एक गंभीर परजीवी मक्खी है। इसके मैगट के लार्वा में प्रवेश करने से शरीर पर काला निशान पड़ जाता है और कोकून बनने के बाद मैगट कोकून के सिरे पर छेद करके बाहर निकलता है।

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522🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

In the process of pairing, depairing and oviposition of moths, optimum temperature of ______ and relative humidity of ______ are maintained.
A) 10 ± 1 °C, 40 ± 5%
B) 18 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 5%
C) 25 ± 1 °C, 75 ± 5%
D) 35 ± 1 °C, 90 ± 5%

Explanation

In grainage operations, pairing (mating for ~3 hours), depairing, and oviposition (egg laying on egg sheets for 24 hours) are conducted under controlled optimum conditions of 25 ± 1 °C temperature and 75 ± 5% relative humidity under semi-darkness.

ग्रेनेज में पतंगों के युग्मन (pairing), वियुग्मन (depairing) और अंडजनन (oviposition) के दौरान इष्टतम तापमान 25 ± 1 °C तथा सापेक्ष आर्द्रता 75 ± 5% बनाए रखी जाती है।

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523🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Central Silk Board (Amendment) Act was passed by the Parliament and got published in the Gazette of India in the year
A) 2000
B) 2003
C) 2006
D) 2009

Explanation

The Central Silk Board (Amendment) Act was enacted by the Indian Parliament and published in the Gazette of India in 2006 (Act No. 32 of 2006, notified September 14, 2006) to regulate silkworm seed quality, registration of grainages/seed producers, and seed certification standards across India.

केंद्रीय रेशम बोर्ड (संशोधन) अधिनियम संसद द्वारा पारित किया गया और वर्ष 2006 में भारत के राजपत्र में प्रकाशित हुआ ताकि रेशमकीट बीज की गुणवत्ता और प्रमाणन को विनियमित किया जा सके।

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524🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

The uzi fly is a serious ______ of silkworm
A) Ectoparasite
B) Endoparasitoid
C) Contact pest
D) Systemic pest

Explanation

The uzi fly (Exorista bombycis) is an internal larval parasitoid (endoparasitoid) of the silkworm. Its maggots live and develop inside the haemocoel of silkworm larvae and pupae, consuming internal tissues before emerging and killing the host.

उजी मक्खी (Exorista bombycis) रेशमकीट का एक गंभीर आंतरिक परजीवी कीट (Endoparasitoid) है। इसके मैगट रेशमकीट के शरीर के भीतर ऊतकों को खाकर विकसित होते हैं और अंततः मेजबान को मार देते हैं।

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525🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Host plant of muga silkworms
A) Mulberry
B) Terminalia
C) Soalu
D) Castor

Explanation

Muga silkworm (Antheraea assamensis) is endemic to Assam and feeds primarily on Som (Persea bombycina) and Soalu (Litsea monopetala). Terminalia species host Tasar silkworms, Castor hosts Eri silkworms, and Mulberry hosts Bombyx mori.

मूगा रेशमकीट (Antheraea assamensis) के प्रमुख प्राथमिक पोषक पौधे सोम (Persea bombycina) और सोआलू (Litsea monopetala / Soalu) हैं। टर्मिनेलिया तसर रेशमकीट का, अरंडी एरी रेशमकीट का तथा शहतूत बॉम्बिक्स मोरी का पोषक पौधा है।

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526🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Mode of action of disinfectants in sericulture
i. Destroy pathogens
ii. Enhance resistance
iii. Disrupt microbial cells
iv. Enhance growth
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Chemical disinfectants in sericulture (such as bleaching powder, formalin, chlorine dioxide, and Sanitech) act directly on microbial pathogens by denaturing vital proteins, oxidizing enzymes, and disrupting microbial cell membranes/cell walls (i and iii), thereby eliminating pathogens from rearing appliances and rooms.

रेशम उत्पादन में कीटाणुनाशकों की कार्यप्रणाली रोगाणुओं को नष्ट करना (i) और सूक्ष्मजीवी कोशिकाओं की संरचना को विघटित करना (iii) है। वे कीटों की आंतरिक प्रतिरोधक क्षमता या वृद्धि को सीधे नहीं बढ़ाते। अतः विकल्प C (i and iii) सही है।

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527🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

What is denier in silk production
A) Cocoon weight
B) Indicate whole cocoon
C) Indicate size of silk thread
D) Indicate cocoon shell

Explanation

Denier is an international unit of linear mass density used in silk and textile production to indicate the size, thickness, or fineness of silk yarn/thread. One denier is defined as the weight in grams of 9,000 meters of silk filament or yarn.

सिल्क उत्पादन में डेनियर (Denier) रेशम के धागे के आकार, मोटाई या महीनता (size/thickness of silk thread) को इंगित करता है। 1 डेनियर का अर्थ 9,000 मीटर लंबे रेशम के धागे का ग्राम में भार होता है।

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528🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Spraying Deltamethrin solution on walls and floor of cocoon storage room is a control measure against
A) Uzi fly
B) Dermestid beetle
C) Ants
D) Non insect pest

Explanation

Dermestid beetles (Dermestes ater / Dermestes cadaverinus) are destructive storage pests of dried cocoons, grainages, and stifled cocoons; their grubs bore into cocoons and consume pupae. Residual spraying of deltamethrin (0.028%) on storage room walls, floors, and crevices is a standard control measure against dermestid beetles.

कोकून भंडारण कक्ष की दीवारों और फर्श पर डेल्टामेथ्रिन (Deltamethrin) का छिड़काव डर्मेस्टिड बीटल (Dermestid beetle) के विरुद्ध एक प्रभावी नियंत्रण उपाय है। इसके ग्रब संग्रहीत कोकूनों में छेद करके प्यूपा को खा जाते हैं।

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529🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

The proportion of ______ forms the basis for grading, inspection and fixation of cocoon price
A) Double cocoon to defective cocoon
B) Pierced cocoon to good cocoon
C) Good cocoon to defective cocoon
D) Stained cocoon to defective cocoon

Explanation

In regulated cocoon markets, cocoon lots are sampled and sorted. The proportion of good cocoons to defective cocoons (defective cocoons include double, pierced, melt, stained, flimsy, and deformed cocoons) serves as the primary scientific basis for commercial grading, inspection, and fixation of cocoon price.

कोकून बाजारों में ग्रेडिंग, निरीक्षण और मूल्य निर्धारण का आधार अच्छे कोकून और दोषपूर्ण कोकून का अनुपात (Good cocoon to defective cocoon) होता है।

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530🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

In paired row mulberry plantation, plant to plant spacing in a row is
A) 30 cm
B) 60 cm
C) 90 cm
D) 120 cm

Explanation

In the paired-row system of mulberry plantation [(90 + 150) x 60 cm geometry for mechanized cultivation], the spacing between two rows in a pair is 90 cm, the inter-space between pairs is 150 cm, and the plant-to-plant spacing within each row is 60 cm.

शहतूत की युग्मित पंक्ति (paired row) रोपण प्रणाली में [(90 + 150) x 60 सेमी], एक पंक्ति में पौधे से पौधे की दूरी 60 सेमी (60 cm) रखी जाती है।

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531🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Softness and flaccidity of larva is the major symptom of
A) Pebrine
B) Flacherie
C) Muscardine
D) Grasserie

Explanation

Flacherie is a syndrome caused by bacterial infections (Bacillus, Streptococcus) often secondary to digestive disorders. The infected silkworms show loss of appetite, lethargy, softening and flaccidity of the larval body, vomiting, diarrhoea, and rotting.

लार्वा के शरीर का कोमल, ढीला और थलथला (softness and flaccidity) हो जाना फ्लैचरी (Flacherie) रोग का प्रमुख लक्षण है।

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532🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Commercial characteristics of cocoons are
i. Cocoon shape
ii. Cocoon weight
iii. Shell weight
iv. Filament length
v. Reelability
vi. Raw silk percentage
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

All six listed parameters are essential commercial quality characteristics of silkworm cocoons: cocoon shape, cocoon weight, shell weight, filament length, reelability, and raw silk percentage. Thus, option A is correct.

कोकून के सभी छह लक्षण व्यावसायिक दृष्टि से अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण हैं: कोकून का आकार, वजन, शेल का वजन, फिलामेंट की लंबाई, रीलेबिलिटी और कच्चे रेशम का प्रतिशत। अतः विकल्प A सही है।

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533🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Multivoltine, univoltine, bivoltine are classification of silkworms
A) Based on ecoraces
B) Based on occurrence
C) Based on life cycles
D) Based on species

Explanation

Silkworms are classified as univoltine, bivoltine, or multivoltine based on voltinism, which refers to the number of life cycles (generations) completed within a single year.

रेशमकीटों का यूनीवोल्टाइन, बाइवोल्टाइन और मल्टीवोल्टाइन में वर्गीकरण उनके जीवन चक्रों/पीढ़ियों की संख्या (life cycles / voltinism) के आधार पर किया जाता है।

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534🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Mulberry cuttings are protected from fungal disease by soaking in
A) Dithane
B) Chlorpyriphos
C) Carbaryl
D) Trichlorofen

Explanation

Mulberry hardwood cuttings are soaked before planting in a fungicide solution such as Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb) or Bavistin at 0.2% concentration to protect against soil-borne fungal pathogens causing cutting rot and collar rot.

शहतूत की कलमों को कवक जनित रोगों (कटिंग रॉट, कॉलर रॉट) से बचाने के लिए रोपण से पहले डाइथेन एम-45 (Dithane M-45) के कवकनाशी घोल में भिगोया जाता है।

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535🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

The method of fixing the cocoon price in cocoon markets is
A) Auction method
B) Fixed price
C) Variable price
D) Labelled price

Explanation

In regulated cocoon markets established under Silk Control Acts across India, cocoon lots brought by farmers are tested and priced transparently through the open auction method.

अधिसूचित कोकून बाजारों में कोकून की कीमत निर्धारित करने के लिए खुली नीलामी विधि (Auction method) अपनाई जाती है।

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536🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Mulberry flowers are
A) Unisexual
B) Bisexual
C) Trisexual
D) Polysexual

Explanation

Mulberry (Morus spp.) flowers are unisexual (imperfect), bearing either male (staminate) or female (pistillate) reproductive organs grouped into catkin inflorescences.

शहतूत (Morus) के फूल एकलिंगी (Unisexual) होते हैं, जिनमें या तो केवल नर या केवल मादा अंग होते हैं।

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537🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Identify the variety of mulberry
A) Akshaya
B) CR1009
C) Kanva-2
D) Karuna

Explanation

Kanva-2 (also known as M-5) is a renowned high-yielding mulberry variety selected from open-pollinated seedlings of Morus indica in Karnataka.

कण्व-2 (Kanva-2 / M-5) शहतूत (Morus indica) की एक प्रसिद्ध और व्यापक रूप से उगाई जाने वाली उच्च उपज वाली किस्म है।

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538🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Infected larval body ruptures easily and turbid white haemolymph oozes out in the silkworm disease
A) Pebrine
B) Uzi fly
C) Muscardine
D) Grasserie

Explanation

Grasserie (Nuclear Polyhedrosis, caused by BmNPV) is characterized by intersegmental swelling and shiny fragile skin that ruptures easily, releasing turbid milky-white haemolymph filled with polyhedral inclusion bodies.

ग्रेसरी (Grasserie / BmNPV) रोग में रेशमकीट का शरीर सूज जाता है और नाजुक त्वचा फटने पर दूधिया सफेद मटमैला हीमोलिम्फ (turbid white haemolymph) बाहर निकलता है।

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539🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

In pebrine detection for commercial silkworm egg production, moths forming a group are picked randomly of
A) 100
B) 200
C) 300
D) 400

Explanation

In commercial grainages for Pebrine detection, group mother moth testing pools representative samples of 100 moths picked randomly to examine for Nosema bombycis spores under a microscope.

व्यावसायिक रेशमकीट अंडा उत्पादन में पेब्रिन की जांच के लिए यादृच्छिक रूप से 100 पतंगों (100 moths) का समूह बनाकर सूक्ष्मदर्शीय परीक्षण किया जाता है।

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540🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Hair-like projections in the silk fibre are
A) Lousiness
B) Drowsiness
C) Uziness
D) Clumsiness

Explanation

Lousiness is a specific silk filament defect characterized by tiny, hair-like fibrillar projections or split microfibrils on the surface of raw silk thread.

रेशम के रेशे पर छोटे-छोटे बाल जैसे उभार या अलग हुए रेशे लाउसीनेस (Lousiness) कहलाते हैं।

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541🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Identify cocoon filament defects
i. Loops
ii. Fuzziness
iii. Nibs
iv. Pendulum
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Recognized silk filament defects include Loops, Fuzziness, and Nibs. Pendulum is not a silk defect. Thus, i, ii and iii (Option A) is correct.

रेशम के फिलामेंट के प्रमुख दोषों में लूप्स (Loops), फ़ज़िनेस (Fuzziness) और निब्स (Nibs) शामिल हैं। पेंडुलम कोई रेशम दोष नहीं है। अतः विकल्प A सही है।

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542🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Separate rearing of young age silkworms is
A) Chandrike rearing
B) Cocoon rearing
C) Charka rearing
D) Chawki rearing

Explanation

The specialized, scientific rearing of young-age silkworms (1st and 2nd instars) under strict temperature and humidity control is called Chawki rearing.

कम उम्र के युवा रेशमकीटों (पहले और दूसरे इन्स्टार) के अलग और वैज्ञानिक पालन को चावकी रियरिंग (Chawki rearing) कहा जाता है।

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543🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Mulberry plants are
A) Monoecious
B) Dioecious
C) Monoecious and dioecious
D) Monoecious or dioecious

Explanation

Mulberry species exhibit variable sexual expression; depending on species and cultivar, plants can be monoecious (male and female flowers on same tree) or dioecious (on separate trees).

शहतूत के पौधे विभिन्न प्रजातियों और किस्मों के अनुसार मोनोएशियस या डायोएशियस (Monoecious or dioecious) दोनों प्रकार के हो सकते हैं।

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544🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Different methods of cocoon sorting
A) Manual
B) Mechanical
C) Manual and mechanical
D) Machine based

Explanation

Cocoon sorting to separate defective cocoons is conducted using both manual sorting (visual hand-picking) and mechanical sorting (using vibrating tables, roller graders, and automated sizers).

कोकून छंटाई के विभिन्न तरीकों में मैनुअल (हाथ से) और मैकेनिकल (मशीनों द्वारा) दोनों तरीके (Manual and mechanical) शामिल हैं।

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545🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Consider the following pairs
1. Mulberry cocoon - i. white/ brick red, discontinuous silk filaments
2. Eri cocoon - ii. white/ cream, continuous silk filaments
3. Muga cocoon - iii. pale gold/ creamy copper, continuous silk filaments
4. Tasar cocoon - iv. golden/ light brown, continuous silk filaments
Which of above pairs are correctly matched?
A) 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv
B) 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-iii
C) 1-iii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-ii
D) 1-iv, 2-iii, 3-ii, 4-i

Explanation

Correct matching: 1. Mulberry cocoon - white/cream, continuous silk filaments (ii); 2. Eri cocoon - white/brick red, discontinuous silk filaments (i); 3. Muga cocoon - golden/light brown, continuous silk filaments (iv); 4. Tasar cocoon - pale gold/creamy copper, continuous silk filaments (iii). Hence, 1-ii, 2-i, 3-iv, 4-iii (Option B) is correct.

सही मिलान: 1. शहतूत कोकून - सफेद/क्रीम, निरंतर फिलामेंट (ii); 2. एरी कोकून - सफेद/ईंट जैसा लाल, असंतत फिलामेंट (i); 3. मूगा कोकून - सुनहरा/हल्का भूरा, निरंतर फिलामेंट (iv); 4. तसर कोकून - तांबे जैसा/हल्का सुनहरा, निरंतर फिलामेंट (iii)। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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546🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Weak growth of plant and susceptibility to pests and diseases are deficiency symptom of ______ in mulberry
A) Nitrogen
B) Phosphorous
C) Potassium
D) Calcium

Explanation

Potassium (K) is vital for plant water regulation, enzyme activation, cell wall strengthening, and pest/disease resistance. In mulberry, potassium deficiency causes weak stunted growth and heightened susceptibility to pests and diseases.

शहतूत में पोटेशियम (Potassium) की कमी से पौधे की वृद्धि कमजोर हो जाती है और कीटों तथा रोगों के प्रति संवेदनशीलता बढ़ जाती है।

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547🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

The process of removing the loose, outer layer of silk fibres from silk cocoons is
A) Debearding
B) Deflossing
C) Devining
D) Deflyering

Explanation

Deflossing is the operation of removing the unreelable, loose, tangled outermost silk fiber layer (floss) from cocoons prior to sorting or reeling.

कोकून की बाहरी ढीली रेशम परत (floss) को हटाने की प्रक्रिया को डीफ्लॉसिंग (Deflossing) कहा जाता है।

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548🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

The ease with which silk threads can be extracted from cocoons during reeling
A) Mountability
B) Reedability
C) Reliantability
D) Reelability

Explanation

Reelability refers to the ease and smoothness with which silk bave (filament) unwinds from cocoons during reeling without frequent breaks.

रीलिंग के दौरान कोकून से रेशम के धागे के बिना टूटे आसानी से निकलने की क्षमता को रीलेबिलिटी (Reelability) कहा जाता है।

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549🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Inflorescence of mulberry is
A) Panicle
B) Catkin
C) Tassel
D) Aril

Explanation

The inflorescence of mulberry (Morus) is a Catkin (ament), a dense, pendulous spike bearing unisexual flowers.

शहतूत का पुष्पक्रम कैटकिन (Catkin) होता है।

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550🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

The ideal range of soil pH is
A) 6.2 to 6.8
B) 7.5 to 8.2
C) 5.5 to 6.1
D) 8.5 to 9.2

Explanation

Mulberry thrives best in soils with a slightly acidic to neutral pH range of 6.2 to 6.8, ensuring optimum nutrient availability and root growth.

शहतूत की खेती के लिए आदर्श मृदा पीएच 6.2 से 6.8 (6.2 to 6.8) होता है।

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551🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

The optimal rearing house and relative humidity for silkworm rearing are
A) 16-17 °C, 35-40%
B) 35-36 °C, 55-60%
C) 27-28 °C, 85-90%
D) 39-40 °C, 65-70%

Explanation

For young age silkworms (Chawki worms), the optimal conditions in the rearing house are 27-28 °C temperature and 85-90% relative humidity.

रेशमकीट पालन (विशेष रूप से चावकी अवस्था) के लिए इष्टतम तापमान 27-28 °C और सापेक्ष आर्द्रता 85-90% होती है।

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552🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Green manure crops can be grown as an intercrop with mulberry
i. Cowpea
ii. Horsegram
iii. Dhaincha
iv. Sunhemp
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

All four leguminous crops—Cowpea, Horsegram, Dhaincha, and Sunhemp—can be successfully grown as green manure intercrops in mulberry plantations to fix nitrogen and improve soil fertility.

शहतूत के बागों में हरी खाद के रूप में लोबिया (Cowpea), कुलथी (Horsegram), ढैंचा (Dhaincha) और सनई (Sunhemp) चारों फसलें उगाई जा सकती हैं। अतः विकल्प D सही है।

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553🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Identify the chemical given to increase mulberry leaf quality and quantity
A) Kavach
B) Nuvan
C) Zinc sulphate
D) Glyphosate

Explanation

Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) foliar spray (0.1-0.2%) is widely applied as an essential micronutrient fertilizer to significantly enhance mulberry leaf quality, protein content, and overall yield.

शहतूत की पत्तियों की गुणवत्ता और मात्रा बढ़ाने के लिए पोषक तत्व के रूप में जिंक सल्फेट (Zinc sulphate) का छिड़काव किया जाता है।

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554🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Biological control agents used against mealybug in mulberry
A) Rhinoceros beetle
B) Ladybird beetle
C) Redpalm weevil
D) Mosquito bug

Explanation

The predatory Ladybird beetle (specifically Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) is the classical biological control agent used to suppress mealybug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus) infestations in mulberry gardens.

शहतूत में मिलीबग (टुकरा कीट) के जैविक नियंत्रण के लिए शिकारी लेडीबर्ड बीटल (Ladybird beetle / Cryptolaemus montrouzieri) का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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555🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

To control root knot, ______ is provided every four months during intercultivation operations.
A) Dithane
B) Bionematicide
C) Kavash
D) Bavistin

Explanation

To manage root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in mulberry gardens, a bionematicide (such as Bionema, neem cake, or Paecilomyces lilacinus formulations) is applied every four months during intercultivation operations.

शहतूत में जड़ गांठ सूत्रकृमि (Root knot nematode) के नियंत्रण के लिए अंतःकर्षण के दौरान हर चार महीने में बायोनेमैटिसाइड (Bionematicide) का उपयोग किया जाता है।

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556🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

The weight of the silk obtained from the cocoon compared to the weight of entire cocoon is
A) Filament percentage
B) Raw silk percentage
C) Defect percentage
D) Perfect percentage

Explanation

Raw silk percentage (also known as renditta inverse or raw silk recovery) is defined as the weight of raw silk obtained from reeling a lot of fresh or dried cocoons expressed as a percentage of the total weight of the cocoons reeled: (Weight of raw silk / Weight of cocoons) x 100.

कोकून से प्राप्त कच्चे रेशम के वजन का पूरे कोकून के कुल वजन के साथ अनुपात 'रॉ सिल्क प्रतिशत' (Raw silk percentage) कहलाता है: (कच्चे रेशम का भार / कोकून का कुल भार) x 100।

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557🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Sporadic pest of mulberry
A) White fly
B) Hairy caterpillar
C) Gall midge
D) Panicle bug

Explanation

The Bihar hairy caterpillar (Spilosoma obliqua) is a sporadic but voracious defoliator pest of mulberry. When outbreaks occur, gregarious caterpillars defoliate entire mulberry plantations within days.

शहतूत का एक छिटपुट (sporadic) लेकिन गंभीर रूप से नुकसान पहुंचाने वाला कीट 'हेयरी कैटरपिलर' (Hairy caterpillar - Spilosoma obliqua) है, जो पत्तियों को तेजी से खाकर पौधों को नष्ट कर देता है।

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558🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Number of larval stages in the life of silkworms before they undergo cocooning to form pupae
A) 5
B) 4
C) 3
D) 6

Explanation

The silkworm larva (Bombyx mori) undergoes 4 moults during its larval period, thereby passing through 5 distinct larval stages (instars: 1st to 5th instar) before attaining maturity to spin a cocoon and pupate.

रेशमकीट (Bombyx mori) का लार्वा प्यूपा बनने और कोकून कातने से पहले 4 बार त्वचा त्याग (moults) करता है और कुल 5 लार्वा अवस्थाओं (5 instars) से गुजरता है।

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559🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Advantages of 3M plantation system for mulberry cultivation
i. Optimize plant density
ii. Easy mechanization
iii. Suitable for large-scale mulberry cultivation
iv. Enhances leaf production
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

The 3M plantation system (wider row/mechanized geometry, e.g., 8' x 5' or paired row systems) offers multiple advantages: optimizes plant density with higher aeration and sunlight, facilitates tractor-drawn mechanized intercultivation and shoot harvesting, suits large-scale commercial sericulture, and substantially improves quality leaf yield per unit area. Hence, all four statements (i, ii, iii and iv) are correct.

शहतूत की 3M वृक्षारोपण प्रणाली के सभी चार लाभ हैं: पौधे के घनत्व को अनुकूलित करना (i), आसान मशीनीकरण (ii), बड़े पैमाने पर खेती के लिए उपयुक्त (iii), और पत्ती उत्पादन में वृद्धि (iv)। अतः विकल्प C (i, ii, iii and iv) सही है।

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560🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Mulberry saplings will be ready for transplanting to main field by ______ months after planting in nursery
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Explanation

Mulberry hardwood cuttings planted in nursery beds develop vigorous root systems and healthy shoots, becoming sturdy saplings ready for uprooting and transplanting into the main plantation field after 6 months of nursery care.

नर्सरी में शहतूत की कलमें रोपने के 6 महीने (6 months) बाद स्वस्थ और मजबूत पौधे (saplings) मुख्य खेत में प्रत्यारोपण के लिए तैयार हो जाते हैं।

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561🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Incubation of silkworm eggs should be done in a room with Temperature and Relative Humidity of
A) 25 °C and 100%
B) 15 °C and 50%
C) 25 °C and 80%
D) 35 °C and 100%

Explanation

Scientific incubation of silkworm eggs to ensure uniform embryonic development and high hatching percentage requires an optimal temperature of 25 °C and a relative humidity of 80% under 16 hours light and 8 hours darkness photoperiod.

रेशमकीट के अंडों के एकसमान भ्रूणीय विकास और उच्च हैचिंग प्रतिशत के लिए उष्मायन (incubation) कक्ष का तापमान 25 °C तथा सापेक्ष आर्द्रता 80% होनी चाहिए।

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562🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Arrange the steps in silk reeling
i. Boiling
ii. Sorting
iii. Brushing
iv. Stifling
v. Re-reeling
vi. Reeling
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

The proper chronological sequence of post-cocoon silk reeling operations is: 1. Stifling (killing pupa inside without damaging shell - iv), 2. Sorting (culling defective cocoons - ii), 3. Boiling/Cooking (softening sericin gum - i), 4. Brushing (finding filament ends - iii), 5. Reeling (unwinding filaments onto small reels - vi), and 6. Re-reeling (transferring onto standard skeins - v). Hence, iv, ii, i, iii, vi, v (Option C) is the correct sequence.

सिल्क रीलिंग के चरणों का सही क्रम है: 1. स्टिफ्लिंग (iv), 2. छंटाई (ii), 3. उबालना/पकाना (i), 4. ब्रशिंग (iii), 5. रीलिंग (vi), और 6. री-रीलिंग (v)। अतः सही क्रम iv, ii, i, iii, vi, v (विकल्प C) है।

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563🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Irrigation system most suited for mulberry
A) Drip irrigation
B) Sprinkler irrigation
C) Furrow irrigation
D) Subsurface irrigation

Explanation

Drip irrigation is recognized as the most efficient and suited irrigation system for mulberry plantations, saving 40-50% water, delivering moisture and water-soluble fertilizers directly to the active root zone, and minimizing weed growth.

शहतूत की खेती के लिए सबसे उपयुक्त और कुशल सिंचाई प्रणाली 'ड्रिप सिंचाई' (Drip irrigation - टपक सिंचाई) है, जिससे 40-50% पानी की बचत होती है और जड़ क्षेत्र में सीधे नमी व पोषक तत्व पहुंचते हैं।

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564🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Seed treatment for breaking dormancy
i. Cold stratification
ii. Gibberellic acid treatment
iii. Mechanical scarification
iv. Acid treatment
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

All four methods are well-established scientific treatments used to break seed dormancy: cold stratification (chilling imbibed seeds), gibberellic acid (GA3) hormone treatment, mechanical scarification (abrasion of hard seed coats), and acid treatment (dilute HCl/H2SO4 scarification). Thus, i, ii, iii and iv (Option C) is correct.

बीज सुषुप्तावस्था (dormancy) तोड़ने के सभी चार तरीके उपयोग किए जाते हैं: कोल्ड स्ट्रेटिफिकेशन (i), जिबरेलिक एसिड उपचार (ii), मैकेनिकल स्कारिफिकेशन (iii), और अम्ल उपचार (iv)। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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565🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Point out the bio-formulation for effective and ecofriendly management of root rot diseases of mulberry in nursery stage
A) Raksha
B) Ayar
C) Sampoorna
D) Poorva

Explanation

Raksha is a bio-formulation (based on antagonistic Trichoderma harzianum) developed by the Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute (CSRTI) specifically for the eco-friendly bio-control and management of root rot diseases in mulberry nurseries and sapling beds.

नर्सरी स्तर पर शहतूत के जड़ सड़न (root rot) रोगों के पर्यावरण-अनुकूल नियंत्रण के लिए CSRTI द्वारा विकसित जैव-सूत्रीकरण (bio-formulation) 'रक्षा' (Raksha - ट्राइकोडर्मा आधारित) है।

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566🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Nutritional deficiency in silkworm can lead to
i. Stunted growth
ii. Reduced cocoon weight
iii. Defective black boxing
iv. Reduced silk filament length
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Silkworm nutritional deficiency caused by substandard or deficient mulberry leaf quality leads to: stunted larval growth (i), reduced single cocoon and shell weight (ii), and shortened silk bave/filament length (iv). 'Black boxing' (iii) is an egg incubation practice to synchronize hatching, completely unrelated to larval nutritional deficiency. Thus, i, ii and iv (Option D) is correct.

रेशमकीट में पोषण संबंधी कमी से लार्वा का विकास अवरुद्ध होना (i), कोकून का वजन घटना (ii), और रेशम फिलामेंट की लंबाई कम होना (iv) होता है। ब्लैक बॉक्सिंग (black boxing) अंडों को सेने (incubation) की तकनीक है, पोषण का प्रभाव नहीं। अतः विकल्प D (i, ii and iv) सही है।

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567🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Methods of cocoon stifling are
i. Sun drying
ii. Steam stifling
iii. Hot air drying
iv. Cold air drying
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Standard methods of cocoon stifling (pupal killing) include: Sun drying (traditional solar drying), Steam stifling (using basket/chamber steaming), and Hot air drying/conditioning (Yamato/conveyor dryers). Cold air drying does not kill the pupa and is not a stifling method. Thus, i, ii and iii (Option A) is correct.

कोकून स्टिफ्लिंग (प्यूपा को मारने) के मुख्य तरीकों में सूर्य के प्रकाश में सुखाना (i), भाप स्टिफ्लिंग (ii), और गर्म हवा में सुखाना (iii) शामिल हैं। ठंडी हवा में सुखाना स्टिफ्लिंग का तरीका नहीं है। अतः विकल्प A (i, ii and iii) सही है।

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568🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Physiological basis influencing rooting of cuttings in mulberry
i. Gibberellic acid
ii. Peroxidase
iii. Dehydrogenase
iv. Auxins
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

The primary physiological and biochemical drivers directly regulating adventitious rooting in hardwood mulberry cuttings are endogenous auxins (IAA/IBA which initiate root primordia - iv), peroxidase enzyme activity (which regulates auxin catabolism and cell lignification during rooting phases - ii), and gibberellic acid (which influences shoot bud release and carbohydrate mobilization - i). Thus, i, ii and iv (Option D) is correct.

शहतूत की कलमों में जड़ निर्माण (rooting) को प्रभावित करने वाले मुख्य शारीरिक/जैव रासायनिक कारकों में ऑक्सिन (iv), पेरोक्सीडेज एंजाइम (ii), और जिबरेलिक एसिड (i) शामिल हैं। अतः विकल्प D (i, ii and iv) सही उत्तर है।

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569🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

In nursery beds of mulberry, using ______ reduces weed competition and enhances sapling vigour
A) Nursery implements
B) Polythene sheets
C) Ridges and furrows
D) Transplanting

Explanation

In mulberry nurseries, covering the nursery beds with black or transparent polythene sheets (plastic mulching) conserves soil moisture, elevates root-zone soil temperature, completely suppresses weed competition, and markedly enhances cutting sprouting and sapling vigour.

शहतूत की नर्सरी क्यारियों में 'पॉलीथीन शीट' (Polythene sheets - प्लास्टिक मल्चिंग) का उपयोग खरपतवारों को रोकता है, नमी बनाए रखता है और पौधों की वृद्धि एवं ओज (vigour) को बढ़ाता है।

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570🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Arrange the following in chronological order
i. National Silkworm Seed Organization
ii. Central silk board Act
iii. Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute
iv. Central Silk Board
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Chronological establishment: 1. Central Silk Board Act was enacted in 1948 (ii); 2. Central Silk Board was formally constituted in April 1949 (iv); 3. Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute (CSRTI, Mysore) was established in 1961 (iii); 4. National Silkworm Seed Organization (NSSO) was set up in 1975 (i). Thus, the correct chronological sequence is ii, iv, iii, i (Option B).

सही कालानुक्रमिक क्रम: 1. केंद्रीय रेशम बोर्ड अधिनियम - 1948 (ii), 2. केंद्रीय रेशम बोर्ड - 1949 (iv), 3. केंद्रीय रेशम उत्पादन अनुसंधान एवं प्रशिक्षण संस्थान (CSRTI) - 1961 (iii), 4. राष्ट्रीय रेशमकीट बीज संगठन (NSSO) - 1975 (i)। अतः सही क्रम ii, iv, iii, i (विकल्प B) है।

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571🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Identify the viral disease of silkworm
A) Pebrine
B) Muscardine
C) Aspergillosis
D) Grasserie

Explanation

Grasserie (Nuclear Polyhedrosis) is caused by the Bombyx mori Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (BmNPV). Pebrine is caused by a protozoan (microsporidian Nosema bombycis), while Muscardine (Beauveria bassiana) and Aspergillosis (Aspergillus spp.) are fungal diseases.

ग्रेसरी (Grasserie) रेशमकीट का एक विषाणुजनित (वायरल) रोग है जो BmNPV वायरस के कारण होता है। पेब्रिन प्रोटोजोआ द्वारा और मस्कार्डिन व एस्परगिलोसिस कवक द्वारा होते हैं।

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572🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

The process of transferring of newly hatched larvae from egg sheet to rearing seat is called
A) Aligning
B) Brushing
C) Catting
D) Elating

Explanation

Brushing is the gentle, delicate operation of transferring newly hatched silkworm neonates (ants) from egg sheets or incubation boxes onto the rearing tray/bed (rearing seat) using a soft feather brush, finely chopped tender mulberry leaves, or a nylon net.

अंडे की शीट से नए निकले छोटे लार्वा को कीटपालन ट्रे/सीट पर स्थानांतरित करने की कोमल प्रक्रिया को 'ब्रशिंग' (Brushing) कहा जाता है।

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573🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Which of the following statement is/ are correct about using mist chamber in hardening mulberry plants
i. Maintain high humidity
ii. Reduce diseases
iii. Encourages root initiation
iv. Reduce nutrient use
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

In a mist chamber/propagation chamber, fine intermittent misting creates near 90-100% relative humidity to eliminate water stress without saturating soil (i), and optimizes leaf cooling and turgor to accelerate adventitious root initiation in stem cuttings (iii). High humidity often increases fungal risk rather than reducing disease. Thus, statements i and iii (Option C) are correct.

शहतूत की कलमों को तैयार करने में मिस्ट चैंबर (mist chamber) का उपयोग उच्च आर्द्रता बनाए रखता है (i) और जड़ों के निकलने (root initiation) को प्रोत्साहित करता है (iii)। अतः कथन i और iii (विकल्प C) सही हैं।

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574🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Plant growth regulator used to enhance rooting in mulberry cuttings
A) Indole-3-acetic acid
B) Citric acid
C) Sodium benzoate
D) Acetic acid

Explanation

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (along with Indole-3-butyric acid, IBA) is an auxin class plant growth regulator widely applied to the basal ends of stem cuttings to promote rapid and extensive adventitious root formation in mulberry.

शहतूत की कलमों में जड़ निर्माण को बढ़ाने के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाने वाला पादप वृद्धि नियामक (हार्मोन) 'इंडोल-3-एसिटिक एसिड' (Indole-3-acetic acid - IAA, ऑक्सिन) है।

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575🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Purpose of pruning in mulberry
i. To facilitate mechanization
ii. To maintain in a state of vigorous growth
iii. To get good quality leaves
iv. Increase silkworm oviposition
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Pruning of mulberry plants is systematically done: to give the plant convenient shape and height for intercultivation/mechanization (i), to maintain continuous vegetative vigour and crown shape (ii), and to synchronize lush flushes of highly nutritious succulent leaves for rearing (iii). Silkworm oviposition (iv) is an egg-laying stage in moths entirely unrelated to mulberry tree pruning. Hence, i, ii and iii (Option A) is correct.

शहतूत की कटाई-छंटाई (प्रूनिंग) के प्रमुख उद्देश्यों में मशीनीकरण को सुविधाजनक बनाना (i), पौधे को ओजस्वी वृद्धि में बनाए रखना (ii), और अच्छी गुणवत्ता वाली पत्तियां प्राप्त करना (iii) शामिल हैं। अंडजनन (iv) का प्रूनिंग से कोई संबंध नहीं है। अतः विकल्प A (i, ii and iii) सही है।

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576🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Poor development of plant and root system is caused due to the deficiency of ______ in mulberry plants
A) Nitrogen
B) Phosphorous
C) Potassium
D) Calcium

Explanation

Phosphorus (P) is an indispensable macronutrient central to cellular energy transfer (ATP), nucleic acid synthesis, and root system development. In mulberry, phosphorus deficiency severely retards primary and lateral root growth, leading to stunted plants with a poorly developed root system.

शहतूत के पौधों में जड़ों और समग्र पौधे का खराब विकास 'फास्फोरस' (Phosphorous - P) की कमी के कारण होता है, क्योंकि फास्फोरस जड़ प्रणाली के विकास और ऊर्जा संचरण के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है।

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577🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Which of the following statement is/ are correct about pesticide residue in mulberry leaves
i. Promote silkworm growth
ii. Reduce silkworm feeding
iii. Encourages silkworm oviposition
iv. Reduce silk quality
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Pesticide residues contaminating mulberry leaves are toxic to silkworms; they induce repellent taste or acute toxicity, which causes silkworms to stop feeding or vomit (ii), and causes physiological disruption that severely degrades cocoon shell formation and silk filament quality (iv). Hence, statements ii and iv (Option D) are correct.

शहतूत की पत्तियों पर कीटनाशक अवशेष रेशमकीट के लिए विषैले होते हैं, जिससे कीटों का भोजन कम या बंद हो जाता है (ii) और बनने वाले रेशम की गुणवत्ता घट जाती है (iv)। अतः कथन ii और iv (विकल्प D) सही हैं।

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578🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Consider the following pairs
1. Apolysis - i. Prothoracic gland
2. Ripening - ii. Separation of old cuticle
3. Ecdysis - iii. Ready to spin cocoon
4. Moult hormone - iv. Shedding of remnants
Which of above pairs are correctly matched?
A) 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv
B) 1-ii, 2-iii, 3-iv, 4-i
C) 1-iii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-ii
D) 1-iv, 2-iii, 3-ii, 4-i

Explanation

Correct matching: 1. Apolysis refers to the detachment and separation of the old cuticle from the underlying epidermis (ii); 2. Ripening refers to the mature 5th instar silkworm becoming translucent and ready to spin a cocoon (iii); 3. Ecdysis refers to the physical shedding of the old cuticular remnants/exuviae (iv); 4. Moult hormone (ecdysone) is secreted by the prothoracic gland (i). Thus, 1-ii, 2-iii, 3-iv, 4-i (Option B) is correct.

सही मिलान: 1. अपोलिसिस - पुरानी क्यूटिकल का अलग होना (ii); 2. राइपनिंग (परिपक्वता) - कोकून कातने के लिए तैयार होना (iii); 3. एकडाइसिस - पुरानी त्वचा के अवशेषों का त्याग (iv); 4. मोल्ट हार्मोन (एकडायसोन) - प्रोथोरेसिक ग्रंथि (i)। अतः विकल्प B (1-ii, 2-iii, 3-iv, 4-i) सही है।

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579🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Which of the following statement is/ are correct about juvenile hormone analogues
i. Prolong larval stages
ii. Improve cocoon yield
iii. Carbozan
iv. Improve silk yield
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Juvenile hormone analogues (JHAs, such as Methoprene or R394) applied in micro-quantities to early 5th instar larvae: prolong the 5th larval instar duration by 24-36 hours (i), thereby increasing leaf ingestion to improve single cocoon weight and yield (ii), and significantly enhancing silk gland protein synthesis to improve overall raw silk yield (iv). Statement iii ('Carbozan') is unrelated. Thus, i, ii and iv (Option D) is correct.

रेशम उत्पादन में जुवेनाइल हार्मोन एनालॉग्स (JHAs) के अनुप्रयोग से 5वें इन्स्टार लार्वा की अवधि बढ़ती है (i), जिससे कोकून की उपज में वृद्धि होती है (ii), और रेशम ग्रंथियों की वृद्धि से कुल रेशम उत्पादन में सुधार होता है (iv)। अतः विकल्प D (i, ii and iv) सही है।

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580🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Disinfectants used to prevent the incidence of silkworm diseases in silkworm rearing are
A) Vijetha
B) Vanaja
C) Vanitha
D) Vyothi

Explanation

Vijetha (and Vijetha Supplementary) is a widely recommended silkworm bed disinfectant powder developed by CSRTI Mysore, dusted over silkworm larvae during rearing and after each moult to prevent viral, fungal (muscardine), and microsporidian (pebrine) disease outbreaks.

रेशमकीट पालन में रोगों (जैसे मस्कार्डिन, ग्रेसरी) की रोकथाम के लिए कीटपालन शैय्या पर छिड़काव हेतु उपयोग किया जाने वाला लोकप्रिय और प्रमाणित कीटाणुनाशक 'विजेता' (Vijetha) है।

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581🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Silkworm harvesting method ______ involves shaking of the mulberry shoots containing matured silkworms over a plastic sheet
A) Jauhar method
B) Jobrai method
C) Jugal method
D) Juvenile method

Explanation

The Jobrai method (also known as the Japanese shaking method) is an efficient harvesting method in shoot-reared silkworms where mulberry shoot branches carrying mature, ripe silkworms ready for cocooning are vigorously shaken over a plastic sheet or tarpaulin to dislodge and collect them rapidly for mounting.

परिपक्व रेशमकीटों को कोकून बनाने हेतु एकत्र करने के लिए जब शहतूत की टहनियों को प्लास्टिक शीट के ऊपर हिलाकर/झकझोर कर कीड़ों को गिराया जाता है, तो इस विधि को 'जोबराई विधि' (Jobrai method) कहा जाता है।

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582🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

What is spacing followed for raising cuttings in nursery bed
A) 10 cm x 10 cm
B) 20 cm x 10 cm
C) 30 cm x 20 cm
D) 40 cm x 30 cm

Explanation

In standard mulberry nursery beds, hardwood cuttings are planted at a close spacing of 20 cm between rows and 10 cm between cuttings (20 cm x 10 cm), accommodating approximately 45-50 cuttings per square meter.

शहतूत की नर्सरी क्यारियों में कलमों (cuttings) को रोपने के लिए मानक दूरी 20 सेमी x 10 सेमी (20 cm x 10 cm) रखी जाती है।

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583🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

The registration process for registration of silkworm seed producer, Chawki rearer and dealers in silkworm seed is undertaken by the registration Committee appointed by
A) National Silkworm Seed Organization
B) Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute
C) Indian Silk Export Promotion Council
D) Central Silkworm Seed Committee

Explanation

Under the Central Silk Board (Amendment) Act 2006 and the Silkworm Seed Rules, the statutory registration of all silkworm seed producers, chawki rearers, and seed dealers is undertaken by Registration Committees appointed by the Central Silkworm Seed Committee (CSSC).

केंद्रीय रेशम बोर्ड अधिनियम के तहत रेशमकीट बीज उत्पादकों, चावकी पालकों और बीज विक्रेताओं के अनिवार्य पंजीकरण का कार्य 'केंद्रीय रेशमकीट बीज समिति' (Central Silkworm Seed Committee - CSSC) द्वारा नियुक्त पंजीकरण समिति द्वारा किया जाता है।

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584🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Non insect pests of mulberry
i. Mites
ii. Snails
iii. Nematodes
iv. Bugs
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Mites (arachnids - Tetranychus spp.), Snails (molluscs - Cryptozona/Achatina), and Nematodes (roundworms - Meloidogyne incognita) are non-insect pests that damage mulberry. Bugs (Hemiptera) are true insects (Hexapoda). Thus, i, ii and iii (Option A) is correct.

शहतूत के गैर-कीट (non-insect) पीड़कों में घुन/माइट्स (Mites - अष्टपाद), घोंघे (Snails - मोलस्क), और सूत्रकृमि (Nematodes) शामिल हैं। 'बग' (Bugs) कीट वर्ग (Insecta) में आते हैं। अतः विकल्प A (i, ii and iii) सही है।

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585🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Which of the following statement is/ are correct about cocoon transportation bags
i. Promote stifling
ii. HDPE bags
iii. Good aeration
iv. Disinfected easily
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Perforated woven High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) bags or net bags are ideal for transporting live cocoons from farm to market because: HDPE material is durable and lightweight (ii), the mesh design provides continuous aeration to prevent heat generation and pupal suffocation (iii), and they can be easily cleaned and chemical-disinfected after use (iv). They do not promote stifling during transit. Hence, ii, iii and iv (Option B) is correct.

कोकून परिवहन बैगों के संबंध में: वे HDPE बैग होते हैं (ii), उनमें हवा का अच्छा आवागमन (aeration) रहता है (iii), और उन्हें आसानी से कीटाणुरहित किया जा सकता है (iv)। परिवहन के दौरान प्यूपा को जीवित रखा जाता है, स्टिफ्लिंग नहीं की जाती। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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586🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Which of the following is a system of planting in mulberry plantation for sericulture
i. Pit system
ii. Ridges and furrow system
iii. Paired row system
iv. No specific system
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Standard recommended systems of mulberry planting include: Pit system (individual pits, e.g. 90x90 cm), Ridges and Furrow system (row planting on ridges to assist furrow irrigation), and Paired Row system (e.g. [90+150]x60 cm for shoot harvesting and mechanization). Statement iv ('no specific system') is invalid. Hence, i, ii and iii (Option A) is correct.

शहतूत रोपण की प्रमुख प्रणालियों में पिट प्रणाली (Pit system - गड्ढा विधि), रिज और फरो प्रणाली (Ridges and furrow system - मेड़ एवं नाली विधि), और पेयर्ड रो प्रणाली (Paired row system - युग्मित पंक्ति विधि) शामिल हैं। अतः विकल्प A (i, ii and iii) सही है।

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587🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Duration of life cycle of mulberry silkworm is
A) 20-30 days
B) 40-50 days
C) 60-70 days
D) 80-90 days

Explanation

The complete life cycle of the mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) from egg to adult moth takes approximately 40 to 50 days under standard tropical/subtropical conditions (egg stage: 9-11 days; larval stage: 22-26 days; pupal stage inside cocoon: 10-12 days; adult moth stage: 3-5 days).

शहतूत रेशमकीट (Bombyx mori) का संपूर्ण जीवन चक्र (अंडे से लेकर वयस्क पतंगे तक) लगभग 40 से 50 दिन (40-50 days) का होता है।

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588🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

The sale of cocoons at ______ cocoon markets is carried out by open auction
A) Notified
B) Noted
C) Noticed
D) Notable

Explanation

Under Sericulture and Silk Control legislation, government-regulated cocoon markets are officially declared as 'Notified cocoon markets', where all transactions between farmers and reelers must legally occur through open auction.

रेशम नियंत्रण अधिनियम के तहत वैधानिक रूप से घोषित 'अधिसूचित कोकून बाजारों' (Notified cocoon markets) में कोकूनों की बिक्री खुली नीलामी द्वारा की जाती है।

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589🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Dipstick immunoassay is a simple and specific method of detection of ______ in silkworms
A) Cocoon yield
B) Leaf quality
C) Pest and disease
D) Nutritional deficiency

Explanation

Dipstick immunoassay (such as monoclonal antibody lateral flow dipsticks) is a rapid, point-of-care diagnostic tool used in sericulture to detect specific pests and infectious disease antigens in silkworms (e.g. BmNPV for grasserie or Nosema bombycis for pebrine).

डिपस्टिक इम्यूनोएसे (Dipstick immunoassay) रेशमकीटों में कीट और संक्रामक रोगों (Pest and disease - जैसे BmNPV या पेब्रिन) का मौके पर ही तेजी से पता लगाने की एक सरल और विशिष्ट नैदानिक विधि है।

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590🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Which of the following statement is/ are correct about IPM against uzi fly
i. Storing leaf/shoots in separate room
ii. Avoid automatic door closure
iii. Wire mesh on windows
iv. Placing trap tablet solutions
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) against the silkworm uzi fly includes: storing freshly harvested mulberry leaves/shoots in an isolated anti-uzi fly proof room (i), fitting fine wire mesh (wire mesh of 14-16 mesh size) on windows and ventilators to physically exclude adult flies (iii), and placing uzi trap tablet solutions (uzi traps containing phenyl hydrazine/trap attractant) inside and outside rearing rooms (iv). Installing automatic door closures is recommended to prevent flies entering, so avoiding automatic closures (ii) is incorrect. Hence, i, iii and iv (Option C) is correct.

उजी मक्खी के विरुद्ध एकीकृत कीट प्रबंधन (IPM) में: पत्तियों को अलग कमरे में रखना (i), खिड़कियों पर जाली लगाना (iii), और उजी ट्रैप टैबलेट घोल रखना (iv) शामिल हैं। स्वचालित रूप से बंद होने वाले दरवाजे लगाना आवश्यक होता है, इसलिए कथन ii गलत है। अतः विकल्प C (i, iii and iv) सही है।

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591🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Consider the following pairs
1. Flame gun - i. Pruning
2. Humidifier - ii. Disinfection
3. Secateur - iii. Chemical application
4. Sprayers - iv. Rearing house
Which of above pairs are correctly matched?
A) 1-i, 2-ii, 3-iii, 4-iv
B) 1-ii, 2-iii, 3-iv, 4-i
C) 1-ii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-iii
D) 1-iv, 2-iii, 3-ii, 4-i

Explanation

Correct matching: 1. Flame gun is used for thermal disinfection of rearing appliances and rooms (ii); 2. Humidifier is installed in the rearing house to regulate relative humidity (iv); 3. Secateur is a specialized garden tool used for branch cutting and pruning of mulberry plants (i); 4. Sprayers (knapsack/power sprayers) are used for chemical application and disinfectant spraying (iii). Thus, 1-ii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-iii (Option C) is correct.

सही मिलान: 1. फ्लेम गन - थर्मल कीटाणुशोधन (ii); 2. ह्यूमिडिफायर - कीटपालन कक्ष में आर्द्रता नियंत्रण (iv); 3. सिकेट्योर - शहतूत की प्रूनिंग/कटाई (i); 4. स्प्रेयर - रसायनों/कीटाणुनाशकों का छिड़काव (iii)। अतः सही उत्तर 1-ii, 2-iv, 3-i, 4-iii (विकल्प C) है।

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592🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Identify the systems of cocoon cooking
i. Open pan
ii. Ventral method
iii. Pressurised cooking
iv. Circular cocoon boiling
Choose the correct option:

Explanation

Standard scientific systems of cocoon cooking (softening cocoon sericin prior to reeling) include: Open pan system (single pan or three pan method), Pressurized cooking (multi-step pressurized boiling machines), and Circular cocoon boiling machine systems. 'Ventral method' is not a cocoon cooking method. Hence, i, iii and iv (Option C) is correct.

कोकून पकाने (cocoon cooking) की प्रमुख प्रणालियों में ओपन पैन प्रणाली (i), प्रेशराइज्ड कुकिंग (दाब युक्त पकाना - iii), और सर्कुलर कोकून बॉइलिंग (iv) शामिल हैं। 'वेंट्रल मेथड' कोई कुकिंग विधि नहीं है। अतः विकल्प C (i, iii and iv) सही है।

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593🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Which of the following is not included in integrated pest management
A) Use of biological agents
B) Chemical control
C) Nutrient management
D) Physical control

Explanation

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) incorporates physical control (traps, screens, barriers), biological control (parasitoids, predators, pathogens), cultural practices, and targeted judicious chemical control. Nutrient management is an agronomic soil fertility practice and is not classified as a pest control component of IPM.

एकीकृत कीट प्रबंधन (IPM) में भौतिक नियंत्रण (Physical), जैविक नियंत्रण (Biological), और रासायनिक नियंत्रण (Chemical) शामिल होते हैं। 'पोषक तत्व प्रबंधन' (Nutrient management) मृदा उर्वरता प्रबंधन का हिस्सा है, यह IPM का घटक नहीं है।

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594🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Failure of a grafted union between a scion and a rootstock to develop into a healthy, composite plant is called
A) Bud incompatibility
B) Graft incompatibility
C) Layer incompatibility
D) Seedling incompatibility

Explanation

Graft incompatibility is defined as the inability or failure of two distinct plant parts (the rootstock and the scion) when grafted together to successfully form a functional vascular union and develop into a healthy, viable composite plant.

कलम बांधने (grafting) के बाद सायन (scion) और रूटस्टॉक (rootstock) के बीच संवहनी संयोजन का न बनना और स्वस्थ पौधे के रूप में विकसित न हो पाना 'ग्राफ्ट असंगति' (Graft incompatibility) कहलाता है।

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595🔬General ScienceSericulture & Mulberry Cultivation

Silk fiber consist of protein ______ secreted from glands and a gum called ______ which cements the two filaments together
A) Fepone, saicine
B) Funine, septin
C) Fibroin, sericin
D) Faprin, setrine

Explanation

Silk bave spun by silkworms consists of two brins of the structural fibrous protein 'Fibroin' secreted by the posterior division of the labial silk glands, held and cemented together by a gelatinous water-soluble gum called 'Sericin' secreted by the middle division of the glands. Fibroin accounts for ~75-80% and sericin accounts for ~20-25% of raw silk.

रेशम का धागा मुख्य रूप से दो प्रोटीनों से बना होता है: मुख्य संरचनात्मक रेशा प्रोटीन 'फाइब्रोइन' (Fibroin) और दोनों फिलामेंट्स को आपस में चिपकाने वाला गोंद 'सेरिसिन' (Sericin) कहलाता है। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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596📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsInternational Affairs & Summits

Which of the following countries were admitted as full members of BRICS in 2024?
A) United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Argentina
B) Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates
C) Iran, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and Ethiopia
D) Argentina, Egypt, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia

Explanation

On 1 January 2024, four nations officially joined BRICS as full members: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Argentina withdrew following the election of President Javier Milei, and Saudi Arabia participated as an invited member.

1 जनवरी 2024 को ब्रिक्स (BRICS) में पूर्ण सदस्य के रूप में शामिल होने वाले देश मिस्र (Egypt), इथियोपिया (Ethiopia), ईरान (Iran) और संयुक्त अरब अमीरात (UAE) थे। अर्जेंटीना ने शामिल होने से इनकार कर दिया था। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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597🔬General ScienceHuman Diseases & Health

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of ringworm infection?
A) Prolonged contact with highly infected soil
B) Close contact and sharing personal items like towels and bedding with an infected person
C) Close contact with infected animals
D) Consuming contaminated food and water

Explanation

Ringworm (dermatophytosis / tinea) is a fungal skin infection caused by dermatophytes (such as Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton). It spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact with infected people, contact with infected animals, sharing contaminated fomites (towels, bedding, combs), or contact with infested soil. It is NOT transmitted by consuming contaminated food or drinking water.

दाद (Ringworm) एक कवक जनित त्वचा संक्रमण (फंगल इन्फेक्शन) है जो संक्रमित व्यक्ति, जानवरों, मिट्टी या संक्रमित तौलिए/कपड़ों के सीधे संपर्क से फैलता है। यह दूषित भोजन और पानी के सेवन से नहीं फैलता है। अतः विकल्प D सही है।

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598📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsIndian Agriculture & Geography

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the soil type required for growing Millets (Nutri-Cereals)?
i. Jowar - Rain-fed crop grown in the moist areas with less or no irrigation.
ii. Bajra - Well-drained fertile loamy and clayey loamy.
iii. Ragi - Red, black, sandy, loamy, and shallow black soils.
A) Only i and ii
B) Only i and iii
C) Only ii and iii
D) All of the above

Explanation

According to NCERT Geography: (i) Jowar is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in moist areas which hardly needs irrigation; (iii) Ragi is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils. For (ii), Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil (not fertile clayey loams). Therefore, statements i and iii are correct (Option B).

NCERT भूगोल के अनुसार: ज्वार वर्षा आधारित फसल है जो आर्द्र क्षेत्रों में उगाई जाती है और इसे बहुत कम या बिना सिंचाई की आवश्यकता होती है (i); रागी शुष्क क्षेत्रों की फसल है जो लाल, काली, बलुई, दोमट और उथली काली मिट्टी में अच्छी तरह उगती है (iii)। बाजरा मुख्य रूप से बलुई और उथली काली मिट्टी में उगता है। अतः कथन i और iii (विकल्प B) सही हैं।

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599📚Computer Science & ITStorage Devices & Media

Arrange the following storage media in ascending order of storage density.
A) Magnetic Tape → Optical Disc → Hard Disk Drive → Solid State Drive
B) Optical Disc → Solid State Drive → Magnetic Tape → Hard Disk Drive
C) Magnetic Tape → Hard Disk Drive → Optical Disc → Solid State Drive
D) Hard Disk Drive → Magnetic Tape → Solid State Drive → Optical Disc

Explanation

In terms of physical recording density (areal data density per unit surface area/volume): Magnetic Tape (lowest areal density per square inch due to physical track spacing) < Optical Disc (CD/DVD/Blu-ray pit micron scale) < Hard Disk Drive (magnetic platter areal density reaching ~1 Terabit/in^2) < Solid State Drive (3D NAND flash stacked multi-layer silicon microscopic density, highest). Hence, Option A is correct.

स्टोरेज घनत्व (Storage density) के बढ़ते क्रम में: मैग्नेटिक टेप < ऑप्टिकल डिस्क (CD/DVD) < हार्ड डिस्क ड्राइव (HDD) < सॉलिड स्टेट ड्राइव (SSD 3D-NAND फ्लैश)। अतः सही क्रम विकल्प A है।

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600📊EconomicsIndian Economy & Reforms

What has been a key factor in India's economic growth in recent decades?
A) Strict regulations on foreign investments
B) Declining population growth
C) Improved business climate
D) Reduced emphasis on infrastructure projects

Explanation

An improved business climate (driven by economic deregulation, ease of doing business reforms, FDI liberalization, and digital infrastructure) has been a central catalyst for India's high economic growth over recent decades.

हाल के दशकों में भारत के तेज आर्थिक विकास का एक प्रमुख कारक 'बेहतर व्यापारिक माहौल' (Improved business climate - ईज ऑफ डूइंग बिजनेस सुधार, प्रत्यक्ष विदेशी निवेश उदारीकरण और डिजिटलीकरण) रहा है।

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601📊EconomicsIndian Agriculture & Green Revolution

What was the main technological innovation introduced during the Green Revolution?
A) Use of green manure
B) Organic farming
C) Crop rotation
D) High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds

Explanation

The core technological cornerstone of the Green Revolution in the mid-1960s was the adoption of dwarf, semi-dwarf High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds of wheat and rice (developed by Norman Borlaug and introduced in India under M.S. Swaminathan), accompanied by chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and assured irrigation.

1960 के दशक की हरित क्रांति (Green Revolution) का मुख्य तकनीकी नवाचार उच्च उपज देने वाली किस्म के बीज (HYV seeds - High Yielding Variety seeds) थे, जिसने गेहूं और चावल की उत्पादकता में अभूतपूर्व वृद्धि की।

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602📚Computer Science & ITMicroprocessors & Bus Arbitration

Which type of control pins are used in a microprocessor to regulate access to the bus and prevent multiple devices from using it simultaneously?
A) Bus Request (BR) and Bus Grant (BG) pins
B) Interrupt Request (IRQ) and Interrupt Acknowledge (INTA) pins
C) Read (RD) and Write (WR) pins
D) Clock (CLK) and Reset (RST) pins

Explanation

Bus arbitration control signals—such as HOLD / HLDA in 8085 or Bus Request (BR) and Bus Grant (BG) in microprocessors—are used to mediate and regulate control of the shared system bus between the CPU and DMA controllers/co-processors, preventing bus contention.

माइक्रोप्रोसेसर में सिस्टम बस के नियंत्रण और मध्यस्थता (bus arbitration) के लिए बस रिक्वेस्ट (BR / HOLD) और बस ग्रांट (BG / HLDA) पिनों का उपयोग किया जाता है ताकि कई उपकरण एक साथ बस पर टकराव न करें। अतः विकल्प A सही है।

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603📚Computer Science & IT8085 Microprocessor Architecture

The READY signal in 8085 is useful when the CPU communicates with
A) A fast peripheral device
B) A DMA controller chip
C) A slow peripheral device
D) A PPI chip

Explanation

The READY input pin on the 8085 microprocessor is used to synchronize the high-speed CPU with slower memory or peripheral devices. If the READY line is low, the CPU inserts WAIT states into its bus machine cycle until the slow peripheral completes data transfer and drives READY high.

8085 माइक्रोप्रोसेसर में READY सिग्नल का उपयोग धीमे पेरिफेरल उपकरणों (Slow peripheral devices) या मेमोरी के साथ सीपीयू की गति को सिंक्रनाइज़ करने के लिए किया जाता है, जिससे सीपीयू आवश्यक वेट स्टेट्स (WAIT states) उत्पन्न करता है।

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604📚Renewable Energy & EnvironmentRenewable Energy & Environment

The term "pumped-storage hydropower" has been recently highlighted in the context of which of the following?
A) Irrigation of terraced agricultural land
B) Lift irrigation for cereal crop cultivation
C) Long-duration storage of electrical energy
D) Rainwater collection and harvesting systems

Explanation

Pumped-storage hydropower (PSH) functions as a giant gravitational 'water battery'. It stores electrical energy during low demand/excess renewable generation periods by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir, and generates electricity during peak demand by releasing it back through turbines, providing cost-effective long-duration grid energy storage.

पम्प-स्टोरेज हाइड्रोपावर (PSH) एक विशाल ग्रैविटेशनल 'वॉटर बैटरी' की तरह कार्य करता है। यह ऑफ-पीक या अतिरिक्त सौर/पवन ऊर्जा के समय निचले जलाशय से पानी को ऊपरी जलाशय में पंप करता है और पीक डिमांड के समय टरबाइन के जरिए बिजली उत्पन्न करके ग्रिड को लंबे समय तक ऊर्जा भंडारण (Long-duration energy storage) प्रदान करता है।

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605📚Civil & Environmental EngineeringCivil & Soil Mechanics

According to IS classification system, the soils can be classified into:
A) 15 groups
B) 18 groups
C) 03 groups
D) 07 groups

Explanation

According to the Indian Standard Soil Classification System (IS: 1498 - 1970), soils are classified into 18 distinct groups (8 coarse-grained soil groups: GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, SC; 9 fine-grained soil groups based on 3 plasticity ranges: ML, CL, OL, MI, CI, OI, MH, CH, OH; and 1 highly organic peat group: Pt).

भारतीय मानक मृदा वर्गीकरण प्रणाली (IS: 1498) के अनुसार, मिट्टी को 18 समूहों में वर्गीकृत किया गया है (8 मोटे दाने वाले, 9 बारीक दाने वाले, और 1 पीट/अत्यधिक कार्बनिक)।

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606📚Civil & Environmental EngineeringCivil & Soil Mechanics

Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List - I:
1. Coarse grained components
2. Fine grained components
3. Peat
List - II:
i. High Organic, Large Organic Matter, Particles of Decomposed Vegetation
ii. Boulder, Cobble, Gravel, Sand
iii. Silt, Clay, Organic Matter
Choose the correct option:
A) (1) - i, (2) - ii, (3) - iii
B) (1) - ii, (2) - iii, (3) - i
C) (1) - iii, (2) - i, (3) - ii
D) (1) - ii, (2) - i, (3) - iii

Explanation

Coarse grained components include boulders, cobbles, gravel, and sand (size > 0.075 mm) -> (1)-ii. Fine grained components include silt and clay (size < 0.075 mm) along with fine organic matter -> (2)-iii. Peat consists of highly fibrous decayed vegetative organic matter -> (3)-i. Thus, (1)-ii, (2)-iii, (3)-i.

1. मोटे दाने वाले घटक (Coarse grained) = ii (बोल्डर, कोबल, बजरी, रेत); 2. बारीक दाने वाले घटक (Fine grained) = iii (सिल्ट, मिट्टी/क्ले); 3. पीट (Peat) = i (उच्च कार्बनिक पदार्थ, विघटित वनस्पति)। सही मिलान (1)-ii, (2)-iii, (3)-i है।

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607📚Civil & Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental & Water Resources

The system to collect night soil, garbage etc. in separate vessels or deposited in pools and pits is called:
A) Conservancy system
B) Waste allocation system
C) Waste deposition system
D) Waste pit

Explanation

The Conservancy system (or dry carriage system) is an old sanitation method where human excreta (night soil), refuse, and garbage are collected manually in vessels, carts, or pits and carried away periodically to disposal sites, without water carriage.

मल-मूत्र (Night soil) और कचरे को अलग-अलग बर्तनों या गड्ढों में एकत्र करने और शुष्क रूप से हटाने की पारंपरिक प्रणाली को कंजरवेंसी प्रणाली (Conservancy system) कहा जाता है।

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608📚Basic EnglishSentence Correction

Choose the correct sentence.
A) He don't like apples.
B) He doesn't likes apples.
C) He doesn't like apples.
D) He don't likes apples.

Explanation

With third-person singular subjects ('He'), the auxiliary verb 'does' is used in the negative ('doesn't'), followed by the base form of the main verb without an '-s' suffix ('like'). Therefore, 'He doesn't like apples' is grammatically correct.

तृतीय पुरुष एकवचन कर्ता (He) के साथ नकारात्मक वर्तमान काल में 'does not' (doesn't) का प्रयोग होता है और मुख्य क्रिया अपने मूल रूप (base form: like) में रहती है। अतः 'He doesn't like apples' सही वाक्य है। अतः विकल्प C सही है।

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609📚General Awareness & ScienceSocio-Religious Movements

Who is known as the 'Father of Indian Renaissance'?
A) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
B) Mahatma Gandhi
C) Swami Vivekananda
D) Rabindranath Tagore

Explanation

Raja Ram Mohan Roy is celebrated as the 'Father of the Indian Renaissance' and the 'Maker of Modern India' for his pioneering socio-religious reform movements, foundation of the Brahmo Samaj (1828), and successful campaign against Sati (banned in 1829).

राजा राम मोहन राय को सामाजिक-धार्मिक सुधारों, 1828 में ब्रह्म समाज की स्थापना और 1829 में सती प्रथा उन्मूलन के अग्रणी प्रयासों के कारण 'भारतीय पुनर्जागरण का जनक' (Father of Indian Renaissance) कहा जाता है। अतः विकल्प A सही है।

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610📚General Awareness & ScienceFamous Books & Authors

Who wrote the book 'Discovery of India'?
A) Jawaharlal Nehru
B) Mahatma Gandhi
C) Rabindranath Tagore
D) Sardar Patel

Explanation

'The Discovery of India' was written by India's first Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, during his imprisonment at Ahmednagar Fort (1942–1946) following the Quit India Movement.

'द डिस्कवरी ऑफ इंडिया' (भारत की खोज) पुस्तक भारत के प्रथम प्रधानमंत्री पंडित जवाहरलाल नेहरू द्वारा 1942-1946 में अहमदनगर किले में बंदी रहने के दौरान लिखी गई थी। अतः विकल्प A सही है।

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611📚General Awareness & ScienceIndian Geography - Rivers

Which Indian river originates from the Amarkantak Plateau?
A) Godavari
B) Narmada
C) Mahanadi
D) Tapi

Explanation

The Narmada River originates from the Amarkantak Plateau in Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh and flows westwards through a rift valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges into the Arabian Sea.

नर्मदा नदी मध्य प्रदेश के अनूपपुर जिले में अमरकंटक के पठार से निकलती है और विंध्य तथा सतपुड़ा पर्वत श्रेणियों के बीच भ्रंश घाटी (Rift Valley) से होकर पश्चिम की ओर बहती हुई अरब सागर में गिरती है। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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612📚General Knowledge with special reference to UT of J&KFestivals and Culture of J&K

The popular Kashmiri festival Herath is associated with which religion?
A) Hinduism
B) Muslim
C) Buddhism
D) Jainism

Explanation

Herath (derived from the Sanskrit 'Hararatri' or night of Hara/Shiva) is the most prominent religious festival of Kashmiri Pandits (Hinduism), celebrated during Maha Shivratri over several days with elaborate rituals and walnut offerings (Doon Mavas).

हेरथ (Herath - हररात्रि) कश्मीरी पंडितों (हिंदू धर्म) का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण और पवित्र त्योहार है, जो महाशिवरात्रि के पावन अवसर पर कई दिनों तक पारंपरिक रीति-रिवाजों और अखरोट (दून मावस) के प्रसाद के साथ मनाया जाता है। अतः विकल्प A सही है।

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613📚Civil EngineeringIrrigation Engineering - Water Requirements of Crops

Find the delta for a crop when its duty is 864 hectares/cumec on the field, the base period of this crop is 120 days.
A) 104 cm
B) 120 cm
C) 138 cm
D) 720 cm

Explanation

The relationship between delta (Δ), duty (D), and base period (B) is: Δ = (8.64 B) / D (in meters). Here, B = 120 days and D = 864 hectares/cumec. Δ = (8.64 120) / 864 = 1036.8 / 864 = 1.20 meters = 120 cm.

डेल्टा (Δ), ड्यूटी (D) और आधार अवधि (B) के बीच का संबंध: Δ = (8.64 B) / D मीटर होता है। यहाँ B = 120 दिन और D = 864 हेक्टेयर/क्युमेक। अतः Δ = (8.64 120) / 864 = 1.20 मीटर = 120 सेमी। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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614📚Civil EngineeringIrrigation & Hydrology - Groundwater Recharge

The recharging rate of groundwater depends upon _______ and on the depth of water stored, and is generally less.
A) the permeability of the spread area
B) Renney type wells
C) Infiltration tube springs
D) None of the above

Explanation

In groundwater artificial recharge techniques (such as spreading basins or recharge ponds), the infiltration and recharging rate depends directly on the hydraulic conductivity and permeability of the soil in the spreading area as well as the hydraulic head (depth of water stored).

भूजल के कृत्रिम पुनर्भरण (Groundwater recharge) की दर मुख्य रूप से फैलाव क्षेत्र की पारगम्यता (Permeability of the spread area) और संग्रहित जल की गहराई पर निर्भर करती है। अतः विकल्प A सही उत्तर है।

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615📚Civil EngineeringEnvironmental Engineering & Construction - Trench Excavation

When the depth of trench exceeds 1.5 to 2 m, and when excavation is made with sides vertical, it becomes necessary to support the side by sheeting and bracing. This operation is known as
A) shafts of trench
B) electro-osmosis
C) boning of trench
D) timbering of trench

Explanation

Supporting the vertical sides of deep excavated trenches (depths > 1.5 m) using timber or steel sheeting, walings, struts, and bracing to prevent soil collapse is termed 'timbering of trenches' (also known as shoring or trench sheeting).

जब खाई की गहराई 1.5 से 2 मीटर से अधिक हो जाती है और किनारे सीधे लंबवत खोदे जाते हैं, तो मिट्टी को ढहने से रोकने के लिए लकड़ी के तख्तों, बल्लियों और टेक (sheeting and bracing) द्वारा किनारों को सहारा दिया जाता है। इस क्रिया को 'खाई की टिम्बरिंग' (Timbering of trench / Shoring) कहा जाता है। अतः विकल्प D सही है।

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616📚Civil EngineeringGeotechnical Engineering - Soil Phase Relationships

The void ratio of a fully saturated soil sample having a porosity of 0.3 is
A) 0.26
B) 0.66
C) 0.43
D) 1.0

Explanation

The relationship between void ratio (e) and porosity (n) is: e = n / (1 - n). Given porosity n = 0.3: e = 0.3 / (1 - 0.3) = 0.3 / 0.7 = 3 / 7 = 0.42857 ≈ 0.43.

रिक्तता अनुपात (e) और सरंध्रता (n) का संबंध: e = n / (1 - n)। यहाँ n = 0.3। अतः e = 0.3 / (1 - 0.3) = 0.3 / 0.7 = 3/7 = 0.42857 ≈ 0.43। अतः विकल्प C सही उत्तर है।

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617📚Civil EngineeringGeotechnical Engineering - Density Relationships

The soil has a bulk density of 55 kN/m³ and water content 10%. The dry density of soil is
A) 5.5 kN/m³
B) 10 kN/m³
C) 50 kN/m³
D) 55 kN/m³

Explanation

Dry density γ_d is related to bulk density γ and moisture content w by: γ_d = γ / (1 + w). Here γ = 55 kN/m³ and w = 10% = 0.10. Therefore, γ_d = 55 / (1 + 0.10) = 55 / 1.10 = 50 kN/m³.

शुष्क घनत्व γ_d = γ / (1 + w)। यहाँ स्थूल घनत्व γ = 55 kN/m³ और जल अंश w = 10% = 0.10। अतः शुष्क घनत्व γ_d = 55 / (1 + 0.10) = 55 / 1.10 = 50 kN/m³। विकल्प C सही उत्तर है।

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618📚Civil EngineeringGeotechnical Engineering - Soil Stabilization

Lime stabilization is very effective in treating
A) Sandy soil
B) Silty soil
C) Non-plastic soil
D) Plastic clayey soil

Explanation

Lime stabilization relies on cation exchange and pozzolanic reactions between lime (calcium hydroxide) and the silica/alumina in clay minerals. It causes flocculation, sharply reduces the plasticity index, controls swell-shrink behavior, and increases bearing capacity. Thus, it is most effective in highly plastic clayey soils.

चूना स्थिरीकरण (Lime stabilization) अत्यधिक सुघट्य मृत्तिका (Plastic clayey soil) के उपचार में सर्वाधिक प्रभावी होता है। चूना मिट्टी के खनिजों के साथ पॉज़ोलैनिक अभिक्रिया करके उसकी सुघट्यता सूचकांक (Plasticity Index) को घटाता है और सामर्थ्य बढ़ाता है। अतः विकल्प D सही है।

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619📚Civil EngineeringGeotechnical Engineering - Particle Size Classification

Soil which contains finest grain particles
A) Fine sand
B) Sand
C) Clay
D) Silt

Explanation

As per the Indian Standard Soil Classification System (IS 1498): Gravel (> 4.75 mm), Sand (0.075 mm to 4.75 mm), Silt (0.002 mm to 0.075 mm), and Clay (< 0.002 mm or < 2 μm). Clay has the finest particle size.

भारतीय मानक मृदा वर्गीकरण (IS 1498) के अनुसार:
बजरी (> 4.75 मिमी), बालू (0.075 से 4.75 मिमी), गाद/सिल्ट (0.002 से 0.075 मिमी), तथा मृत्तिका/क्ले (< 0.002 मिमी अर्थात 2 माइक्रोन से कम)। अतः क्ले (Clay) में सबसे महीन कण होते हैं। विकल्प C सही उत्तर है।

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620📚Civil EngineeringGeotechnical Engineering - Atterberg Limits

The minimum water content at which the soil just begins to crumble when rolled into threads of 3 mm in diameter, is known as
A) Liquid limit
B) Plastic limit
C) Shrinkage limit
D) Permeability limit

Explanation

The Plastic Limit (PL or w_p) of a soil is defined as the minimum moisture content at which the soil can be rolled into threads of 3 mm diameter without crumbling, transitioning from the plastic state to the semi-solid state.

वह न्यूनतम जल अंश (Water content) जिस पर मिट्टी को 3 मिमी व्यास के धागों में बेलने पर वह बिखरना या टूटना (crumble) शुरू कर देती है, सुघट्यता सीमा (Plastic limit) कहलाती है। अतः विकल्प B सही उत्तर है।

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621📚Civil EngineeringGeotechnical Engineering - Consistency Indices

Consider soil as a three-phase system, the ratio of (Liquid Limit - Natural water Content) to Plasticity Index for the soil mass is called
A) Liquidity index
B) Shrinkage ratio
C) Consistency index
D) Toughness index

Explanation

The Consistency Index (or Relative Consistency, I_c) is defined as: I_c = (w_L - w) / I_p = (Liquid Limit - Natural water Content) / Plasticity Index. (In contrast, Liquidity Index is I_l = (w - w_P) / I_p).

सघनता सूचकांक (Consistency Index, I_c) को (तरल सीमा - प्राकृतिक जल अंश) और सुघट्यता सूचकांक के अनुपात के रूप में परिभाषित किया जाता है: I_c = (w_L - w) / I_p। (जबकि तरलता सूचकांक I_l = (w - w_p) / I_p होता है)। अतः विकल्प C सही उत्तर है।

2025JKSSB

622📚Civil EngineeringGeotechnical Engineering - Grain Size Distribution

Which of the following is a measure of particle size range?
A) Effective size
B) Uniformity coefficient
C) Effective diameter
D) Elongation index

Explanation

The Uniformity Coefficient (C_u = D₆₀ / D₁₀) is a numerical measure of the particle size range or width of grain sizes present in a soil mass. A higher C_u indicates a wide range of particle sizes (well-graded soil), while C_u close to 1 indicates a uniform soil of narrow particle size range.

समानता गुणांक (Uniformity coefficient, C_u = D₆₀ / D₁₀) मिट्टी के कणों के आकार के प्रसार/विस्तार (particle size range) का माप होता है। C_u का बड़ा मान यह दर्शाता है कि मिट्टी में विभिन्न आकारों के कणों की विस्तृत श्रृंखला उपस्थित है। अतः विकल्प B सही है।

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623📚Civil EngineeringGeotechnical Engineering - Proctor Compaction Test

From a laboratory proctor compaction test data, the mass of the soil and water content is found to be 1100 g and 10% respectively. The volume of the proctor mould used is 1000 cm³, then the dry density (γ_d) of the soil is
A) 1 g/cm³
B) 1.10 g/cm³
C) 1.50 g/cm³
D) 1.15 g/cm³

Explanation

Bulk density ρ = Total Mass / Mould Volume = 1100 g / 1000 cm³ = 1.10 g/cm³. Moisture content w = 10% = 0.10. Dry density ρ_d = ρ / (1 + w) = 1.10 / (1 + 0.10) = 1.10 / 1.10 = 1.0 g/cm³.

स्थूल घनत्व ρ = कुल द्रव्यमान / आयतन = 1100 g / 1000 cm³ = 1.10 g/cm³। जल अंश w = 10% = 0.10। अतः शुष्क घनत्व ρ_d = ρ / (1 + w) = 1.10 / (1 + 0.10) = 1.0 g/cm³। विकल्प A सही उत्तर है।

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624📚Civil EngineeringGeotechnical Engineering - Shear Strength of Soil

In an unconfined compression test, a saturated clay sample, fails under a load of 150 N. Consider final cross-section area (A_f) = 2250 mm². Then the shear resistance (cohesion) of the sample is
A) 66.21 kPa
B) 34.95 kPa
C) 33.33 kPa
D) 15 kPa

Explanation

In an unconfined compression test on saturated clay (φ = 0): Unconfined compressive strength q_u = Failure Load / A_f = 150 N / (2250 10⁻⁶ m²) = (150 / 2250) 10⁶ Pa = 66,666.67 Pa = 66.67 kPa. Undrained shear strength (cohesion) c_u = q_u / 2 = 66.67 kPa / 2 = 33.33 kPa.

असीमित संपीडन परीक्षण (UCC) में संपीडन सामर्थ्य q_u = भार / A_f = 150 N / (2250 * 10⁻⁶ m²) = 66.67 kPa। शुद्ध मृत्तिका (φ = 0) के लिए कर्तन सामर्थ्य (संसंजन c_u) = q_u / 2 = 66.67 / 2 = 33.33 kPa होता है। अतः विकल्प C सही उत्तर है।

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625📚Civil EngineeringGeotechnical Engineering - Soil Tests & Specifications

Consider the following pairs:
i. Standard Proctor Test - 1. [C, φ], apparent cohesion and angle of internal friction
ii. Modified Proctor Test - 2. 03 layers, 310 mm height of drop
iii. Direct Shear Test - 3. 05 layers, 450 mm height of drop
iv. Triaxial Test - 4. [C', φ'], strength parameter
Which of the pair given below is correctly matched?
A) (i) - (1), (ii) - (2), (iii) - (4), (iv) - (3)
B) (i) - (2), (ii) - (3), (iii) - (1), (iv) - (4)
C) (i) - (3), (ii) - (2), (iii) - (1), (iv) - (4)
D) (i) - (4), (ii) - (3), (iii) - (1), (iv) - (2)

Explanation

Matching geotechnical tests with their parameters and specifications:
(i) Standard Proctor Test: Compaction in 3 layers with 310 mm hammer drop -> 2
(ii) Modified Proctor Test: Heavy compaction in 5 layers with 450 mm hammer drop -> 3
(iii) Direct Shear Test: Yields total/apparent shear parameters [c, φ] -> 1
(iv) Triaxial Test: Measures pore water pressure to evaluate effective shear parameters [c', φ'] -> 4
Therefore, the correct code is (i)-2, (ii)-3, (iii)-1, (iv)-4.

मृदा परीक्षणों और उनके विनिर्देशों का सही मिलान:
(i) मानक प्रॉक्टर परीक्षण (Standard Proctor): 3 परतें, 310 मिमी ड्राप -> 2
(ii) संशोधित प्रॉक्टर परीक्षण (Modified Proctor): 5 परतें, 450 मिमी ड्राप -> 3
(iii) प्रत्यक्ष कर्तन परीक्षण (Direct Shear): कुल कर्तन प्राचल [c, φ] -> 1
(iv) त्रि-अक्षीय परीक्षण (Triaxial Test): प्रभावी सामर्थ्य प्राचल [c', φ'] -> 4
अतः सही मिलान (i)-2, (ii)-3, (iii)-1, (iv)-4 है। विकल्प B सही उत्तर है।

2025JKSSB

626📚Civil EngineeringHighway Engineering - CBR Test & Compaction

If N = Number of layers, W = Weight of the hammer, H = Height of fall, then which of the following option is correct for California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test using heavy compaction?
A) N = 3, W = 4.89 kg and H = 31 cm
B) N = 3, W = 4.89 kg and H = 45 cm
C) N = 5, W = 4.89 kg and H = 45 cm
D) N = 5, W = 4.89 kg and H = 31 cm

Explanation

According to IS 2720 (Part 8 and Part 16) for heavy compaction in a CBR mould (modified compaction): The soil is compacted in N = 5 equal layers, using a hammer of weight W = 4.89 kg (or 4.90 kg) with a free drop height H = 45 cm (450 mm), with 56 blows per layer. Thus, N = 5, W = 4.89 kg, and H = 45 cm.

भारतीय मानक (IS 2720 भाग 8 और 16) के अनुसार भारी संघनन (Heavy/Modified compaction) के तहत CBR परीक्षण के विनिर्देश:
परतों की संख्या N = 5,
हथौड़े का भार W = 4.89 kg (या 4.9 kg),
तथा गिरने की ऊंचाई H = 45 cm (450 mm)।
अतः सही विकल्प C है।

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627📚Civil EngineeringGeotechnical & Highway Engineering - Particle Size Distribution

The coefficient of uniformity is defined as
A) Cu = D₃₀ / D₁₀
B) Cu = D₆₀ / D₁₀
C) Cu = [D₃₀]² / D₁₀
D) Cu = D₃₀ / (D₁₀ * D₆₀)

Explanation

The Coefficient of Uniformity (C_u) is defined as the ratio of D₆₀ (particle size such that 60% of soil particles are finer) to D₁₀ (effective size such that 10% are finer): C_u = D₆₀ / D₁₀. (Coefficient of curvature is C_c = [D₃₀]² / (D₆₀ * D₁₀)).

समानता गुणांक (Coefficient of Uniformity, C_u) को C_u = D₆₀ / D₁₀ के रूप में परिभाषित किया जाता है, जहाँ D₆₀ वह आकार है जिससे 60% कण महीन हैं और D₁₀ प्रभावी आकार (Effective size) है। (वक्रता गुणांक C_c = [D₃₀]² / (D₆₀ * D₁₀) होता है)। अतः विकल्प B सही उत्तर है।

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628📚Civil EngineeringHighway Engineering - Aggregate Properties & Tests

Consider the following pairs:
i. Los Angeles abrasion - 1. Gradation
ii. Size - 2. Toughness
iii. Durability - 3. Hardness
iv. Impact - 4. Soundness
Which of the pair given below is correctly matched?
A) (i)-(2), (ii)-(1), (iii)-(3), (iv)-(4)
B) (i)-(2), (ii)-(4), (iii)-(3), (iv)-(1)
C) (i)-(3), (ii)-(1), (iii)-(4), (iv)-(2)
D) (i)-(3), (ii)-(4), (iii)-(1), (iv)-(2)

Explanation

Road aggregate test parameters:
(i) Los Angeles abrasion test: Measures resistance to wear/abrasion -> Hardness (3)
(ii) Sieve analysis / Size: Measures particle size distribution -> Gradation (1)
(iii) Soundness test: Measures resistance to weathering/durability -> Soundness (4)
(iv) Aggregate Impact test: Measures resistance to impact/shock -> Toughness (2)
Hence, the correct matching is (i)-(3), (ii)-(1), (iii)-(4), (iv)-(2).

सड़क मिलावे (Aggregate) के परीक्षणों और उनके गुणों का मिलान:
(i) लॉस एंजिल्स अपघर्षण परीक्षण: कठोरता (Hardness) मापता है -> 3
(ii) आकार (Size): श्रेणीकरण (Gradation) मापता है -> 1
(iii) स्थायित्व (Durability): सुदृढ़ता (Soundness) मापता है -> 4
(iv) संघात परीक्षण (Impact): चिमड़पन (Toughness) मापता है -> 2
अतः सही मिलान (i)-(3), (ii)-(1), (iii)-(4), (iv)-(2) है। विकल्प C सही उत्तर है।

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629📚Electrical EngineeringDigital Electronics & Microprocessors - Semiconductor Memories

Consider the following statements:
I. SRAM is made up of flip-flops
II. SRAM stores a bit by maintaining a stable on/off state of its transistors
III. DRAM has high speed and low density
IV. DRAM is cheaper than SRAM
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A) I, II and III
B) I, II and IV
C) II, III and IV
D) I, III and IV

Explanation

- Statement I is correct: Static RAM (SRAM) memory cells are cross-coupled bistable flip-flops (typically 6 transistors per cell).
- Statement II is correct: SRAM retains data by holding a stable on/off transistor state as long as power is applied without needing refresh cycles.
- Statement III is incorrect: Dynamic RAM (DRAM) is slower than SRAM and has HIGH density (one transistor and one capacitor per bit cell), not low density.
- Statement IV is correct: Because each DRAM cell requires only a single transistor and capacitor compared to 6 transistors for SRAM, DRAM is much cheaper per bit.
Thus, statements I, II, and IV are correct (Option B).

मेमोरी के संदर्भ में:
- कथन I सही है: SRAM फ्लिप-फ्लॉप से बना होता है।
- कथन II सही है: SRAM ट्रांजिस्टर की स्थिर ऑन/ऑफ अवस्था को बनाए रखकर बिट संग्रहीत करता है (रिफ्रेश की आवश्यकता नहीं होती)।
- कथन III गलत है: DRAM की गति SRAM से धीमी होती है लेकिन इसकी पैकिंग घनत्व (Density) बहुत उच्च (High density) होती है।
- कथन IV सही है: 1T-1C सेल संरचना के कारण DRAM प्रति बिट SRAM की तुलना में बहुत सस्ता होता है।
अतः कथन I, II और IV सही हैं (विकल्प B)।

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630📚Electrical EngineeringMicroprocessors - 8085 Interrupts

Which one of the following is the software interrupt of an 8085 microprocessor?
A) RST 7.5
B) INTR
C) TRAP
D) RST 7

Explanation

The 8085 microprocessor features five hardware interrupts: TRAP (non-maskable), RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR. In contrast, its software interrupts are the eight Restart instructions: RST 0, RST 1, RST 2, RST 3, RST 4, RST 5, RST 6, and RST 7 (vectored to addresses

n \times 8

, e.g., RST 7 vectors to

0038\text{H}

). Thus, RST 7 is a software interrupt.

8085 माइक्रोप्रोसेसर में पांच हार्डवेयर इंटरप्ट होते हैं: TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 और INTR। इसके विपरीत, RST 0 से लेकर RST 7 तक (8 निर्देश) सॉफ्टवेयर इंटरप्ट कहलाते हैं, जिन्हें प्रोग्राम के भीतर निष्पादित किया जाता है। अतः दिए गए विकल्पों में RST 7 एक सॉफ्टवेयर इंटरप्ट है (विकल्प D सही है)।

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631📚Electrical EngineeringMicroprocessors - 8085 Stack Operations

In the 8085 microprocessor, during the PUSH PSW operation, the stack pointer is:
A) Decremented by one
B) Incremented by one
C) Decremented by two
D) Incremented by two

Explanation

In the 8085 microprocessor, the stack grows downward in memory. The instruction PUSH PSW pushes the contents of the Program Status Word (the Accumulator and the Flag register) onto the stack. Since PSW is a 16-bit quantity (two 8-bit bytes: first Accumulator at

SP-1

, then Flags at

SP-2

), the 16-bit Stack Pointer (SP) register is decremented by two (

SP \leftarrow SP - 2

8085 माइक्रोप्रोसेसर में स्टैक मेमोरी में नीचे की ओर (उच्च से निम्न पते की ओर) बढ़ता है। 'PUSH PSW' निर्देश एक्युमुलेटर और फ्लैग रजिस्टर (कुल 2 बाइट / 16 बिट्स) की सामग्री को स्टैक में सुरक्षित करता है। प्रत्येक बाइट को पुश करने पर स्टैक पॉइंटर 1 घटता है, अतः 2 बाइट्स के लिए स्टैक पॉइंटर 2 कम हो जाता है (Decremented by two)। सही उत्तर विकल्प C है।

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632📚Electrical EngineeringPower Systems - Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation & Safety

A microprocessor-based safety control system installed in a nuclear power plant must be stress tested under which of the following conditions?
I. Ageing due to radiation
II. Thermal stresses
III. Seismic vibration
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A) I and II only
B) II and III only
C) I and III only
D) All of the above

Explanation

Safety-grade Instrumentation and Control (I&C) systems in nuclear facilities must undergo comprehensive Environmental Qualification (EQ) testing (per IEEE 323 and IEEE 344 standards). This qualification mandates rigorous testing for: (I) Radiation-induced ageing and total ionizing dose effects, (II) Harsh environmental thermal stresses and temperature/humidity cycling, and (III) Dynamic seismic shock and vibration shaking table tests to ensure fail-safe shutdown during earthquakes. Therefore, 'All of the above' is correct.

परमाणु ऊर्जा संयंत्रों में स्थापित माइक्रोप्रोसेसर-आधारित सुरक्षा नियंत्रण प्रणालियों को परमाणु सुरक्षा मानकों (IEEE 323/344) के तहत कठोर पर्यावरणीय योग्यता परीक्षणों से गुजरना पड़ता है। इनमें विकिरण के कारण होने वाली उम्र/क्षति (I), तापीय तनाव (II), तथा भूकंपीय कंपन और झटके (III) - ये सभी स्थितियां शामिल होती हैं। अतः सही विकल्प D (All of the above) है।

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633📚Questioned DocumentsIndented Writing Examination

Which factor most directly affects whether these indentations can be successfully visualized and recorded?

Explanation

The primary factor determining the formation, depth, and recoverability of indented impressions (via oblique lighting or Electrostatic Detection Apparatus - ESDA) is the downward pressure characteristics exerted by the writer.

दबे हुए लेख (indented writing) के निर्माण और पुनर्प्राप्ति (ESDA या तिरछी रोशनी द्वारा) को सबसे प्रत्यक्ष रूप से लेखक द्वारा लिखते समय लगाया गया दबाव (pressure characteristics) प्रभावित करता है।

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634📚Physical & Trace EvidenceGlass Density Measurement

Floatation method is used to measure:

Explanation

The sink-float (flotation) method in forensic science uses dense liquids (e.g., bromoform and bromobenzene) to precisely measure the density of minute glass fragments and soil minerals.

फोरेंसिक विज्ञान में फ्लोटेशन विधि का उपयोग कांच के टुकड़ों या मिट्टी के खनिजों के घनत्व (Density) को सटीक रूप से मापने के लिए किया जाता है।

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635📚Cyber Forensics & Digital EvidenceMobile Operating System Security

Which of the following is the feature of IOS?

Explanation

Application Sandboxing is a foundational security architecture of Apple's iOS, which restricts each mobile application to its own designated container directory and prevents unauthorized access to other apps or system resources.

एप्लिकेशन सैंडबॉक्सिंग (Sandboxing) ऐप्पल के iOS की एक आधारभूत सुरक्षा विशेषता है, जो प्रत्येक ऐप को उसके अपने अलग कंटेनर तक सीमित करती है और अनधिकृत डेटा एक्सेस को रोकती है।

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636📚Physical & Trace EvidenceForensic Soil Analysis

Study of soil is known as:

Explanation

Pedology is the discipline of soil science focused on the formation, morphology, classification, and physical/chemical properties of soils in their natural environment.

मिट्टी के निर्माण, संरचना और गुणों के वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन को मृदा विज्ञान / पेडोलॉजी (Pedology) कहा जाता है।

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637📚Security Documents & PrintingIndian Banknote Security Features

Which of the following security feature is NOT present in Indian currency notes?\nI. Anti photocopying features\nII. IR features\nIII. Micro printing\nIV. Hologram\nOptions:

Explanation

Indian banknotes incorporate microprinting (III), infrared features (II), and Omron anti-copying rings, but do NOT feature an applied foil patch hologram (IV). Option C pairs this distinction.

भारतीय करेंसी नोटों में माइक्रो-प्रिंटिंग, IR फीचर्स और एंटी-कॉपी पैटर्न मौजूद हैं, लेकिन इन नोटों पर पैच होलोग्राम (Hologram) नहीं होता है। अतः I and IV सही विकल्प है।

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638📚Forensic PrinciplesLocard's Exchange Principle

Locard's exchange principle implies all of the following except

Explanation

Locard's Exchange Principle states that 'every contact leaves a trace'—referring strictly to mutual cross-transfer of physical trace materials (fibers, hairs, soil, dust). Using blood spatter pattern geometry to deduce blood type or velocity is a biological/physical analysis, not an example of physical material transfer.

लोकार्ड का विनिमय सिद्धांत कहता है कि 'प्रत्येक संपर्क एक निशान छोड़ता है', जो भौतिक सूक्ष्म साक्ष्यों (रेषे, बाल, मिट्टी) के परस्पर स्थानांतरण पर लागू होता है। रक्त के छींटों (blood spatter) से रक्त समूह या प्रक्षेपवक्र की पहचान करना एक जैविक/भौतिक विश्लेषण है, न कि दो वस्तुओं के संपर्क से ट्रेस साक्ष्य का स्थानांतरण।

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639📚General EnglishReading Comprehension - Global Warming

How does global warming impact biodiversity?

Explanation

The passage states that many species of plants and animals cannot adapt quickly to the rapidly changing climate, which leads to a decline in their populations.

गद्यांश में स्पष्ट उल्लेख है कि बदलते जलवायु के अनुकूल कई पौधे और जानवर तेजी से नहीं ढल पाते, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप उनकी आबादी में गिरावट आती है।

2026JKSSBInformation Technology Department

640📚Physical Geography & ClimatologyWeather vs Climate Differences

Which of the following best distinguishes weather from climate?

Explanation

Weather describes the day-to-day, short-term state of the atmosphere (hours to days), whereas climate represents the statistical average of atmospheric conditions over a prolonged period (typically 30 years or more).

मौसम (Weather) वायुमंडल की अल्पकालिक दैनिक स्थितियों (दिन-प्रतिदिन) का वर्णन करता है, जबकि जलवायु (Climate) लंबे समय (आमतौर पर 30 वर्ष या अधिक) के मौसम की औसत दशाओं को दर्शाती है।

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641📚Basic ReasoningLetter Analogy - Vowels and Consonants Sorting

WOMEN : EOMNW :: APPLE : __ ?

Explanation

In the word WOMEN, the vowels are arranged first in alphabetical order (E, O), followed by the consonants arranged in alphabetical order (M, N, W) -> EOMNW. Applying the same logic to APPLE: Vowels alphabetically: A, E; Consonants alphabetically: L, P, P -> AELPP.

WOMEN शब्द में पहले स्वरों को वर्णानुक्रम में (E, O) लिखा गया है, फिर व्यंजनों को वर्णानुक्रम में (M, N, W) लिखा गया है -> EOMNW। APPLE के लिए: स्वर वर्णानुक्रम में: A, E; व्यंजन वर्णानुक्रम में: L, P, P => AELPP।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

642📚General EnglishReading Comprehension

Based on the passage on Social Forestry, what is the central distinction between commercial forestry and social forestry?
A) The type of soil required for planting.
B) The focus on local community needs versus industrial timber.
C) The involvement of government officials in management.
D) The geographical location of the forest reserves.

Explanation

The passage states explicitly: 'Unlike commercial forestry, which prioritises timber for industry, social forestry focuses on providing "the five F's": Fuel, Food, Fodder, Fibre, and Fertiliser' for local community subsistence.

गद्यांश में स्पष्ट रूप से उल्लेख है: 'Unlike commercial forestry, which prioritises timber for industry, social forestry focuses on providing the five F's', यानी स्थानीय समुदाय की आवश्यकताओं (ईंधन, चारा आदि) की पूर्ति बनाम उद्योगों के लिए लकड़ी।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

643📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsIndian Geography (Soils of India)

Consider the following statements about Laterite soils:
I. These are formed in areas with high temperatures and low rainfall.
II. These soils contain excess iron oxide, giving them a reddish colour.
III. Lime and silica get leached due to atmospheric conditions.
Which of the above statements are INCORRECT?
A) I and II only
B) I only
C) II only
D) None of the above

Explanation

- Statement I is INCORRECT: Laterite soils develop in tropical regions with high temperature AND alternate periods of HEAVY / high rainfall (not low rainfall).
- Statement II is correct: Laterite soils are rich in iron oxide and aluminium, giving them a characteristic reddish brick color.
- Statement III is correct: Under heavy rains and tropical leaching, silica and lime are intensely leached away into deeper subsoil.
Since the question asks which statement is INCORRECT, the answer is I only.

- कथन I गलत है: लैटेराइट मिट्टी का निर्माण उच्च तापमान और अत्यधिक / भारी वर्षा (वैकल्पिक शुष्क और आर्द्र मौसम) वाले क्षेत्रों में होता है, न कि कम वर्षा वाले क्षेत्रों में।
- कथन II सही है: इस मिट्टी में आयरन ऑक्साइड और एल्युमीनियम की प्रचुरता होती है, जिससे इसका रंग लाल-ईंट जैसा होता है।
- कथन III सही है: भारी वर्षा के कारण तीव्र निक्षालन (leaching) से चूना और सिलिका धुल जाते हैं।
प्रश्न में गलत कथन पूछा गया है, अतः केवल I गलत है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

644📚Mental Ability & ReasoningSyllogism

Consider the following statements and conclusion:
Statements: All fruits are sweet. All apples are fruits.
Conclusion: All apples are sweet.
A) True
B) False
C) Cannot be determined
D) Invalid

Explanation

From the premises: All apples are fruits, and All fruits are sweet. By the transitive law of syllogisms (Barbara mood AAA-1), 'All apples are sweet' is a direct, valid deduction. Hence, True.

कथनों के अनुसार: सभी सेब फल हैं, और सभी फल मीठे हैं। अतः स्पष्ट निष्कर्ष निकलता है कि 'सभी सेब मीठे हैं'। इसलिए यह सत्य (True) है।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

645🔬General ScienceThermal Physics & Physical Geography

Two places, X (terrestrial) and Y (marine), are at the same latitude. During summer, Place X records 42°C and Place Y records 32°C. During winter, Place X records 0°C and Place Y records 10°C. What is the most plausible explanation?
A) Variation in the altitudes of Place X and Y
B) Land has a higher specific heat capacity than oceans
C) Land has a lower specific heat capacity than oceans
D) Variation in thermal insulation at places X and Y

Explanation

Water has a very high specific heat capacity (~4184 J/kg·K) compared to dry soil and rock (~800 J/kg·K). Consequently, land heats up much faster and to higher temperatures in summer, and cools down much more rapidly and severely in winter (continentality effect), whereas maritime locations experience moderating marine influences.

जल की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता भूमि (मिट्टी व चट्टान) की तुलना में बहुत अधिक होती है। अतः भूमि की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता कम होने के कारण यह गर्मियों में तेजी से गर्म होकर 42°C तक पहुँच जाती है और सर्दियों में तेजी से ठंडी होकर 0°C तक गिर जाती है।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

646📚General Knowledge & Current AffairsGovernment Initiatives in J&K (ODOP)

Match the following Districts of J&K with their designated Products under One District One Product (ODOP):
Districts:
i. Baramulla
ii. Udhampur
iii. Samba
iv. Ramban

Products under ODOP:
a. Pickles
b. Apples
c. Honey
d. Mushroom products

Choose the correct option:
A) i-a, ii-b, iii-c, iv-d
B) i-b, ii-c, iii-d, iv-a
C) i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c
D) i-a, ii-c, iii-b, iv-d

Explanation

Under the One District One Product (ODOP) initiative in Jammu & Kashmir:
- Baramulla: Apple (i -> b)
- Udhampur: Pickles / Kud Kaladi (ii -> a)
- Samba: Mushroom / Mushroom products (iii -> d)
- Ramban: Honey / Sulai Honey (iv -> c).
Matching: i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c.

जम्मू-कश्मीर में 'एक जिला एक उत्पाद' (ODOP) के तहत:
- बारामूला: सेब (i -> b)
- उधमपुर: अचार / कलाड़ी (ii -> a)
- सांबा: मशरूम उत्पाद (iii -> d)
- रामबन: सुलाई शहद (iv -> c)।
अतः सही मिलान i-b, ii-a, iii-d, iv-c है।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

647📚Basic ScienceChemistry - Organic Acids

Match the following Organic Acids with their corresponding sources:
ACIDS:
i. Oxalic acid
ii. Acetic acid
iii. Ascorbic acid
iv. Methanoic acid
v. Malic acid

SOURCES:
a. Dark chocolate
b. Ant sting
c. Apples
d. Guava, amla
e. Vinegar

Choose the correct option:
A) i-a, ii-b, iii-c, iv-d, v-e
B) i-e, ii-c, iii-d, iv-a, v-b
C) i-b, ii-a, iii-e, iv-c, v-d
D) i-a, ii-e, iii-d, iv-b, v-c

Explanation

Matching natural organic acids with their natural sources:
- Oxalic acid (i) -> Dark chocolate / spinach (a)
- Acetic acid (ii) -> Vinegar (e)
- Ascorbic acid / Vitamin C (iii) -> Guava, amla (d)
- Methanoic acid / Formic acid (iv) -> Ant sting (b)
- Malic acid (v) -> Apples (c)
Hence, the correct sequence is i-a, ii-e, iii-d, iv-b, v-c.

कार्बनिक अम्लों का सही मिलान:
- ऑक्सालिक एसिड (i): डार्क चॉकलेट (a)
- एसिटिक एसिड (ii): सिरका (e)
- एस्कॉर्बिक एसिड (iii): अमरूद, आंवला (d)
- मेथनोइक एसिड (iv): चींटी का डंक (b)
- मैलिक एसिड (v): सेब (c)
अतः सही विकल्प D (i-a, ii-e, iii-d, iv-b, v-c) है।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

648📚Basic ScienceBiology - Environmental Issues

Which of the following ozone-depleting substances are correctly matched with their primary sources?
A) Halons — Soil fumigant
B) Methyl bromide — Degreasing solvent
C) Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) — Fire extinguishers
D) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) — Refrigerants and aerosol propellants

Explanation

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were widely manufactured as refrigerants in cooling appliances and propellants in aerosol spray cans. Halons are fire extinguishing agents, and methyl bromide is an agricultural soil fumigant. Thus D is the correctly matched pair.

क्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन (CFCs) का मुख्य स्रोत रेफ्रिजरेटर और एरोसोल प्रणोदक हैं। हैलॉन अग्निशामक में और मिथाइल ब्रोमाइड मृदा धूमक के रूप में उपयोग होता है। अतः विकल्प D सही है।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

649📚Basic Computer ApplicationsMS Word - Section Breaks & Page Numbering

Anaya is making a long report in MS Word. She wants pages 1–3 to use Roman numerals (i, ii, iii) and the rest to start from 1, 2, 3.... She does not know how to set different page numbering styles in one document. What should she do?
A) Use Mixed Numbering from the Insert tab
B) Add a section break and format page numbers separately
C) Use the Pagination Wizard from the Layout tab and assign custom numbering templates
D) Change the numbering style from the Font settings

Explanation

In Microsoft Word, formatting different page number formats (e.g., Roman numerals followed by Arabic numerals starting at 1) requires inserting a Section Break (Next Page) between the sections and unlinking headers/footers to format page numbers independently in each section.

MS Word में एक ही दस्तावेज़ में अलग-अलग पेज नंबर शैलियाँ लागू करने के लिए सेक्शन ब्रेक (Section Break) जोड़ना पड़ता है और फिर प्रत्येक सेक्शन के पेज नंबरों को स्वतंत्र रूप से फॉर्मेट किया जाता है।

2026JKSSBSchool Education Department

650📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KGovernment Schemes & Agriculture

What are the key components of the recently launched Digital Agriculture Mission in India?
I. Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for Agriculture, i.e. Agristack, Krishi Decision Support System, Comprehensive Soil Fertility, and Profile Maps.
II. Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES).
III. Support for the Mahalanobis National Crop Forecasting Centre (MNCFC).

Identify the correct statements:
A) I and III only
B) II and III only
C) I and II only
D) I, II and III only

Explanation

Approved by the Union Cabinet in September 2024 with a budget outlay of ₹2,817 crore, the Digital Agriculture Mission incorporates: 1) AgriStack (farmer registry, geo-referenced village maps, crop sowing registry), 2) Krishi Decision Support System (DSS) using remote sensing and soil maps, 3) Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES) for accurate yield estimations, and 4) institutional capacity building including the Mahalanobis National Crop Forecasting Centre (MNCFC). All three statements are correct.

सितंबर 2024 में अनुमोदित डिजिटल कृषि मिशन के तहत एग्रीस्टैक व मृदा मानचित्र (I), डिजिटल सामान्य फसल अनुमान सर्वेक्षण (DGCES) (II), और महालनोबिस राष्ट्रीय फसल पूर्वानुमान केंद्र (MNCFC) का सुदृढ़ीकरण (III) तीनों प्रमुख घटक शामिल हैं। अतः सही विकल्प D है।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

651📚General Awareness with special ref to J&KClimatology - Köppen Classification

Which Köppen climate type is described by the following characteristics?
I. Average monthly temperature rarely falls below 18°C.
II. Annual rainfall exceeds 2000 mm, distributed evenly throughout the year.
III. Humid conditions support dense evergreen forests.

A) Aw - Tropical savanna
B) Af - Tropical rainforest
C) Am - Tropical monsoon
D) BWh - Hot desert

Explanation

In the Köppen climate classification, 'Af' denotes a Tropical Rainforest climate ('A' = megathermal/tropical with monthly temperatures above 18°C, 'f' = fully humid without a dry season). Constant precipitation throughout the year exceeding 2000 mm sustains tropical evergreen rainforest biomes.

कोपेन जलवायु वर्गीकरण में 'Af' उष्णकटिबंधीय वर्षावन जलवायु (Tropical rainforest) को दर्शाता है, जहाँ पूरे वर्ष कोई शुष्क मौसम नहीं होता, तापमान 18°C से अधिक रहता है और वर्षा 2000 मिमी से अधिक होती है।

2026JKSSBGeneral Administration Department

652📚General Awareness & ScienceIndian Geography - Climate

Consider the following statements:
Assertion (A): The Western Ghats receive heavy rainfall.
Reason (R): The Western Ghats lie on the windward side of the south-west monsoon.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A) Both A and R are true, and R correctly explains A
B) Both A and R are true, but R does not explain A
C) A is true, but R is false
D) A is false but R is true

Explanation

Both Assertion and Reason are true, and R correctly explains A. The Western Ghats run parallel to the western coast and obstruct the moisture-bearing Arabian Sea branch of the South-West monsoon winds on their windward slopes, resulting in heavy orographic precipitation.

अभिकथन (A) और कारण (R) दोनों सत्य हैं और R, A की सही व्याख्या करता है। पश्चिमी घाट दक्षिण-पश्चिम मानसून की अरब सागर शाखा के पवनाभिमुख ढाल पर स्थित हैं, जिससे यहाँ भारी पर्वतीय वर्षा (orographic rainfall) होती है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

653📚General Awareness & ScienceGovernment Schemes and Governance

Which ministry is responsible for the implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission - Grameen?
A) Ministry of Rural Development
B) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
C) Ministry of Jal Shakti
D) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

Explanation

Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) is implemented by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation under the Ministry of Jal Shakti. (The urban counterpart, SBM-Urban, is implemented by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs).

स्वच्छ भारत मिशन (ग्रामीण) का क्रियान्वयन जल शक्ति मंत्रालय के तहत पेयजल और स्वच्छता विभाग द्वारा किया जाता है। (स्वच्छ भारत मिशन-शहरी का क्रियान्वयन आवास और शहरी मामलों के मंत्रालय द्वारा किया जाता है)।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

654📚Environment, Ecology & ForestryClimate Change - COP26 Panchamrit

As of February 2026, which of the following best describes India's progress towards its 'Panchamrit' targets outlined at COP-26 held at Glasgow?
A) India has successfully achieved the target of 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity.
B) India has decided to shift its net-zero target from 2070 to 2047.
C) Renewable energy accounts for more than 50% of India's daily electricity production.
D) India's total non-fossil power installed capacity crossed 50% of the total installed electricity capacity of the country.

Explanation

India achieved one of its landmark Panchamrit COP-26 pledges well ahead of the 2030 deadline by having its installed capacity of non-fossil electric power exceed 50% of its total cumulative installed electricity generation capacity.

भारत ने 2030 की समय सीमा से काफी पहले ही COP-26 पंचामृत का महत्वपूर्ण लक्ष्य हासिल कर लिया, जिसके तहत देश की कुल स्थापित विद्युत क्षमता में गैर-जीवाश्म स्रोतों (सौर, पवन, पनबिजली, परमाणु आदि) की हिस्सेदारी 50% से अधिक हो गई।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

655📚Environment, Ecology & ForestryEnvironmental Governance and NCAP

Select the correct statements about the Swacch Vayu Survekshan awards, 2025.
I. Indore secured first rank with a score of 200 out of 200 in Category-1 (cities having over 10 lakh population).
II. Amravati secured first rank in Category-2 (cities having population between 3 and 10 lakh).
III. Dewas secured first rank in Category-3 (cities having a population under 3 lakh).
A) I only
B) I and II only
C) II and III only
D) All of the above

Explanation

Under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change's Swachh Vayu Survekshan (National Clean Air Programme), the first ranks across the three population categories were achieved by Indore (Category 1: >10 lakh), Amravati (Category 2: 3-10 lakh), and Dewas (Category 3: <3 lakh). All three statements are correct.

पर्यावरण, वन और जलवायु परिवर्तन मंत्रालय द्वारा राष्ट्रीय स्वच्छ वायु कार्यक्रम (NCAP) के तहत दिए जाने वाले स्वच्छ वायु सर्वेक्षण में: श्रेणी 1 (10 लाख से अधिक आबादी) में इंदौर, श्रेणी 2 (3-10 लाख) में अमरावती तथा श्रेणी 3 (3 लाख से कम) में देवास ने प्रथम स्थान प्राप्त किया। अतः तीनों कथन सही हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

656🔬General ScienceBiology - Plant Physiology and Transport

Which of the following statements about transportation of water, food and minerals in plants is NOT correct?
A) The ascent of sap in tall trees primarily occurs due to transpiration pull, cohesion, and adhesion forces rather than root pressure alone.
B) Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals mainly in an upward direction, while phloem can transport food both upward and downward.
C) Phloem transport requires metabolic energy, whereas xylem transport is largely a passive process.
D) Minerals absorbed by roots move through phloem vessels to reach the leaves where they are utilized for photosynthesis.

Explanation

Statement D is NOT correct because minerals absorbed from the soil by roots are transported to leaves via xylem vessels along with the water stream (ascent of sap), not through phloem vessels (which translocate photosynthesized organic solutes like sucrose).

कथन D गलत है क्योंकि जड़ों द्वारा अवशोषित खनिज जाइलम वाहिकाओं (xylem vessels) के माध्यम से जल के साथ पत्तियों तक पहुँचते हैं, फ्लोएम द्वारा नहीं (फ्लोएम पत्तियों में बने शर्करा और भोजन का संवहन करता है)।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

657📚Environment, Ecology & ForestryEnvironmental Pollution and Toxicology

A city is located near a river and an industrial area. Over time, scientists observed the following:
i. Fish in the river showed bioaccumulation of a persistent chemical that caused neurological disorders in humans who consumed them.
ii. The air contained high levels of a gas that reacts with water to form acid rain, damaging monuments and crops.
iii. Soil had elevated heavy metal concentrations, leading to reduced fertility and toxicity in plants.
On the basis of the given observations, pair each cause (i, ii, iii) with the corresponding pollutant (a, b, c) and answer the correct statement:
a) Mercury
b) Sulfur dioxide
c) Lead
A) i -> a, ii -> b, iii -> c
B) i -> a, ii -> c, iii -> b
C) i -> b, ii -> c, iii -> a
D) i -> c, ii -> b, iii -> a

Explanation

Matching: i. Bioaccumulation in aquatic fish causing severe neurological disorders (Minamata syndrome) is caused by Mercury (a); ii. Gaseous emissions producing sulfuric acid precipitation (acid rain) correspond to Sulfur dioxide (b); iii. Toxic heavy metal accumulation in roadside and industrial soil is associated with Lead (c). Hence, i -> a, ii -> b, iii -> c.

सही मिलान: i. मछलियों में जैव संचय और न्यूरोलॉजिकल विकार (मिनीमाता रोग) - पारा (Mercury, a); ii. जल के साथ मिलकर अम्ल वर्षा करने वाली गैस - सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड (b); iii. मृदा में विषाक्तता पैदा करने वाली भारी धातु - सीसा (Lead, c)। अतः सही विकल्प i -> a, ii -> b, iii -> c है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

658📚Environment, Ecology & ForestryAtmospheric Chemistry and Ozone Layer

Which statement is TRUE regarding the relationship between ozone depletion and climate change?
A) CFCs destroy ozone and contribute to global warming.
B) Ozone depletion directly causes the greenhouse effect.
C) Greenhouse gases directly destroy ozone molecules.
D) Reducing CO2 emissions alone can fully restore the ozone layer.

Explanation

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are dual-acting atmospheric pollutants: they catalytic break down stratospheric ozone via free chlorine radicals and, at the same time, are potent greenhouse gases with extremely high Global Warming Potentials (GWPs thousands of times greater than CO₂).

क्लोरोफ्लोरोकार्बन (CFCs) समताप मंडल में मुक्त क्लोरीन परमाणुओं द्वारा ओजोन परत को नष्ट करते हैं और साथ ही अत्यधिक शक्तिशाली ग्रीनहाउस गैसें होने के कारण ग्लोबल वार्मिंग में भी भारी योगदान देते हैं। अतः कथन A सत्य है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

659📚Environment, Ecology & ForestryWater Conservation & Rainwater Harvesting

Which of the following is/are examples of In-situ rainwater harvesting?

Explanation

- In-situ rainwater harvesting refers to harvesting rainfall directly where it falls, storing moisture within the soil profile of the agricultural field itself through agronomic and soil conservation practices such as mulching, contour bunding, terracing, contour farming, and broad bed furrows.
- Ex-situ rainwater harvesting involves capturing and storing surface runoff into structures outside the soil profile, such as farm ponds, check dams, rooftop cisterns, and underground storage tanks.

- इन-सिटू (स्व-स्थाने) वर्षा जल संचयन का अर्थ है वर्षा की बूंदों को सीधे वहीं संरक्षित करना जहाँ वे गिरती हैं, अर्थात् खेत की मिट्टी के भीतर नमी के रूप में संचित करना। इसके लिए मल्चिंग, कंटूर बंडिंग (समोच्च मेड़बंदी), सीढ़ीदार खेती आदि तकनीकों का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
- फार्म पॉन्ड, छत का जल संचयन और भूमिगत टैंक एक्स-सिटू (बाह्य) भंडारण के उदाहरण हैं।
अतः सही उत्तर विकल्प D है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department

660📚

Consider the following statements regarding the "Western Ghats" and "Eastern Ghats":
I. The Western Ghats are a continuous chain of mountains that can be crossed only through specific passes, whereas the Eastern Ghats are highly dissected by east-flowing rivers.
II. Deciduous forests are more dominant in the Western Ghats, while the Eastern Ghats are characterized primarily by Tropical Evergreen forests.
III. The Great Escarpment of the Western Ghats acts as a primary water divide between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
Choose the correct statements:

Explanation

Statements I and III are correct. Statement II is incorrect because Tropical Evergreen and Semi-Evergreen forests dominate the windward slopes of the Western Ghats, whereas the Eastern Ghats are dominated by Tropical Moist and Dry Deciduous forests.

कथन I और III सही हैं। कथन II गलत है क्योंकि पश्चिमी घाट के पश्चिमी ढलानों पर उष्णकटिबंधीय सदाबहार वन प्रमुख हैं, जबकि पूर्वी घाट में मुख्य रूप से पर्णपाती वन पाए जाते हैं। अतः केवल I और III सही हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)

661📚

With reference to Tiger Conservation in India as of 2025-26, consider the following statements:
I. International Tiger Day is celebrated every year on 29th July to raise awareness about tiger conservation globally.
II. India is home to more than 70% of the world's wild tiger population.
III. The initial phase of Project Tiger included the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve among 9 tiger reserves.
IV. The Prime Minister is the chairman of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
Choose the correct statements:

Explanation

Statements I, II, and III are correct. Statement IV is incorrect because the Union Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is the Chairperson of the NTCA (the Prime Minister chairs the National Board for Wildlife, NBWL). Thus, I, II and III only are correct.

कथन I, II और III सही हैं। कथन IV गलत है क्योंकि केंद्रीय पर्यावरण, वन एवं जलवायु परिवर्तन मंत्री NTCA के पदेन अध्यक्ष होते हैं (प्रधानमंत्री राष्ट्रीय वन्यजीव बोर्ड के अध्यक्ष होते हैं)। अतः केवल I, II और III सही हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)

662📚

Which of the following mechanisms explains the increase in soil erosion after deforestation?
I. Reduction in interception of rainfall by the tree canopy
II. Decrease in the infiltration rate of water into the soil
III. Increase in evapotranspiration
IV. Loss of soil-binding root networks
Select the correct answer:

Explanation

Deforestation removes canopy cover, reducing rainfall interception (I) and exposing soil to raindrops; soil compaction reduces infiltration, creating high runoff (II); and root decay removes the physical binding of soil particles (IV). Statement III is incorrect because deforestation DECREASES evapotranspiration. Thus, I, II and IV only are correct.

वनों की कटाई से वर्षा का अवरोध कम होता है और वर्षा की बूंदें सीधे मिट्टी पर गिरती हैं (I), अंतःस्रवण कम होकर अपवाह बढ़ता है (II), तथा जड़ों का मिट्टी-बांधने वाला जाल नष्ट हो जाता है (IV)। कथन III गलत है क्योंकि पेड़ों के कटने से वाष्पोत्सर्जन घटता है, बढ़ता नहीं। अतः केवल I, II और IV सही हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)

663📚

How does deforestation affect the water cycle (Hydrology)?

Explanation

Trees absorb moisture from the soil and release it into the atmosphere through transpiration. Deforestation removes this biological pump, leading to a marked decrease in evapotranspiration, which disrupts precipitation patterns.

पेड़ मिट्टी से नमी सोखकर वाष्पोत्सर्जन के माध्यम से वायुमंडल में छोड़ते हैं। वनों की कटाई से यह जैविक प्रक्रिया बाधित होती है जिससे वाष्पोत्सर्जन (evapotranspiration) में तीव्र कमी आती है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology & Environment Department (Wildlife Protection)

664📚

Which of the following is not a Multilateral Environmental Agreement (MEA) related to climate change?

Explanation

CITES regulates international trade in wild fauna and flora to prevent species endangerment. UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement are multilateral treaties specifically focused on climate change.

CITES वन्य जीवों और वनस्पतियों की लुप्तप्राय प्रजातियों के अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार को नियंत्रित करता है, जबकि UNFCCC, क्योटो प्रोटोकॉल और पेरिस समझौता जलवायु परिवर्तन से संबंधित हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

665📚

Which of the following correctly describes an abiotic component of the environment?

Explanation

Abiotic components are the non-living physical and chemical elements of an environment, such as wind, temperature, soil, sunlight, and precipitation. Wind patterns represent an abiotic process.

अजैविक घटक पर्यावरण के निर्जीव भौतिक और रासायनिक तत्व होते हैं जैसे हवा, तापमान, मिट्टी और सूर्य का प्रकाश। पवन पैटर्न एक अजैविक प्रक्रिया है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

666📚

Over-exploitation of non-renewable resources primarily leads to:

Explanation

Over-exploitation of finite non-renewable resources permanently exhausts natural reserves and causes severe long-term environmental degradation including pollution, habitat loss, and climate impacts.

सीमित गैर-नवीकरणीय संसाधनों के अत्यधिक दोहन से उनके प्राकृतिक भंडार समाप्त हो जाते हैं और दीर्घकालिक पर्यावरणीय क्षरण होता है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

667📚

Match List-I (Pollution Type) with List-II (Associated Health Hazard / Effect) and select the correct code:
List-I:
i. Air (PM2.5)
ii. Water (Nitrates)
iii. Land (Heavy Metals)
iv. Noise
List-II:
a. Methemoglobinemia
b. Hearing loss
c. Respiratory diseases
d. Neurological disorders

Explanation

PM2.5 causes respiratory diseases (i-c); Nitrates in water cause methemoglobinemia (ii-a); Heavy metals in soil cause neurological disorders (iii-d); Excessive noise causes hearing loss (iv-b). Thus, i-c, ii-a, iii-d, iv-b.

PM2.5 श्वसन रोग उत्पन्न करता है (i-c); जल में नाइट्रेट मेथेमोग्लोबिनेमिया का कारण है (ii-a); भारी धातुएं तंत्रिका विकार पैदा करती हैं (iii-d); और अत्यधिक ध्वनि से श्रवण हानि होती है (iv-b)। सही कूट i-c, ii-a, iii-d, iv-b है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

668📚

Match List-I (Environmental Agreement) with List-II (Year / Description) and select the correct code:
List-I:
i. Stockholm
ii. Rio
iii. Kyoto
iv. Paris
List-II:
a. 1997 targets
b. 1992 Agenda 21
c. 1972 first UN conf
d. 2015 global agreement

Explanation

Stockholm Conference took place in 1972 (i-c); Rio Summit in 1992 adopted Agenda 21 (ii-b); Kyoto Protocol in 1997 set emission reduction targets (iii-a); Paris Agreement in 2015 is the global climate accord (iv-d). Hence, i-c, ii-b, iii-a, iv-d.

स्टॉकहोम 1972 पहला सम्मेलन (i-c); रियो 1992 एजेंडा 21 (ii-b); क्योटो 1997 उत्सर्जन लक्ष्य (iii-a); पेरिस 2015 वैश्विक समझौता (iv-d)। अतः सही कूट i-c, ii-b, iii-a, iv-d है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

669📚

Arrange the following environmental events in chronological order (earliest first):
I. Earth Summit (Rio Earth Summit)
II. Stockholm Conference on Human Environment
III. Adoption of the Kyoto Protocol
IV. Paris Agreement on Climate Change
Choose the correct order:

Explanation

Chronological order: II. Stockholm Conference (1972) -> I. Rio Earth Summit (1992) -> III. Kyoto Protocol (1997) -> IV. Paris Agreement (2015). Thus, II - I - III - IV.

सही कालक्रम: II. स्टॉकहोम सम्मेलन (1972) -> I. रियो पृथ्वी सम्मेलन (1992) -> III. क्योटो प्रोटोकॉल (1997) -> IV. पेरिस समझौता (2015)। अतः सही क्रम II - I - III - IV है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

670📚

Consider the following statements regarding unit operations in water and wastewater treatment:
I. Coagulation neutralizes the surface charge of colloids, while flocculation promotes their aggregation.
II. Sedimentation tanks are designed mainly for the removal of dissolved organics.
III. Adsorption (e.g., using activated carbon) is effective for removing color, taste-and-odor compounds, and some micropollutants.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements I and III are correct. Statement II is incorrect because sedimentation tanks are designed to remove settleable suspended solids, not dissolved organics (which require biological treatment or advanced oxidation). Thus, I and III only are correct.

कथन I और III सही हैं। कथन II गलत है क्योंकि अवसादन टैंक निलंबित ठोस कणों को तल में बैठाने के लिए होते हैं, घुले हुए कार्बनिक पदार्थों को हटाने के लिए नहीं। अतः केवल I और III सही हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

671📚

Which stage of EIA specifically involves collection of baseline environmental data (air, water, soil, biota, socio-economic)?

Explanation

The environmental inventory or baseline study stage establishes the existing environmental conditions (ambient air, noise, water quality, flora, fauna, and demography) in the study area prior to project execution.

आधारभूत अध्ययन (Baseline study / Environmental inventory) चरण में परियोजना से पहले क्षेत्र की मौजूदा वायु, जल, मिट्टी, पारिस्थितिकी और सामाजिक-आर्थिक स्थितियों का विस्तृत डेटा एकत्र किया जाता है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

672📚

Consider the following statements regarding impact prediction and assessment:
I. Impacts on air, water, biota, noise, cultural, and socio-economic environment are normally assessed in an EIA.
II. Cultural heritage sites and socio-economic structures are excluded from EIA coverage.
III. The impact of construction and infrastructure development on land typically includes habitat loss, soil erosion, and water-related pollution.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Explanation

Statements I and III are correct. Statement II is incorrect because cultural heritage, historical monuments, and socio-economic displacement are explicitly included in EIA terms of reference. Thus, I and III only are correct.

कथन I और III सही हैं। कथन II गलत है क्योंकि सांस्कृतिक विरासत और सामाजिक-आर्थिक संरचनाएं EIA अध्ययन का अनिवार्य हिस्सा होती हैं। अतः केवल I और III सही हैं।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

673📚

Under the EIA Notification, 2006, Category A projects:

Explanation

Under the EIA Notification 2006, development projects are classified into Category 'A' and Category 'B'. Category 'A' projects require prior environmental clearance from the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) upon appraisal by the national Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC). They bypass the State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA), which appraises Category 'B' projects.

EIA अधिसूचना 2006 के तहत, विकास परियोजनाओं को श्रेणी 'A' और श्रेणी 'B' में वर्गीकृत किया गया है। श्रेणी 'A' परियोजनाओं के लिए राष्ट्रीय विशेषज्ञ मूल्यांकन समिति (EAC) की सिफारिश पर केंद्रीय स्तर (पर्यावरण, वन और जलवायु परिवर्तन मंत्रालय - MoEFCC) से पर्यावरणीय मंजूरी की आवश्यकता होती है, और इनका राज्य पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन प्राधिकरण (SEIAA) द्वारा मूल्यांकन नहीं किया जाता है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

674📚

In a safety audit, HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study) is used to:

Explanation

HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study) is a structured, systematic qualitative examination technique used by multi-disciplinary engineering teams to identify potential hazards and operability bottlenecks in industrial process design, chemical piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs), and plant operations using guide-words (e.g., More Flow, Less Pressure, Reverse).

HAZOP (हैज़र्ड एंड ऑपरेबिलिटी स्टडी) एक संरचित और व्यवस्थित इंजीनियरिंग तकनीक है जिसका उपयोग मार्गदर्शक शब्दों (गाइड-वर्ड्स जैसे अधिक प्रवाह, कम दबाव आदि) के माध्यम से रासायनिक व औद्योगिक प्रक्रिया-डिजाइन में संभावित खतरों और परिचालन समस्याओं की पहचान करने के लिए किया जाता है।

2026JKSSBForest, Ecology and Environment Department

675📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology

The west coast of India receives more rainfall than the east coast because:

Explanation

The Western Ghats form an unbroken continuous mountain barrier perpendicular to the incoming moisture-laden South-West monsoon winds from the Arabian Sea. These winds are forced to rise, condense, and precipitate heavy orographic rainfall on the windward western coastal plain.

अरब सागर से आने वाली नमी युक्त दक्षिण-पश्चिम मानसूनी हवाओं के मार्ग में पश्चिमी घाट एक ऊंचे अवरोधक के रूप में स्थित हैं। ये पर्वत हवाओं को ऊपर उठने के लिए विवश करते हैं, जिससे पश्चिमी तटीय मैदानों पर भारी पर्वतीय वर्षा (Orographic rainfall) होती है।

2016SSCStaff Selection Commission

676📚General Awareness & National Current Affairsgeneral-science-physics-chemistry-biology

The plateau that has both West and East flowing drainage systems is:

Explanation

The Malwa Plateau acts as a water divide between the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal drainages. Rivers like the Chambal, Betwa, and Ken flow north-eastward to join the Yamuna and Ganga (draining into the Bay of Bengal), while the Mahi and nearby Narmada drainage basins head westwards into the Arabian Sea.

मालवा का पठार एक प्रमुख जल-विभाजक का कार्य करता है। यहाँ से चंबल, बेतवा और केन नदियाँ उत्तर-पूर्व की ओर बहकर यमुना/गंगा में मिलती हैं (बंगाल की खाड़ी अपवाह तंत्र), जबकि माही और निकटवर्ती नदियाँ पश्चिम की ओर खंभात की खाड़ी/अरब सागर में गिरती हैं।

2016SSCStaff Selection Commission

677📚General English & Comprehensiongeneral-english-vocabulary-idioms

In the following question, out of the four alternatives, choose the one which best expresses the meaning of the given idiom/phrase:
"To nip in the bud"

Explanation

The idiom "to nip in the bud" originates from horticulture (pinching off flower buds to prevent them from growing) and metaphorically means to suppress, halt, or destroy a problem in its earliest beginning stage before it can develop further.

मुहावरा "To nip in the bud" का शाब्दिक अर्थ होता है 'आरंभ में ही समाप्त कर देना'—अर्थात् किसी समस्या या बुराई को बढ़ने से पहले शुरुआत में ही रोक देना।

2016SSCStaff Selection Commission